View source for Zingiberaceae

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Zingiberaceae
|accepted_authority=Lindley
|publications=
|common_names=Ginger Family
|basionyms=
|synonyms=
|hierarchy=Zingiberaceae
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Zingiberaceae]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 22
|mention_page=
|treatment_page=page 305
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism growth form;rhizome architecture"><b>Herbs,</b> perennial [annual], from tuberous rhizome [tuberous roots].</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="stem location;stem presence;stem presence;stem architecture"><b>Aerial </b>stems present or absent, unbranched.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="leaf position;leaf position;leaf position;leaf variability;rank quantity;petiole presence"><b>Leaves </b>basal or basal and cauline, in 2 ranks, differentiated into basal sheath, petiole, and blade, or petiole absent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="sheath arrangement;sheath architecture;ligule presence;summit variability">sheaths often overlapping to form pseudostem, open, ligule present, summit of petiole not differentiated;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="blade orientation;lateral-vein arrangement;midrib prominence">blade with lateral-veins parallel, diverging from prominent midrib.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="inflorescence quantity;shoot location;stem height or length or size;leaf architecture;tip orientation;raceme architecture;cyme architecture;cyme arrangement"><b>Inflorescences </b>1 per aerial shoot, terminating short stem without laminate leaves or projecting from tip [side] of pseudostem, pedunculate racemes of flowers or of 2–7-flowered monochasial cymes (cincinni);</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="axis bract position relational">bracts of main axis enclosing or subtending flowers or cincinni.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower architecture or shape"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual, bilaterally symmetric;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="sepal variability;petal variability;sepal quantity;sepal fusion;petal quantity;petal fusion;sepal fusion">sepals and petals differentiated, sepals 3, connate, petals 3, connate, but sepals free from petals;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="stamen reproduction;stamen quantity;stamen shape">fertile stamens 1, not petallike;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="">anthers 2-locular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="anther architecture or structure in adjective form;anther quantity;staminode fusion;structure shape;stamen reproduction;staminode quantity;staminode shape;staminode prominence;staminode fusion">2 connate staminodes forming petallike structure (lip) opposite fertile stamen, sometimes also with 2 petallike or rudimentary distinct staminodes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="ovary position;ovary architecture;ovary architecture or structure in adjective form">ovary inferior, 3-carpellate, [1-] 3-locular, all locules fertile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="locule reproduction;locule placentation;locule arrangement;locule position">placentation axile, parietal, or ± basal;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="ovule quantity">ovules many per locule;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="anther style shape">style held between pollen-sacs of anther, filiform;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="stigma shape">stigma funnelform, sometimes slightly 2-lobed;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties="style base fusion">style base free from stamen and staminodes.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties=""><b>Fruits </b>capsules or berries;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s19" data-properties="sepal duration">sepals often persistent in fruit.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s20" data-properties="aril presence"><b>Seeds:</b> aril present;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s21" data-properties="endosperm quantity">endosperm copious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s22" data-properties="perisperm quantity">perisperm copious;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s23" data-properties="embryo course">embryo straight.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Australia
|introduced=true
|discussion=<p>Zingiberaceae are tropical, the most diverse family in the Old World. Species of Zingiberaceae are often spicy to the taste, and many of them have been used as medicines and flavorings. The most important commercial spices in the family are ginger, turmeric, and cardamom.</p><!--
--><p>Species of the large tropical American genus Costus Linnaeus, sometimes included in Zingiberaceae but now usually placed in a separate family Costaceae, are cultivated as ornamentals in peninsular Florida and the Gulf Coast. They are known to propagate spontaneously within gardens in Florida and might be expected to escape in disturbed habitats. Species of Costus are perennial herbs with erect stems ca. 1 m tall. The leaves are inserted in many ranks and arranged in a very distinctive open spiral; they consist of a basal sheath, a very short petiole, and a blade; the sheaths do not overlap to form a pseudostem; and the blades have parallel lateral veins diverging from a prominent midrib. The inflorescence is a terminal spike with a large bract subtending each flower; the flowers are bisexual and bilaterally symmetric, with three connate sepals and three connate petals. There is a single fertile stamen and opposite it a petal-like lip representing four fused staminodes; the fruit is a 3-locular capsule. Costaceae differ from all related families in having a well-developed aerial stem with the leaf sheaths not overlapping to form a pseudostem and in the very distinctive leaf arrangement.</p><!--
--><p>Genera ca. 50, species ca. 1300 (4 genera, 4 species in the flora).</p>
|tables=
|references=
}}<!--

