familyPoaceae
subfamilyPoaceae subfam. Panicoideae
tribePoaceae tribe Paniceae
genusEchinochloa
speciesEchinochloa frumentacea

Echinochloa frumentacea

Link
P.W. Michael
Common names: Siberian millet White panic
Introduced
Synonyms: Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. edulis
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 400.
Please click on the illustration for a higher resolution version.
Illustrator: Hana Pazdírková, Linda A. Vorobik

Copyright: Utah State University

Plants annual. Culms 70-150 cm, erect, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous; ligules absent; blades 8-35 cm long, 3-20 (30) mm wide, glabrous. Panicles 7-18 cm, erect to slightly drooping at maturity, rachises not or only sparsely hispid, nodes with papillose-based hairs; branches numerous, appressed or ascending, spikelike, not or only sparsely hispid, hairs papillose-based; primary branches 1.5-4 cm, glabrous or sparsely hispid, hairs to 3 mm, papillose-based; secondary branches, if present, usually concealed by the densely packed spikelets; longer pedicels 0.2-0.5 mm. Spikelets 3-3.5 mm, often with 1 sterile and 2 bisexual florets, not disarticulating at maturity (particularly those near the bases of the panicles), scabrous or short-hispid but without papillose-based hairs, green and pale at maturity, apices usually obtuse, varying to acute. Upper glumes narrower and shorter than the upper lemmas; lower florets sterile; lower lemmas unawned; lower paleas subequal to the lower lemmas; upper lemmas 2.5-3 mm, ovate to elliptic, coriaceous portion terminating abruptly at the base of the membranous tip; anthers 0.8-1 mm. Caryopses 1.7-2.2 mm long, 1.6-1.8 mm wide, whitish; embryos 66-86% as long as the caryopses. 2n = 54.

Distribution

D.C., Wis., W.Va., Man., Ont., N.H., N.J., Tex., Conn., N.Y., N.Dak., Nebr., Tenn., Pa., R.I., Nev., Va., Colo., Calif., Ala., Vt., Ill., Ark., Fla., Iowa, Md., N.C., Wash., Maine, Mass., Ohio, Mo., Mich., Ky., Oreg.

Discussion

Echinochloa frumentacea originated in India, and possibly also in Africa. It is grown for grain, fodder, and beer, but not as extensively as in the past. It is found occasionally in the contiguous United States and southern Canada, the primary source being birdseed mixes. It used to be confused with E. esculenta, from which it differs in its whitish caryopses and proportionately smaller embryos. Hybrids between E. frumentacea and E. colona are partially fertile; those with E. esculenta are sterile.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.

"decumbent" is not a number.

