View source for Hordeum

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Hordeum
|accepted_authority=L.
|publications=
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Poaceae;Poaceae subfam. Pooideae;Poaceae tribe Triticeae;Hordeum
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Poaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Poaceae subfam. Pooideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>tribe</small>[[Poaceae tribe Triticeae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Hordeum]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 24
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 245
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole-organism duration;whole-organism duration"><b>Plants </b>summer or winter-annuals or perennials;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="whole_organism season;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism architecture;whole_organism growth form">cespitose, sometimes shortly rhizomatous.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="culm atypical some measurement;culm some measurement;culm orientation;culm shape;culm growth form or orientation"><b>Culms </b>to 135 (150) cm, erect, geniculate, or decumbent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="node pubescence;node pubescence">nodes glabrous or pubescent.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="sheath architecture;sheath pubescence;sheath pubescence"><b>Sheaths </b>open, pubescent or glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="auricle presence;auricle presence">auricles present or absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="ligule coloration;ligule architecture or shape;ligule architecture or relief">ligules hyaline, truncate, erose;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="blade shape;blade pubescence">blades flat to more or less involute, more or less pubescent on both sides.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="raceme shape;spikelet quantity;central spikelet architecture;central spikelet architecture;pedicel some measurement;lateral spikelet architecture;pedicel course;pedicel course;pedicel quantity;plant condition"><b>Inflorescences </b>usually spikelike racemes, sometimes spikes, all customarily called spikes, with 3 spikelets at each node, central spikelets usually sessile, sometimes pedicellate, pedicels to 2 mm, lateral spikelets usually pedicellate, pedicels curved or straight, sometimes all 3 spikelets sessile in cultivated plants;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="spikelet architecture;spikelet life cycle;spikelet condition;spikelet architecture">disarticulation usually in the rachises, the spikelets falling in triplets, cultivated forms generally not disarticulating.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="floret quantity"><b>Spikelets </b>with 1 floret;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="glume shape">glumes awnlike, usually exceeding the floret.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="lateral spikelet reproduction;lateral spikelet architecture;lateral spikelet reproduction;form condition"><b>Lateral </b>spikelets usually sterile or staminate, often bisexual in cultivated forms;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="floret architecture;floret size">florets pedicellate, usually reduced;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="lemma architecture or shape;lemma architecture or shape">lemmas awned or unawned.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="central spikelet reproduction"><b>Central </b>spikelets bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="floret architecture">florets sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="rachilla length">rachillas prolonged beyond the floret;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="lemma shape;lemma pubescence;lemma architecture;lemma architecture or shape">lemmas ovate, glabrous to pubescent, 5-veined, usually awned, rarely unawned;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="palea variability;palea shape;palea shape">paleas almost equal to the lemmas, narrowly ovate, keeled;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="lodicule quantity;lodicule shape;margin architecture or pubescence or shape">lodicules 2, broadly lanceolate, margins ciliate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="anther quantity;anther coloration">anthers 3, usually yellowish.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties=""><b>Caryopses </b>usually tightly enclosed in the lemma and palea at maturity.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 14, 28, 42.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=Ariz.;Miss.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Utah;Va.;Idaho;Maine;Oreg.;Kans.;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;D.C;Wis.;Iowa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Mass.;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;Calif.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Nev.;Colo.;Alaska;Ill.;N.Mex.;Ala.;Ark.;Ga.;Ind.;Mich.;Minn.;Ohio;W.Va.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Mo.;Ky.
