View source for Salix eriocephala

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Salix eriocephala
|accepted_authority=Michaux
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|place=2: 225. 1803
|year=1803
}}
|common_names=Missouri or diamond or heart-leaf willow
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=F
|label=Illustrated
}}{{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=E
|label=Endemic
}}
|basionyms=
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Salix angustata
|authority=Pursh
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Salix cordata
|authority=Muhlenberg
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Salix cordata var. abrasa
|authority=Fernald
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Salix missouriensis
|authority=Bebb
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Salix rigida
|authority=Muhlenberg
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Salix rigida var. angustata
|authority=(Pursh) Fernald
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Salix rigida var. vestita
|authority=(Andersson) C. R. Ball
|rank=variety
}}
|hierarchy=Salicaceae;Salix;Salix subg. Vetrix;Salix sect. Cordatae;Salix eriocephala
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Salicaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Salix]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subgenus</small>[[Salix subg. Vetrix]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>section</small>[[Salix sect. Cordatae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Salix eriocephala]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 7
|mention_page=page 27, 37, 47, 57, 84, 95, 96, 101, 119, 121, 122, 127, 130
|treatment_page=page 120
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form"><b>Shrubs,</b> 0.2–6 m, (sometimes forming clones by stem fragmentation).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem coloration;stem pubescence;stem pubescence;stem pubescence"><b>Stems:</b> branches (sometimes highly brittle at base), redbrown, not glaucous, glabrous or glabrescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="branchlet coloration;branchlet pubescence;branchlet pubescence;branchlet pubescence;branchlet pubescence">branchlets yellowbrown to redbrown, pilose, moderately to densely velvety, pubescent, or villous, (inner membranaceous bud-scale layer free).</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stipule architecture;apex shape;apex shape"><b>Leaves:</b> stipules foliaceous, (4.5–13 mm), apex rounded or acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="petiole architecture;petiole some measurement;petiole pubescence">petiole shallowly grooved adaxially, 3–18 mm, tomentose adaxially;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="largest medial blade shape;largest medial blade shape;largest medial blade shape;largest medial blade length;largest medial blade width;largest medial blade l w ratio;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;base shape;margin prominence or shape;margin architecture or shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape;abaxial surface pubescence;abaxial surface pubescence;abaxial surface pubescence;abaxial surface pubescence;abaxial surface pubescence;adaxial surface reflectance;adaxial surface pubescence;adaxial surface pubescence">largest medial blade narrowly oblong, very narrowly elliptic or obovate, 58–96–136 × 9–21–36 mm, 2.3–4.6–8 times as long as wide, base cordate, convex, rounded, subcordate, or, sometimes, cuneate, margins flat, serrate or serrulate, apex acute to acuminate, abaxial surface thickly glaucous, glabrous, puberulent, sparsely pubescent or short-silky, adaxial highly glossy, glabrous or sparsely villous (hairs white, sometimes also ferruginous);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade margin architecture or shape;blade margin architecture or shape">proximal blade margins entire or shallowly serrulate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="blade life cycle;blade coloration;blade coloration;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;blade pubescence;hair coloration">juvenile blade reddish or yellowish green, glabrous, pilose, or villous abaxially, hairs white.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="catkin architecture;catkin life cycle;catkin architecture"><b>Catkins:</b> staminate flowering just before leaves emerge, pistillate as leaves emerge;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="catkin size;catkin size;catkin size;catkin length;catkin width;branchlet life cycle;branchlet some measurement">staminate slender or stout, 19–44 × 7–14 mm, flowering branchlet 0.5–5 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="catkin architecture;catkin architecture;catkin architecture;catkin size;catkin size;catkin length;catkin width;branchlet life cycle;branchlet some measurement">pistillate densely or moderately densely flowered, slender or stout, 22–65 × 7–14 mm, flowering branchlet 2–10 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="floral bract coloration;floral bract coloration;floral bract some measurement;apex shape;apex pubescence;hair shape">floral bract dark-brown or bicolor, 0.8–1.6 mm, apex rounded, abaxially hairy, hairs wavy.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="flower architecture;adaxial nectary shape;adaxial nectary shape;adaxial nectary shape;adaxial nectary shape;adaxial nectary shape;adaxial nectary some measurement"><b>Staminate </b>flowers: adaxial nectary narrowly oblong, oblong, or ovate, 0.2–1 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="flower architecture;filament fusion;filament fusion;filament lengths;filament pubescence">filaments distinct or connate less than 1/2 their lengths, glabrous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="flower architecture;anther coloration;anther coloration;anther some measurement">anthers yellow or purple turning yellow (ellipsoid or shortly cylindrical), 0.4–0.6 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="flower architecture;adaxial nectary shape;adaxial nectary shape;adaxial nectary some measurement;adaxial nectary height or length or size"><b>Pistillate </b>flowers: adaxial nectary oblong or flask-shaped, 0.3–0.8 mm, shorter than stipe;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="flower architecture;stipe some measurement">stipe 1.2–2.8 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="flower architecture;ovary shape;ovary pubescence">ovary pyriform, glabrous, beak slightly bulged below styles;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="flower architecture;ovule quantity">ovules 12–16 per ovary;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="flower architecture;style some measurement">styles 0.3–0.6 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="flower architecture;stigma prominence or shape;stigma relief;stigma shape;stigma quantity;stigma some measurement;tip shape;lobe size">stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, or broadly cylindrical, or 2 plump lobes, 0.16–0.28 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="capsule some measurement;2n chromosome quantity"><b>Capsules </b>3.5–7 mm. <b>2n</b> = 38.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering early Apr-mid Jun.