--><div class="treatment-key">
==Key==
<div class="treatment-key-group">
  
{| class="wikitable fna-keytable"
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences lax; bracts on main axis of inflorescence minute, scalelike; cincinni stalked, each cincinnus enclosed in large, conspicuous bracteole
|[[Alpinia|Alpinia]]
|-id=key-0-1
|1
|Inflorescences dense; bracts on main axis of inflorescence lanceolate to reniform, 2–9 cm; cincinni sessile, each cincinnus enclosed in bract, bracteoles small, inconspicuous, hidden by bracts.
|[[#key-0-2| > 2]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences projecting from tip of pseudostem; filament linear; anther long-exserted
|[[Hedychium|Hedychium]]
|-id=key-0-2
|2
|Inflorescences terminating short stem with only scale leaves; filament rectangular or nearly absent; anther enclosed in corolla.
|[[#key-0-3| > 3]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences cylindric; bracts spreading; proximal bracts ovate, apex obtuse; distal bracts larger, narrowly ovate, apex rounded; lateral staminodes petal-like.
|[[Curcuma|Curcuma]]
|-id=key-0-3
|3
|Inflorescences conelike; bracts imbricate; proximal bracts reniform or very broadly ovate, apex broadly rounded; distal bracts smaller but otherwise similar to proximal bracts; lateral staminodes absent or reduced to small teeth adnate with lip
|[[Zingiber|Zingiber]]
|}
</div></div><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Zingiberaceae
|author=Alan T. Whittemore
|authority=Lindley
|rank=family
|parent rank=
|synonyms=
|basionyms=
|family=Zingiberaceae
|distribution=North America;Mexico;West Indies;Central America;South America;Asia;Africa;Australia
|introduced=true
|reference=None
|publication title=
|publication year=
|special status=
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/62857cf6bca5c4637d27b113da92d27dbf9962f4/V22/V22_47.xml
|anther architecture or structure in adjective form=2-locular
|anther quantity=2
|anther style shape=filiform
|aril presence=absent
|axis bract position relational=enclosing
|blade orientation=diverging
|cyme architecture=2-7-flowered
|cyme arrangement=monochasial
|embryo course=straight
|endosperm quantity=copious
|flower architecture or shape=symmetric
|flower reproduction=bisexual
|inflorescence quantity=1
|lateral-vein arrangement=parallel
|leaf architecture=laminate
|leaf position=cauline;basal;basal
|leaf variability=differentiated
|ligule presence=absent
|locule arrangement=parietal
|locule placentation=axile
|locule position=basal
|locule reproduction=fertile
|midrib prominence=prominent
|ovary architecture=3-carpellate
|ovary architecture or structure in adjective form=[1-]3-locular
|ovary position=inferior
|ovule quantity=many
|perisperm quantity=copious
|petal fusion=connate
|petal quantity=3
|petal variability=differentiated
|petiole presence=absent
|raceme architecture=pedunculate
|rank quantity=2
|rhizome architecture=tuberous
|sepal duration=persistent
|sepal fusion=free;connate
|sepal quantity=3
|sepal variability=differentiated
|sheath architecture=open
|sheath arrangement=overlapping
|shoot location=aerial
|stamen quantity=1
|stamen reproduction=fertile;fertile
|stamen shape=not petal-like
|staminode fusion=distinct;connate
|staminode prominence=rudimentary
|staminode quantity=2
|staminode shape=petal-like
|stem architecture=unbranched
|stem height or length or size=short
|stem location=aerial
|stem presence=absent;absent
|stigma shape=2-lobed
|structure shape=petal-like
|style base fusion=free
|summit variability=not differentiated
|tip orientation=projecting
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=herb
}}<!--

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