TaxonIllustrator 
FNA24 P94 Hordeum pg 244.jpegHordeum intercedens
Hordeum pusillum
Hordeum depressum
Cindy Roché
Annaliese Miller
Cindy Roché
Annaliese Miller
Cindy Roché
Annaliese Miller
FNA24 P95 Hordeum Brachyantherum pg 246.jpegHordeum brachyantherum subsp. brachyantherum
Hordeum brachyantherum subsp. californicum
Cindy Roché
Annaliese Miller
Cindy Roché
Annaliese Miller
FNA24 P96 Hordeum Jubatum pg 247.jpegHordeum jubatum subsp. intermedium
Hordeum jubatum subsp. jubatum
Cindy Roché
Annaliese Miller
Cindy Roché
Annaliese Miller
... further results

Plants summer or winter-annuals or perennials; cespitose, sometimes shortly rhizomatous. Culms to 135 (150) cm, erect, geniculate, or decumbent; nodes glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths open, pubescent or glabrous; auricles present or absent; ligules hyaline, truncate, erose; blades flat to more or less involute, more or less pubescent on both sides. Inflorescences usually spikelike racemes, sometimes spikes, all customarily called spikes, with 3 spikelets at each node, central spikelets usually sessile, sometimes pedicellate, pedicels to 2 mm, lateral spikelets usually pedicellate, pedicels curved or straight, sometimes all 3 spikelets sessile in cultivated plants; disarticulation usually in the rachises, the spikelets falling in triplets, cultivated forms generally not disarticulating. Spikelets with 1 floret; glumes awnlike, usually exceeding the floret. Lateral spikelets usually sterile or staminate, often bisexual in cultivated forms; florets pedicellate, usually reduced; lemmas awned or unawned. Central spikelets bisexual; florets sessile; rachillas prolonged beyond the floret; lemmas ovate, glabrous to pubescent, 5-veined, usually awned, rarely unawned; paleas almost equal to the lemmas, narrowly ovate, keeled; lodicules 2, broadly lanceolate, margins ciliate; anthers 3, usually yellowish. Caryopses usually tightly enclosed in the lemma and palea at maturity. 2n = 14, 28, 42.

Distribution

Ariz., Miss., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Wash., Del., Utah, Va., Idaho, Maine, Oreg., Kans., Mont., N.Dak., Nebr., Okla., S.Dak., D.C, Wis., Iowa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Mass., N.H., R.I., Vt., Fla., Wyo., Calif., Tex., La., N.C., Tenn., S.C., Pa., Nev., Colo., Alaska, Ill., N.Mex., Ala., Ark., Ga., Ind., Mich., Minn., Ohio, W.Va., Alta., B.C., Greenland, Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Mo., Ky.

Discussion

Hordeum is a genus of 32 species that grow in temperate and adjacent subtropical areas, at elevations from 0-4500 m. The genus is native to Eurasia, the Americas, and Africa, and has been introduced to Australasia. The species are confined to rather moist habitats, even on saline soils. The annual species occupy seasonally moist habitats that cannot sustain a continuous grass cover.

Some species of Hordeum, such as H. marinum and H. murinum, are cosmopolitan weeds. Hordeum vulgare is widely cultivated for feed, malt, and flour. Archeological records suggest that Hordeum and Triticum were two of the earliest domesticated crops.

Eleven species of Hordeum grow in the Flora region: six are native, three are established weeds, and two are cultivated and occasionally persist as weeds. Hordeum secalinum has been reported from the Flora region, but the reports are based on misidentifications.

Four different haplomes are present in Hordeum. Hordeum vulgare and H. bulbosum have the I genome (often called the H genome by plant breeders), North American diploid species are based on the H genome, diploid H. marinum on the X genome, and diploids in the H. murinum group on the Y genome. Relationships among the polyploid taxa are complex (Jakob and Blattner 2006).

Spike measurements and lemma lengths, unless stated otherwise, do not include the awns.

