View source for Haloragaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Haloragaceae
|accepted_authority=R. Brown
|publications=
|common_names=Water-milfoil Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Haloragaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Haloragaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 10
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="herb duration;herb reproduction;herb reproduction;herb habitat;herb habitat;herb habitat;herb growth form or habitat;herb architecture;herb growth form"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial [annual], or shrubs, usually monoecious, rarely dioecious, usually aquatic to semiaquatic, sometimes terrestrial, unarmed, ± clonal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="taproot texture;nodal root derivation"><b>Roots:</b> taproots or fibrous, and then often with adventitious nodal roots;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="rhizome presence">rhizomes sometimes present [stolons in some Haloragis].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stem orientation;stem orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem growth form or orientation;stem shape;stem shape;stem shape;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;hair architecture or arrangement;hair architecture or arrangement;gland presence;gland presence"><b>Stems </b>erect, ascending, decumbent, or prostrate, cylindric to 4-ribbed, glabrous or scabrous to pubescent, hairs uniseriate and multiseriate, glands present or absent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="turion presence;turion presence;turion position;turion position"><b>Turions </b>present or absent, lateral and/or terminal.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>opposite, alternate, or subverticillate to whorled, simple, often heteromorphic in Myriophyllum and Proserpinaca;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="">stipules absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule architecture;stipule architecture">sessile or petiolate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;blade shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;surface pubescence;surface pubescence">blade lobed, unlobed, or pinnatifid to pectinate, margins entire or serrate, surfaces glabrous or scabrous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="inflorescence position;inflorescence position;inflorescence development;inflorescence development;raceme architecture"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal or lateral in axils of bracts or leaves, determinate or indeterminate, dichasia (Haloragis and Proserpinaca), or simple racemes (Myriophyllum);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="bract presence;bracteole presence">bracts and bracteoles present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower architecture;flower architecture"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual or unisexual, staminate and pistillate usually on same plant, sessile or pedicellate (sometimes sessile in pistillate flowers of Myriophyllum);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position">perianth and androecium epigynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="hypanthium shape">hypanthium subglobose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="sepal duration;sepal quantity;sepal prominence;petal duration;petal duration;petal quantity;petal presence;petal prominence;petal shape;petal shape;petal shape">sepals persistent, (3 or) 4, sometimes rudimentary (Myriophyllum), petals often caducous, sometimes persistent, (3 or) 4, or 0 or rudimentary (Proserpinaca), keeled, cucullate, often distally cupulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="stamen quantity">stamens 3–8 (1 or 2 times as many as sepals);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="anther fixation;anther dehiscence">anthers basifixed, dehiscing longitudinally;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture;pistil architecture">pistil 1, 3-carpellate or 4-carpellate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="">ovary 1, inferior, 1–4-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="ovary quantity;ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary placentation">placentation axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="style quantity">styles 1 per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="stigma quantity;stigma shape;stigma architecture or shape;stigma shape">stigmas 1 per locule, clavate, capitate, fimbriate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="ovule quantity;ovule orientation;ovule architecture;ovule architecture">ovules 1 (or 2, in Haloragis and Proserpinaca), anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="fruit dehiscence;fruit architecture or dehiscence;nutlet dehiscence;nutlet architecture or dehiscence;mericarp atypical quantity;mericarp quantity"><b>Fruit </b>a nutlet, indehiscent, or schizocarp, splitting into (2–) 4 mericarps;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s24" data-properties="exocarp pubescence;exocarp relief;exocarp relief;exocarp relief;exocarp relief;exocarp relief;exocarp relief">exocarp glabrous, scabrous, rugose, tuberculate, or papillate, sometimes with ribs, ridges, or wings.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s25" data-properties="seed quantity"><b>Seeds </b>1 per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s26" data-properties="embryo course;embryo shape">embryo straight, cylindric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s27" data-properties="endosperm quantity;endosperm texture">endosperm ± copious and fleshy.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Bermuda;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia
|discussion=<p>Genera 10, species ca. 120 (3 genera, 17 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Morphologically, Haloragaceae are defined by the following floral characters: an epigynous ovary, usually 3- or 4-merous floral organization (always 3-merous in Proserpinaca), sometimes 2-merous, cucullate petals, and fruit a nutlet or schizocarp with 1 or 2 ovules per locule. In the aquatic members of the family, reliance on vegetative characters that are highly plastic and have evolved independently by convergent evolution has proven to be of limited usefulness for the delimitation of taxa (M. L. Moody and D. H. Les 2007).</p><!--
--><p>J. Hutchinson (1959) suggested that Haloragaceae is closely allied to Onagraceae based on embryology, pollen morphology, and floral vasculature. A. Cronquist (1968) and A. L. Takhtajan (1969) believed Haloragaceae to be more closely allied to Podostemaceae. The work of A. E. Orchard (1975, 1985) has been important in circumscribing the family.</p><!--
--><p>Molecular phylogenetic studies have placed Haloragaceae within the core eudicot order Saxifragales (D. R. Morgan and D. E. Soltis 1993; Soltis et al. 1997b). Gunnera, which had long been included within the family, has been moved to the monogeneric family Gunneraceae in Gunnerales (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Flowers unisexual or bisexual, proximal pistillate, distal staminate, often with intermediate transitional zone of bisexual flowers; fruit a schizocarp, splitting into (2–)4 mericarps; plants aquatic or semiaquatic.