|discussion=<p>Hordeum is a genus of 32 species that grow in temperate and adjacent subtropical areas, at elevations from 0-4500 m. The genus is native to Eurasia, the Americas, and Africa, and has been introduced to Australasia. The species are confined to rather moist habitats, even on saline soils. The annual species occupy seasonally moist habitats that cannot sustain a continuous grass cover.</p><!--
--><p>Some species of Hordeum, such as H. marinum and H. murinum, are cosmopolitan weeds. Hordeum vulgare is widely cultivated for feed, malt, and flour. Archeological records suggest that Hordeum and Triticum were two of the earliest domesticated crops.</p><!--
--><p>Eleven species of Hordeum grow in the Flora region: six are native, three are established weeds, and two are cultivated and occasionally persist as weeds. Hordeum secalinum has been reported from the Flora region, but the reports are based on misidentifications.</p><!--
--><p>Four different haplomes are present in Hordeum. Hordeum vulgare and H. bulbosum have the I genome (often called the H genome by plant breeders), North American diploid species are based on the H genome, diploid H. marinum on the X genome, and diploids in the H. murinum group on the Y genome. Relationships among the polyploid taxa are complex (Jakob and Blattner 2006).</p><!--
--><p>Spike measurements and lemma lengths, unless stated otherwise, do not include the awns.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=baum1978b
|text=Baum, B.R. 1978. The status of Hordeum brachyantherum in eastern Canada, with related discussions. Canad. J. Bot. 56:107-109
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=baum1990a
|text=Baum, B.R. and L.G. Bailey. 1990. Key and synopsis of North American Hordeum species. Canad. J. Bot. 68:2433-2442
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=blattner2006a
|text=Blattner, F.R. 2006. Multiple intercontinental dispersals shaped the distribution area of Hordeum (Poaceae). New Phvtol. 169:603-614
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bothmer1993a
|text=Bothmer, R. von, N. Jacobsen, and R.O. Seberg. 1993. Variation and taxonomy in Hordeum depressum and in the H. brachyantherum complex (Poaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 13:3-17
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=bothmer1995a
|text=Bothmer, R. von, N. Jacobsen, C. Baden, R.B. Jeurgensen, and I. Linde-Laursen. 1995. An Ecogeographical Study of the Genus Hordeum, ed. 2. Systematic and Ecogeographic Studies on Crop Genepools No. 7. International Board of Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy. 129 pp.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=jakob2006a
|text=Jakob, S.S. and RR. Blattner. 2006. A chloroplast genealogy of Hordeum (Poaeae): Long-term persisting haplotypes, incomplete lineage sorting, regional extinction, and the consequences for phylogenetic inference. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23:1602-1612
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=moyer2002a
|text=Moyer, J.R. and A.L. Boswall. 2002. Tall fescue or creeping foxtail suppresses foxtail barley. Canad. J. PI. Sci. 82:89-92
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=petersen2003a
|text=Petersen, G. and O. Seberg. 2003. Phylogenetic analyses of the diploid species of Hordeum (Poaceae) and a revised classification of the genus. Syst. Bot. 28:293-306.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants perennial.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Culms usually with a bulbous swelling at the base; auricles to 5.5 mm long, well developed
|[[Hordeum bulbosum|Hordeum bulbosum]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Culms not bulbous-based; auricles absent or no more than 1 mm long.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Glumes of the central spikelet flattened near the base
|[[Hordeum arizonicum|Hordeum arizonicum]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Glumes of the central spikelet usually setaceous throughout, rarely flattened near the base.
|[[#key-0-4| > 4]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Glumes 15-85 mm long, divergent to strongly divergent at maturity
|[[Hordeum jubatum|Hordeum jubatum]]
|-id=key-0-4
|4
|Glumes 7-19 mm long, divergent or not at maturity.
|[[#key-0-5| > 5]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Anthers of the central spikelet 0.8-4 mm long; auricles absent
|[[Hordeum brachyantherum|Hordeum brachyantherum]]
|-id=key-0-5
|5
|Anthers of the central spikelet 3.5-5 mm long; auricles present on the basal leaves
|[[Hordeum secalinum|Hordeum secalinum]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Plants annual.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Auricles to 8 mm long, well developed even on the upper leaves; lemmas of the lateral florets 6-15 mm long.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Rachises disarticulating at maturity; glumes of the central spikelets ciliate; lemmas of the central florets to 2 mm wide, with awns 20-40 mm long; lateral spikelets staminate
|[[Hordeum murinum|Hordeum murinum]]
|-id=key-0-7
|7
|Rachises usually not disarticulating at maturity; glumes of the central spikelets pubescent; lemmas of the central florets at least 3 mm wide, unawned or with awns 30-180 mm long; usually 1 or both lateral spikelets at a node seed-forming
|[[Hordeum vulgare|Hordeum vulgare]]
|-id=key-0-6
|6
|Auricles usually absent or to 0.3 mm long; lemmas of the lateral florets 1.7-8.5 mm long.
|[[#key-0-7| > 7]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Glumes bent, strongly divergent at maturity.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Glumes of the central spikelets not flattened, (15)35-85 mm long
|[[Hordeum jubatum|Hordeum jubatum]]
|-id=key-0-9
|9
|Glumes of the central spikelets slightly flattened towards the base, 11-28 mm long
|[[Hordeum arizonicum|Hordeum arizonicum]]
|-id=key-0-8
|8
|Glumes straight, ascending to slightly divergent at maturity.