Key

1 Plants perennial. > 2
2 Culms usually with a bulbous swelling at the base; auricles to 5.5 mm long, well developed Hordeum bulbosum
2 Culms not bulbous-based; auricles absent or no more than 1 mm long. > 3
3 Glumes of the central spikelet flattened near the base Hordeum arizonicum
3 Glumes of the central spikelet usually setaceous throughout, rarely flattened near the base. > 4
4 Glumes 15-85 mm long, divergent to strongly divergent at maturity Hordeum jubatum
4 Glumes 7-19 mm long, divergent or not at maturity. > 5
5 Anthers of the central spikelet 0.8-4 mm long; auricles absent Hordeum brachyantherum
5 Anthers of the central spikelet 3.5-5 mm long; auricles present on the basal leaves Hordeum secalinum
1 Plants annual. > 2
6 Auricles to 8 mm long, well developed even on the upper leaves; lemmas of the lateral florets 6-15 mm long. > 7
7 Rachises disarticulating at maturity; glumes of the central spikelets ciliate; lemmas of the central florets to 2 mm wide, with awns 20-40 mm long; lateral spikelets staminate Hordeum murinum
7 Rachises usually not disarticulating at maturity; glumes of the central spikelets pubescent; lemmas of the central florets at least 3 mm wide, unawned or with awns 30-180 mm long; usually 1 or both lateral spikelets at a node seed-forming Hordeum vulgare
6 Auricles usually absent or to 0.3 mm long; lemmas of the lateral florets 1.7-8.5 mm long. > 7
8 Glumes bent, strongly divergent at maturity. > 9
9 Glumes of the central spikelets not flattened, (15)35-85 mm long Hordeum jubatum
9 Glumes of the central spikelets slightly flattened towards the base, 11-28 mm long Hordeum arizonicum
8 Glumes straight, ascending to slightly divergent at maturity. > 9
10 Lemmas of the lateral spikelets with awns 3-8 mm long Hordeum marinum
10 Lemmas of the lateral spikelets unawned or with awns no more than 3 mm long. > 11
11 Glumes of the central spikelets setaceous to slightly flattened near the base. > 12
12 Spikes 4-8 mm wide; lemmas of the central spikelets with awns 3-12 mm long; ligules 0.3-0.8 mm Hordeum depressum
12 Spikes 6-20 mm wide; lemmas of the central spikelets with awns 10-22 mm long; ligules 0.6-1.8 mm long Hordeum arizonicum
11 Glumes of the central spikelets distinctly flattened near the base. > 12
13 Lemmas of the lateral spikelets 1.7-4.4 mm long, usually unawned, rarely with awns to 1.2 mm long; sheaths with stripes of hairs Hordeum intercedens
13 Lemmas of the lateral spikelets 2.5-5.7 mm long, usually awned, with awns to 1.8 mm long; sheaths glabrous Hordeum pusillum

"decumbent" is not a number.

... more about "Hordeum"
42 +, 28 +  and 14 +
membranous +  and scarious +
toothed +, lobed +  and entire +
Roland von Bothmer +, Claus Badenf +  and Niels H. Jacobsen +
1 (?) +  and 3 (?) +
basal +  and apical +
keeled +  and rounded +
pseudopetiolate +  and branching +
intravaginal +, extravaginal +, branching +  and basal +
swelling +
not evident +
flat +  and more or less involute +
spikelike +
hairy +  and glabrous +
pedicellate +  and sessile +
not branching +
geniculate +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (135 cm1,350 mm <br />1.35 m <br />) +
not woody +
Ariz. +, Miss. +, Conn. +, N.J. +, N.Y. +, Wash. +, Del. +, Utah +, Va. +, Idaho +, Maine +, Oreg. +, Kans. +, Mont. +, N.Dak. +, Nebr. +, Okla. +, S.Dak. +, D.C +, Wis. +, Iowa +, Pacific Islands (Hawaii) +, Md. +, Mass. +, N.H. +, R.I. +, Vt. +, Fla. +, Wyo. +, Calif. +, Tex. +, La. +, N.C. +, Tenn. +, S.C. +, Pa. +, Nev. +, Colo. +, Alaska +, Ill. +, N.Mex. +, Ala. +, Ark. +, Ga. +, Ind. +, Mich. +, Minn. +, Ohio +, W.Va. +, Alta. +, B.C. +, Greenland +, Man. +, N.B. +, Nfld. and Labr. +, N.S. +, N.W.T. +, Nunavut +, Ont. +, P.E.I. +, Que. +, Sask. +, Yukon +, Mo. +  and Ky. +
liquid +, soft +  and hard +
capillary +
sessile +  and pedicellate +
laterally compressed +  and terete +
reduced +
shorter than to longer than the adjacent florets +
subtending +
awnlike +
unequal +
uncinate +
solid +  and hollow +
staminate +  and pedicellate +
bisexual +  and sterile +
awned +  and unawned +
glabrous +  and pubescent +
stiffly membranous +  and coriaceous +
inconspicuous +
lanceolate +
fleshy +  and membranous +
concealed +  and prominent +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
2 +  and 1 +
hairy +  and glabrous +
well-developed +
slightly longer +
keeled +  and ovate +
subequal +
straight +  and curved +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br />) +
dry +  and fleshy +
spikelike +
baum1978b +, baum1990a +, blattner2006a +, bothmer1993a +, bothmer1995a +, jakob2006a +, moyer2002a +  and petersen2003a +
glabrous +  and pubescent +
disarticulating +  and sessile +
bisexual +  and sterile +
terete +  and compressed +
1 +  and 3 +
simple +  and compound +
2 (?) +  and 3 (?) +
not papillate +
Gramineae +
Hordeum +
Poaceae tribe Triticeae +
membranous +
inconspicuous +
perennial +  and winter-annual +
perennial +  and annual +
plant +  and cespitose +
aquatic +  and terrestrial +