|[[Myriophyllum|Myriophyllum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Flowers bisexual; fruit a nutlet, indehiscent; plants aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Flowers 4-merous; plants shrubs or herbs, terrestrial.
|[[Haloragis|Haloragis]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Flowers 3-merous; plants herbs, aquatic or semiaquatic.
|[[Proserpinaca|Proserpinaca]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Haloragaceae
|author=Robin W. Scribailo;Mitchell S. Alix
|authority=R. Brown
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Haloragaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Bermuda;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Indian Ocean Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia
|reference=None
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=
|androecium position=epigynous
|anther dehiscence=dehiscing
|anther fixation=basifixed
|blade shape=pinnatifid;pectinate
|bract presence=absent
|bracteole presence=absent
|embryo course=straight
|embryo shape=cylindric
|endosperm quantity=copious
|endosperm texture=fleshy
|exocarp pubescence=glabrous
|exocarp relief=papillate;tuberculate;papillate;tuberculate;rugose;scabrous
|flower architecture=pedicellate;sessile;pistillate;staminate
|flower reproduction=unisexual;bisexual
|fruit architecture or dehiscence=splitting
|fruit dehiscence=indehiscent
|gland presence=absent;absent
|hair architecture or arrangement=multiseriate;uniseriate
|herb architecture=unarmed
|herb duration=perennial
|herb growth form=clonal
|herb growth form or habitat=terrestrial
|herb habitat=usually aquatic;semiaquatic
|herb reproduction=dioecious;monoecious
|hypanthium shape=subglobose
|inflorescence development=indeterminate;determinate
|inflorescence position=lateral;terminal
|leaf architecture=heteromorphic;simple
|leaf arrangement=subverticillate;whorled
|margin architecture or shape=serrate;entire
|mericarp atypical quantity=2;4
|mericarp quantity=4
|nodal root derivation=adventitious
|nutlet architecture or dehiscence=splitting
|nutlet dehiscence=indehiscent
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=1-4-locular
|ovary placentation=axile
|ovary position=inferior
|ovary quantity=1
|ovule architecture=crassinucellate;bitegmic
|ovule orientation=anatropous
|ovule quantity=1
|perianth position=epigynous
|petal duration=persistent;caducous
|petal presence=absent
|petal prominence=rudimentary
|petal quantity=4
|petal shape=cupulate;cucullate;keeled
|pistil architecture=4-carpellate;3-carpellate
|pistil quantity=1
|raceme architecture=simple
|rhizome presence=absent
|seed quantity=1
|sepal duration=persistent
|sepal prominence=rudimentary
|sepal quantity=4
|stamen quantity=3;8
|stem growth form or orientation=prostrate;decumbent;prostrate;decumbent
|stem orientation=ascending;erect
|stem pubescence=scabrous;pubescent
|stem shape=cylindric;4-ribbed
|stigma architecture or shape=capitate
|stigma quantity=1
|stigma shape=fimbriate;clavate
|stipule architecture=petiolate;sessile
|stipule presence=absent
|style quantity=1
|surface pubescence=scabrous;glabrous
|taproot texture=fibrous
|turion position=terminal;lateral
|turion presence=absent;absent
}}<!--

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