petals ephemeral, 5–7, usually distinct, margins usually entire; stamens (4–) 6–40 (–100); ovary half-inferior to inferior, plurilocular proximally to 1-locular
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sect. Californica T. J. Watson (shrubs, including X. cognata, X. orcuttii, and the Mexican endemic X. frutescens). Watson, T. J. 1977. The taxonomy of
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particularly true for members of subg. Tetragonostachys. Use a minimum of 20X (40–60X better) magnification and take measurements of both young and old leaves
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hemispheric, obconic, or ovoid, 4–34 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 9–34 (–40+) in (1–) 2 [–3] series (distinct or proximally connate, usually reflexed
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mm, locules unequal, dehiscence poricidal. Seeds 5–40, brown to black, ovoid to oblong, wings absent. x = 8. w United States, n Mexico Species 12 (9 in the
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Basionym: Scirpus subg. Schoenoplectus Reichenbach Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 8: 40. 1846 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 44. Mentioned
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Treatment on page 43. Mentioned on page 19, 39, 78, 79, 102. Perennials, 40–200 cm (rhizomatous or with short woody crowns). Stems erect, simple, glabrous
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flattened; septum complete, perforated, or reduced to a rim, (membranous); ovules 4–40 per ovary; style distinct, (persistent, slender); stigma capitate, entire
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Xerospiraea J. Henrickson (one species). The base chromosome number for Spiraeeae is x = 9. None. Aruncus, Holodiscus, Kelseya, Luetkea, Petrophytum, Spiraea window
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crumiana), narrowly to broadly ovate-elliptic or obovate to round; stamens 20–30 (–40), shorter than petals, anthers: connective broad, theca single, horseshoe-shaped
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Seeds 12–65, globose or subglobose, not arillate, (cleft fused between ends). x = 10. North America, Mexico Species 5 (5 in the flora). Iltis, H. H. 1958.
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apex. Capsules: dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 8–40, brown to dark-brown, ovoid to ± reniform, wings absent. x = 7. w United States, nw Mexico Species 4 (4
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FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 27. Mentioned on page 12, 13, 19, 25, 33, 40. Herbs, perennial or annual; caudex woody or herbaceous, shoot buds arising
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with lipid; hila subbasal, round or oval, to 1/6 the length of the caryopses. x = 7. Ill., Ind., Conn., N.J., N.Y., Ga., Wash., Utah, Alaska, Colo., Idaho
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persistent, usually of 40–60, white or stramineous, barbellulate bristles (in 1–2 series), sometimes 0 in ray-florets (e.g., D. pardalianches). x = 30. Introduced; Eurasia
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(peduncles sometimes bracteate). Involucres hemispheric to turbinate, (13–) 20–30 (–40) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 30–45+ in 3–4+ series (subequal to unequal
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barbellulate, apically attenuate bristles in 1 series, or 30–40+ bristles in 2 series (outer usually shorter). x = 9. Mostly subtropical, tropical, and warm-temperate
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numerous than bisexual); corollas yellowish. Inner (bisexual) florets (1–) 5–20 (–40+); corollas yellowish (red-tipped in P. luteoalbum). Cypselae oblong-compressed
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ellipsoid, or ovoid, longitudinally ribbed (ribs ribbonlike or pectinate). x = 8. North America, Mexico, South America, Eurasia, mostly north-temperate
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Inflorescences terminal, usually panicles (sometimes reduced to racemes), 5-40 cm, exceeding the upper leaves, exserted. Spikelets 4-10 (13) mm, laterally
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