|habitat=Gravelly or rocky stream banks, marshy fields, in mixed mesophytic woods on alluvium
|elevation=0-1200 m
|distribution=N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Ala.;Ark.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Nebr.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Pa.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Vt.;Va.;W.Va.;Wis.
|discussion=<p>Salix eriocephala sometimes is very difficult to separate from S. myricoides. Some of the confusion may be due to hybridization but no definite hybrids have been seen.</p><!--
--><p>Salix eriocephala can be distinguished from S. myricoides by having stipules on early leaves foliaceous, apices acute to rounded, largest medial blades 4.9–23.3 times as long as petiole, abaxial surface usually thickly glaucous (stomata can be seen through the grayish wax), margins serrulate or serrate, floral bracts 0.8–1.6 mm, moderately to very densely hairy, styles 0.3–0.6 mm, and stigmas 0.16–0.28 mm; S. myricoides has stipules on early leaves rudimentary or foliaceous, apices acuminate or acute, largest medial blades 4.7–13.4 times as long as petiole, abaxial surface usually with very thick wax (stomata cannot be seen through the wax), margins crenulate to serrulate, floral bracts 1.2–3 mm, sparsely to moderately densely hairy, styles 0.3–1.3 mm, and stigmas 0.28–0.56 mm.</p><!--
--><p>Hybrids:</p><!--
--><p>Salix eriocephala forms natural hybrids with S. candida, S. famelica, S. humilis, S. interior, S. lasiandra, S. petiolaris, and S. sericea. Hybrids with S. amygdaloides, S. bebbiana, S. myricoides, and S. pedicellaris have been reported (M. L. Fernald 1950) but no convincing specimens have been seen. Controlled pollinations made with S. discolor had low success and many seedlings were abnormal (A. Mosseler 1990). In controlled pollination using S. eriocephala as the maternal parent, seeds were rarely produced due to pollen-stigma incompatibility (Mosseler 1989).</p><!--
--><p>Salix eriocephala × S. famelica: Hybrids and intergrades occur in the area of overlap (R. D. Dorn 1995). Specimens from a population in Douglas County, Nebraska, which included successive collections and cultivated specimens, have branches with yellow-mottled coloration of S. famelica and villous indumentum of S. eriocephala; they may be this hybrid.</p><!--
--><p>Salix eriocephala × S. petiolaris: Controlled pollinations (A. Mosseler 1990) had low seed-set but a high percent of seed germination and seedling survival. Because reproductive barriers between these species are weak, it was suggested that their morphological variability may be due to interspecific gene flow (Mosseler). Natural hybrids are known from Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ontario, Quebec, and West Virginia.</p><!--
--><p>Salix eriocephala × S. sericea: This hybrid is relatively common wherever the ranges of the parents overlap. It has been studied in the southeastern United States (G. W. Argus 1986) and in eastern Canada. The results of a molecular study (T. M. Hardig et al. 2000) have been discussed already under the genus. In general, the hybrids resemble S. eriocephala but have leaves that are sparsely to moderately densely short-silky on abaxial surfaces and ovaries hairy as in S. sericea. Foliaceous stipules are often present on late leaves and sometimes even on early leaves, as in S. eriocephala, but they are not as prominent. In S. sericea stipules usually are lacking or rudimentary, but on late leaves they may be foliaceous. Petioles and branchlets of hybrids are finely velvety as in S. sericea. This hybrid was described from Maine (O. W. Knight 1907), where it was noted that the catkins were usually abortive but sometimes produced one or two fertile seeds.</p><!--
--><p>Salix eriocephala is distinguished from S. sericea in having stipules on early and late leaves foliaceous, 4–6.2–8.3 × 2.5–3.6–4.6 mm, 1.5–2 times as long as wide, ovaries glabrous, juvenile blades glabrous or sparsely hairy, hairs white, largest medial blade abaxial surfaces glabrous, puberulent, sparsely pubescent, or short-silky, stipes 1.2–2.8 mm, and capsules 3.5–7 mm; S. sericea has stipules on early leaves absent or rudimentary, on late leaves rudimentary to foliaceous, 1.1–1.6–2.1 × 0.4–0.6–0.8 mm, 2.3–3 times as long as wide, ovaries short-silky, juvenile blades very densely short-silky, hairs white, sometimes also ferruginous, largest medial blade abaxial surfaces densely short-silky, stipes 0.6–1.5 mm, and capsules 2.5–4 mm.</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

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-->{{#Taxon:
name=Salix eriocephala
|authority=Michaux
|rank=species
|parent rank=section
|synonyms=Salix angustata;Salix cordata;Salix cordata var. abrasa;Salix missouriensis;Salix rigida;Salix rigida var. angustata;Salix rigida var. vestita
|basionyms=
|family=Salicaceae
|phenology=Flowering early Apr-mid Jun.