... more about "Echinochloa frumentacea"
RDF feed
2n chromosome quantity
54 +
Abaxial ligule presence
absent +
Abaxial ligule quantity
common +
Adaxial cell presence
absent +
Adaxial cell shape
bulliform +
Adaxial ligule architecture or pubescence or shape
ciliate +
Adaxial ligule presence
absent +
Adaxial ligule texture
membranous +
Anther quantity
3 +
Anther some measurement
0.08 cm0.8 mm <br />8.0e-4 m <br /> (0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br />) +
Apex height or length or size
short +
Apex shape
acute +  and obtuse +
Apex texture
membranous +  and firm +
Apex variability
varying +
Arm cell presence
absent +
Arm cell quantity
anatomy +  and kranz +
Auricle presence
absent +
Author
P.W. Michael +
Authority
Link +
Awn atypical quantity
1 (?) +  and 3 (?) +
Awn orientation
arising +
Awn quantity
single +
Awn some measurement
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (6 cm60 mm <br />0.06 m <br />) +
Back shape
keeled +  and rounded +
Base architecture
pseudopetiolate +  and branching +
Base arrangement
divergent +  and parallel +
Base position
intravaginal +, extravaginal +, branching +  and basal +
Base size
swelling +
Base texture
membranous +
Base width
thick +
Blade architecture
disarticulating +  and pseudopetiolate +
Blade architecture or arrangement
non-radiate +  and radiate +
Blade l w ratio
10+ +
Blade length
8 cm80 mm <br />0.08 m <br /> (35 cm350 mm <br />0.35 m <br />) +
Blade position
adaxial +
Blade prominence or shape
flat +
Blade pubescence
glabrous +
Blade shape
linear +  and linear-lanceolate +
Blade width
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (2 cm20 mm <br />0.02 m <br />) +
Branch architecture
subsessile +, compound +  and simple +
Branch arrangement
packed +
Branch arrangement or shape
angular +
Branch orientation
ascending;appressed +
Branch pubescence
hispid +
Branch quantity
numerous +
Branch shape
spikelike +
Branch some measurement
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
Callus development
not developed +
Caryopsis architecture or shape
cleft +
Caryopsis coloration
whitish +
Caryopsis length
0.17 cm1.7 mm <br />0.0017 m <br /> (0.22 cm2.2 mm <br />0.0022 m <br />) +
Caryopsis presence
absent +
Caryopsis shape
spheroid +, ovoid +  and ellipsoid +
Caryopsis width
0.16 cm1.6 mm <br />0.0016 m <br /> (0.18 cm1.8 mm <br />0.0018 m <br />) +
Cilium length or size
sometimes longer +
Common name
Siberian millet +  and White panic +
Culm architecture
branched +  and solid +
Culm architecture or arrangement or growth form
solitary +
Culm duration
annual +
Culm growth form
climbing +
Culm growth form or location
floating +
Culm growth form or orientation
prostrate +
Culm orientation
erect +
Culm pubescence
glabrous +
Culm some measurement
70 cm700 mm <br />0.7 m <br /> (150 cm1,500 mm <br />1.5 m <br />) +
Culm texture
woody +
Distal cell length or size
long +
Distal cell size or width
narrow +
Distal portion architecture
rooting +
Distal portion growth form or location
floating +
Distribution
D.C. +, Wis. +, W.Va. +, Man. +, Ont. +, N.H. +, N.J. +, Tex. +, Conn. +, N.Y. +, N.Dak. +, Nebr. +, Tenn. +, Pa. +, R.I. +, Nev. +, Va. +, Colo. +, Calif. +, Ala. +, Vt. +, Ill. +, Ark. +, Fla. +, Iowa +, Md. +, N.C. +, Wash. +, Maine +, Mass. +, Ohio +, Mo. +, Mich. +, Ky. +  and Oreg. +
Embryo length
0.7-0.9 times as long as the caryopses +
Embryo quantity
1/2 +
Embryo shape
waisted +
Embryo size
large +
Endosperm texture
hard +
Filament shape
capillary +
Flap character
germination +
Floret architecture
pistillate +  and staminate +
Floret arrangement
adjacent +
Floret atypical quantity
3 +
Floret length or size
sometimes longer +
Floret palea development
well-developed +
Floret palea presence
absent +
Floret palea size
reduced +
Floret quantity
2 +  and 1 +
Floret reproduction
bisexual +  and sterile +
Floret shape
compressed +  and terete +
Fusoid cell presence
absent +
Glume architecture or shape
awned +
Glume height or length or size
shorter +
Glume length or size
shorter or longer +
Glume position
subtending +
Glume quantity
2 +
Glume size
unequal +
Glume texture
membranous +
Glume variability
equal +
Hair architecture
papillose-based +
Hair architecture or shape
awned +
Hair quantity
lacking +
Hair shape
uncinate +
Hair some measurement
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br />) +
Hilum arrangement or course or shape
linear +
Hilum coloration or relief
punctate +
Illustration
Present +
Illustration copyright
