View source for Linaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Linaceae
|accepted_authority=de Candolle ex Perleb
|publications=
|common_names=Flax Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Linaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Linaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 12
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 371
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form"><b>Herbs </b>or subshrubs [shrubs, trees, vines], annual, biennial, or perennial.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf arrangement;leaf architecture"><b>Leaves </b>alternate, opposite, or whorled, simple;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="stipule presence;stipule presence;gland size;gland coloration;gland shape">stipules absent or present as small, dark, spheric glands;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="petiole presence;petiole presence">petiole usually absent, rarely present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="">blade margins entire, serrate, or denticulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="blade margin architecture or shape;blade margin shape;blade margin shape;blade margin shape;blade margin shape;blade margin architecture or shape">venation pinnate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, racemes, panicles, or cymes (rarely thyrses or corymbs in Linum) [spikes].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower reproduction"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="perianth position;androecium position">perianth and androecium hypogynous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="hypanthium presence">hypanthium absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="sepal quantity;sepal fusion">sepals 4–5, connate basally [distinct];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="petal quantity;petal fusion;petal fusion;petal arrangement;petal arrangement">petals 4–5, distinct or coherent basally, imbricate or convolute, bases sometimes with appendages;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="nectary position">nectary extrastaminal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="stamen atypical quantity;stamen quantity;stamen fusion;filament fusion;filament fusion;tube fusion;tube fusion;petal base fusion;petal base fusion">stamens 4–5 [10], connate basally, filament tube and petal bases adherent or adnate [free];</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="anther dehiscence;slit dehiscence or orientation">anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="pistil quantity;pistil architecture;ovary position;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form;ovary arrangement;ovary arrangement;ovary arrangement">pistil 1, 2–5-carpellate, ovary superior, 4–5-locular, placentation axile or apical-axile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="ovule quantity;ovule orientation">ovules 2 per locule, anatropous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="style quantity;style fusion;style fusion">styles 2–5, distinct or partly connate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="stigma quantity">stigmas 2–5.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="fruits capsule dehiscence;fruits capsule dehiscence;fruits capsule dehiscence;fruits capsule dehiscence;fruits capsule dehiscence;nutlet quantity"><b>Fruits </b>capsules, dehiscence septicidal, or indehiscent or schizocarps breaking into 4 nutlets (Sclerolinon).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="seed quantity;seed-coat coating"><b>Seeds </b>2 per locule, seed-coat often mucilaginous.</span><!--

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|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Bermuda;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Atlantic Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia
|discussion=<p>Genera 10–14, species ca. 260 (4 genera, 52 species in the flora).</p><!--
--><p>Two subfamilies are generally recognized in Linaceae, the mostly herbaceous, temperate Linoideae Arnott (8 genera, ca. 240 species), in which all the genera in the flora area are placed, and the woody, mostly tropical Hugonoideae Reveal. Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, J. R. McDill et al. (2009) concluded that Linaceae is a monophyletic group, as is Linoideae.</p><!--
--><p>According to J. R. McDill (2009), Cliococca Babington, Hesperolinon, and Sclerolinon are nested within Linum sect. Linopsis, and collectively these are sister to Radiola; Hesperolinon and Sclerolinon are most closely related to Mexican and Central American species of Linum. McDill et al. (2009) noted that the relationships within this clade are not well-enough resolved or supported to warrant nomenclatural changes; McDill (2009) came to the same conclusion based on a much wider sample of species. The current generic circumscriptions are maintained here.</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=mcdill2009a
|text=McDill, J. R. 2009. Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in the Linaceae and Linum, with Implications for Their Systematics and Historical Biogeography. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Texas.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mcdill2009b
|text=McDill, J. R. et al. 2009. The phylogeny of Linum and Linaceae subfamily Linoideae, with implications for their systematics, biogeography, and evolution of heterostyly. Syst. Bot. 34: 386–405.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=mcdill2011a
|text=McDill, J. R. and B. B. Simpson. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics of Linaceae with complete generic sampling and data from two plastid genes. Bot. J. Linn Soc. 165: 64–83.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rogers1975a
|text=Rogers, C. M. 1975. Relationships of Hesperolinon and Linum (Linaceae). Madroño 23: 153–159.
}}{{Treatment/Reference
|id=rogers1984b
|text=Rogers, C. M. 1984. Linaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Ser. 2, part 12, pp. 1–54.
}}
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Sepals 4; petals 4.
|[[Radiola|Radiola]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Sepals 5; petals 5.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Styles 5; fruits capsules, dehiscing into 5 or 10 segments.
|[[Linum|Linum]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Styles 2–3; fruits capsules dehiscing into 4 or 6 segments, schizocarps breaking into 4 nutlets, or indehiscent.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves: basal and proximal usually whorled, distal alternate or opposite; fruits capsules, dehiscing into 4 or 6 segments; styles 2–3, stigmas ± equal in width to styles; stipular glands present (exudate often red) or absent.
|[[Hesperolinon|Hesperolinon]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Leaves: proximal opposite, distal sometimes alternate; fruits schizocarps, breaking into 4 nutlets, or indehiscent; styles 2, stigmas wider than styles; stipular glands absent.
|[[Sclerolinon|Sclerolinon]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Linaceae
|author=Nancy R. Morin
|authority=de Candolle ex Perleb
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Linaceae
|illustrator=John Myers
|illustration copyright=Flora of North America Association
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Bermuda;Central America;South America;Eurasia;Africa;Atlantic Islands;Pacific Islands;Australia
|reference=mcdill2009a;mcdill2009b;mcdill2011a;rogers1975a;rogers1984b
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V12/V12_710.xml
|androecium position=hypogynous
|anther dehiscence=dehiscing
|blade margin architecture or shape=pinnate;entire
|blade margin shape=denticulate;serrate;denticulate;serrate
|filament fusion=adnate;adherent
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|fruits capsule dehiscence=indehiscent;septicidal;indehiscent;septicidal;dehiscence
|gland coloration=dark
|gland shape=spheric
|gland size=small
|hypanthium presence=absent
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|leaf architecture=simple
|leaf arrangement=whorled;opposite;whorled;opposite;alternate
|nectary position=extrastaminal
|nutlet quantity=4
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=4-5-locular
|ovary arrangement=apical-axile;axile;placentation
|ovary position=superior
|ovule orientation=anatropous
|ovule quantity=2
|perianth position=hypogynous
|petal arrangement=convolute;imbricate
|petal base fusion=adnate;adherent
|petal fusion=coherent;distinct
|petal quantity=4;5
|petiole presence=absent;absent
|pistil architecture=2-5-carpellate
|pistil quantity=1
|seed quantity=2
|seed-coat coating=mucilaginous
|sepal fusion=connate
|sepal quantity=4;5
|slit dehiscence or orientation=longitudinal
|stamen atypical quantity=10
|stamen fusion=connate
|stamen quantity=4;5
|stigma quantity=2;5
|stipule presence=absent;absent
|style fusion=connate;distinct
|style quantity=2;5
|tube fusion=adnate;adherent
|whole_organism duration=perennial;biennial;perennial;biennial;annual;perennial;biennial;perennial;biennial;annual
|whole_organism growth form=subshrub;herb
}}<!--

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