|habitat=Gravelly or rocky stream banks, marshy fields, in mixed mesophytic woods on alluvium
|elevation=0-1200 m
|distribution=N.B.;Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.);N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Ala.;Ark.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Fla.;Ga.;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Mo.;Nebr.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Y.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Pa.;R.I.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Vt.;Va.;W.Va.;Wis.
|reference=None
|publication title=Fl. Bor.-Amer.
|publication year=1803
|special status=Illustrated;Endemic
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V7/V7_124.xml
|genus=Salix
|subgenus=Salix subg. Vetrix
|section=Salix sect. Cordatae
|species=Salix eriocephala
|2n chromosome quantity=38
|abaxial surface pubescence=short-silky;pubescent;puberulent;glabrous;glaucous
|adaxial nectary height or length or size=shorter
|adaxial nectary shape=flask--shaped;oblong;ovate;oblong;ovate;oblong;oblong
|adaxial nectary some measurement=0.3mm;0.8mm
|adaxial surface pubescence=villous;glabrous
|adaxial surface reflectance=glossy
|anther coloration=purple turning yellow;yellow
|anther some measurement=0.4mm;0.6mm
|apex pubescence=hairy
|apex shape=rounded;acute;acuminate
|base shape=cuneate;subcordate;rounded;convex;cordate
|blade coloration=yellowish green;reddish
|blade life cycle=juvenile
|blade margin architecture or shape=serrulate;entire
|blade pubescence=villous;pilose;villous;pilose;glabrous
|branchlet coloration=yellowbrown;redbrown
|branchlet life cycle=flowering;flowering
|branchlet pubescence=pilose;moderately densely velvety pubescent or villous
|branchlet some measurement=2mm;10mm
|capsule some measurement=3.5mm;7mm
|catkin architecture=flowered;or;pistillate;pistillate;staminate
|catkin length=22mm;65mm
|catkin life cycle=flowering
|catkin size=stout;slender;stout;slender;staminate
|catkin width=7mm;14mm
|filament fusion=connate;distinct
|filament lengths=0;1/2
|filament pubescence=glabrous
|floral bract coloration=bicolor;dark-brown
|floral bract some measurement=0.8mm;1.6mm
|flower architecture=pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;pistillate;staminate;staminate;staminate
|hair coloration=white
|hair shape=wavy
|largest medial blade l w ratio=2.3-4.6-8
|largest medial blade length=58mm;96-136mm
|largest medial blade shape=obovate;elliptic;oblong
|largest medial blade width=9mm;21-36mm
|lobe size=plump
|margin architecture or shape=serrulate;serrate
|margin prominence or shape=flat
|ovary pubescence=glabrous
|ovary shape=pyriform
|ovule quantity=12;16
|petiole architecture=grooved
|petiole pubescence=tomentose
|petiole some measurement=3mm;18mm
|stem coloration=redbrown
|stem pubescence=glabrescent;glabrous;not glaucous
|stigma prominence or shape=flat
|stigma quantity=2
|stigma relief=non-papillate
|stigma shape=cylindrical
|stigma some measurement=0.16mm;0.28mm
|stipe some measurement=1.2mm;2.8mm
|stipule architecture=foliaceous
|style some measurement=0.3mm;0.6mm
|tip shape=rounded
|whole_organism growth form=shrub
|whole_organism some measurement=0.2m;6m
}}<!--

-->[[Category:Treatment]][[Category:Salix sect. Cordatae]]