|[[#key-0-9| > 9]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Lemmas of the lateral spikelets with awns 3-8 mm long
|[[Hordeum marinum|Hordeum marinum]]
|-id=key-0-10
|10
|Lemmas of the lateral spikelets unawned or with awns no more than 3 mm long.
|[[#key-0-11| > 11]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Glumes of the central spikelets setaceous to slightly flattened near the base.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Spikes 4-8 mm wide; lemmas of the central spikelets with awns 3-12 mm long; ligules 0.3-0.8 mm
|[[Hordeum depressum|Hordeum depressum]]
|-id=key-0-12
|12
|Spikes 6-20 mm wide; lemmas of the central spikelets with awns 10-22 mm long; ligules 0.6-1.8 mm long
|[[Hordeum arizonicum|Hordeum arizonicum]]
|-id=key-0-11
|11
|Glumes of the central spikelets distinctly flattened near the base.
|[[#key-0-12| > 12]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Lemmas of the lateral spikelets 1.7-4.4 mm long, usually unawned, rarely with awns to 1.2 mm long; sheaths with stripes of hairs
|[[Hordeum intercedens|Hordeum intercedens]]
|-id=key-0-13
|13
|Lemmas of the lateral spikelets 2.5-5.7 mm long, usually awned, with awns to 1.8 mm long; sheaths glabrous
|[[Hordeum pusillum|Hordeum pusillum]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Hordeum
|author=Roland von Bothmer;Claus Badenf;Niels H. Jacobsen;
|authority=L.
|rank=genus
|parent rank=tribe
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Poaceae
|distribution=Ariz.;Miss.;Conn.;N.J.;N.Y.;Wash.;Del.;Utah;Va.;Idaho;Maine;Oreg.;Kans.;Mont.;N.Dak.;Nebr.;Okla.;S.Dak.;D.C;Wis.;Iowa;Pacific Islands (Hawaii);Md.;Mass.;N.H.;R.I.;Vt.;Fla.;Wyo.;Calif.;Tex.;La.;N.C.;Tenn.;S.C.;Pa.;Nev.;Colo.;Alaska;Ill.;N.Mex.;Ala.;Ark.;Ga.;Ind.;Mich.;Minn.;Ohio;W.Va.;Alta.;B.C.;Greenland;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.S.;N.W.T.;Nunavut;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Mo.;Ky.
|reference=baum1978b;baum1990a;blattner2006a;bothmer1993a;bothmer1995a;jakob2006a;moyer2002a;petersen2003a
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V24/V24_341.xml
|subfamily=Poaceae subfam. Pooideae
|tribe=Poaceae tribe Triticeae
|genus=Hordeum
|2n chromosome quantity=42;28;14
|anther coloration=yellowish
|anther quantity=3
|auricle presence=absent;absent
|blade pubescence=pubescent
|blade shape=flat;more or less involute
|central spikelet architecture=pedicellate;sessile
|central spikelet reproduction=bisexual
|culm atypical some measurement=150
|culm growth form or orientation=decumbent
|culm orientation=erect
|culm shape=geniculate
|culm some measurement=0cm;135cm
|floret architecture=sessile;pedicellate
|floret quantity=1
|floret size=reduced
|form condition=cultivated
|glume shape=awnlike
|lateral spikelet architecture=staminate;pedicellate
|lateral spikelet reproduction=bisexual;sterile
|lemma architecture=5-veined
|lemma architecture or shape=awned;unawned;awned
|lemma pubescence=glabrous;pubescent
|lemma shape=ovate
|ligule architecture or relief=erose
|ligule architecture or shape=truncate
|ligule coloration=hyaline
|lodicule quantity=2
|lodicule shape=lanceolate
|margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|node pubescence=pubescent;glabrous
|palea shape=keeled;ovate
|palea variability=equal
|pedicel course=straight;curved
|pedicel quantity=3
|pedicel some measurement=0mm;2mm
|plant condition=cultivated
|raceme shape=spikelike
|rachilla length=prolonged
|sheath architecture=open
|sheath pubescence=glabrous;pubescent
|spikelet architecture=disarticulating;sessile
|spikelet condition=cultivated
|spikelet life cycle=falling
|spikelet quantity=3
|whole-organism duration=perennial;winter-annual
|whole_organism architecture=rhizomatous
|whole_organism growth form=plant;cespitose
|whole_organism season=summer
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Poaceae tribe Triticeae]]