Willow Family Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 3. Mentioned on page 4, 8, 9, 23, 29, 51. Shrubs or trees, heterophyllous or not, sometimes
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Bruce D. Parfitt Common names: Crowfoot Family Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Treatment on page 85. Herbs, sometimes woody or herbaceous climbers or low
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hypanthium) > 4 3 Herbs perennial; leaves basal, blades reniform to orbiculate, palmately lobed, sometimes palmately compound; stamens 4. Alchemilla 3 Herbs annual;
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for keying. Perigynium measurements are best taken from perigynia about 1/3 of the spike length. Perigynia become distinctly marrower near the top of the
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Involucres cylindric or campanulate to hemispheric, 4–22 mm diam. Phyllaries 20–84 in (3–) 4–6 (–9) series, 1 (–3) -nerved (not keeled), oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate
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2-locular proximally (Vaccaria), or 3–5-locular (some Silene); styles 2–3 (–5) (absent in staminate flowers), distinct; stigmas 2–3 (–5) (absent in staminate flowers)
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epicalyx bractlets (4 or) 5 (–10); hypanthium patelliform to cupulate, rarely turbinate, 0.5–2.5 (–5) × (1.5–) 2–7 (–10) mm; sepals (4 or) 5 (–10), spreading
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1–8 (–12) cm, length 1.6–2 times width, coriaceous to thin, lobes 0 or 1–4 or 5 (–9), sinuses usually shallow, sometimes deep, veins 1–8 (–10) per side
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throughout. Pedicels absent or present; bracteoles absent. Flowers: sepals 4, calyx entirely green or more often conspicuously colored distally, usually
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hemispheric or broader (2–3+ mm diam.), phyllaries in 2–4 series, pistillate florets in 2–8 series, bisexual florets 10(–30), corollas yellow, 4-lobed, and cypselae
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capitate glomerules). Involucre ± actinomorphic, not spurred; glands (2–) 4, slightly concave, flat, or slightly convex; appendages petaloid or absent
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usually as many as and opposite perianth lobes; pistils absent or (1–) 2 (–3); styles 1–3, sometimes with stylopodium; ovary usually superior, half-inferior in
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Sanguinaria, Stylomecon, Stylophorum A. L. Jussieu Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Treatment on page 300. Herbs or subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees, annual
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cupules bearing 1-3 (-15 or more) pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers bracteate, bracts often caducous; sepals (3-) 4-6 (-8); stamens (3-) 6-12 (-18 or
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panicles; bracteoles 2 or absent. Flowers: tepals (4–) 6 in 2 whorls; stamens (2–) 3–6. Capsules 1-locular or 3-locular, septicidal. Seeds many, ellipsoid to
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5 teeth at apex of staminal column; gynoecium syncarpous, ovary superior, 3–40-carpellate; styles 1, branched or unbranched; stigmas truncate, capitate
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1-locular or 3–5-locular; styles 3 or 5, occasionally 4 (absent in staminate flowers), filiform, 1.5–20 mm, glabrous proximally; stigmas 3 or 5, occasionally
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(sometimes 1–3 bractlets in Schkuhria). Involucres campanulate to narrowly cylindric or obconic, or hemispheric to rotate. Phyllaries usually persistent, 4–60+
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Flowers usually actinomorphic, rarely slightly zygomorphic (in Oenothera), (3 or) 4-merous; stamens 2 times as many, or rarely as many, as sepals; pollen usually
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oblong, orbiculate, or ovate (bodies unequally 3–4-angled, margins often winged), or (all or inner) ± equally 4-angled and linear-fusiform, sometimes ± beaked
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