Utah State University +
Illustrator
Linda A. Vorobik +  and Hana Pazdírková +
Inflorescence architecture
bracteate +  and ebracteate +
Inflorescence position
axillary +
Inflorescence position or structure subtype
terminal +
Internode architecture
solid +  and hollow +
Internode length
elongated +
Layer presence
absent +
Leaf arrangement
distichous +
Leaf margin arrangement
Overlapping (?) +
Leaf position
cauline +  and basal +
Lemma architecture or shape
awned +
Lemma coloration
hyaline +
Lemma texture
coriaceous +
Ligule architecture or pubescence or shape
ciliate +
Ligule presence
absent +
Ligule texture
membranous +
Lodicule fusion
free +
Lodicule height or length or size
short +
Lodicule presence
absent +
Lodicule prominence
inconspicuous +
Lodicule pubescence
glabrous +
Lodicule quantity
2 +
Lodicule shape
cuneate +
Lodicule size
minute +
Lodicule texture
fleshy +
Longer pedicel some measurement
0.02 cm0.2 mm <br />2.0e-4 m <br /> (0.05 cm0.5 mm <br />5.0e-4 m <br />) +
Lower floret architecture
staminate +
Lower floret reproduction
sterile +
Lower floret size
reduced +
Lower glume architecture
awn-tipped +
Lower glume quantity
1/4 +  and 2/5 +
Lower lemma texture
awned +
Lower palea development
well-developed +
Lower palea prominence
vestigial +
Lower palea size
subequal +
Margin arrangement
separated +
Margin coloration
hyaline +
Margin prominence or shape
flat +
Margin shape or vernation
involute +
Microhair presence
absent +
Midrib architecture
complex +  and simple +
Midrib prominence
prominent +
Node prominence
concealed +  and prominent +
Node pubescence
glabrous +
Number of lower taxa
0 +
Other quantity
2 +  and 1 +
Ovary presence
absent +
Ovary pubescence
glabrous +
Palea shape
keeled +
Panicle fixation
attached +
Panicle location
subterranean +
Panicle orientation
erect +  and slightly drooping +
Panicle some measurement
7 cm70 mm <br />0.07 m <br /> (18 cm180 mm <br />0.18 m <br />) +
Papilla presence
absent +
Pedicel quantity
1 +
Pericarp arrangement
separating +
Pericarp condition or texture
dry +
Pericarp texture
dry +  and fleshy +
Portion texture
coriaceous +
Primary branch pubescence
hispid +  and glabrous +
Primary branch some measurement
1.5 cm15 mm <br />0.015 m <br /> (4 cm40 mm <br />0.04 m <br />) +
Rachis prominence
evident +
Rachis pubescence
hispid +
Rachis shape
elongate +
Reference
None +
Secondary branch presence
absent +
Secondary branch prominence
concealed +
Secondary position
higher +
Sheath architecture
open +
Sheath condition
closed +
Sheath pubescence
glabrous +
Sheath shape
compressed +
Source xml
https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25 1119.xml +
Special status
Introduced +
Spike architecture
complex +
Spike arrangement
bisexual +
Spike reproduction
unisexual +
Spikelet architecture
not disarticulating +
Spikelet arrangement
packed +
Spikelet character
length +
Spikelet coloration
green and pale +
Spikelet fixation
attached +
Spikelet presence
absent +
Spikelet pubescence
short-hispid +  and scabrous +
Spikelet quantity
1 +  and 60 +
Spikelet reproduction
unisexual +  and bisexual +
Spikelet shape
planoconvex +
Spikelet some measurement
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (0.35 cm3.5 mm <br />0.0035 m <br />) +
Spikelet variability
varying +
Stamen quantity
1 +  and 3 +
Starch-grain architecture
simple +
Stigma coloration
red +
Style-branch arrangement
close +
Style-branch atypical quantity
4 +  and 1 +
Style-branch fusion
fused +  and free +
Style-branch quantity
2 (?) +
Style quantity
2 +  and 3 +
Subsidiary-cell shape
dome--shaped +  and triangular +
Synonyms
Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea +  and Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. edulis +
Taxon family
Poaceae +
Taxon name
Echinochloa frumentacea +
Taxon parent
Echinochloa +
Taxon rank
species +
Tip texture
membranous +
Tissue coloration
hyaline +
Tissue texture
membranous +
Upper floret reproduction
bisexual +
Upper floret shape
compressed +
Upper glume architecture or shape
awned +
Upper glume height or length or size
narrower and shorter +
Upper glume presence
absent +
Upper glume size
subequal +
Upper glume width
narrower +
Upper lemma architecture or pubescence or relief
smooth +
Upper lemma shape
ovate +  and elliptic +
Upper lemma some measurement
0.25 cm2.5 mm <br />0.0025 m <br /> (0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br />) +
Upper lemma texture
coriaceous +
Upper palea fusion
free +
Vein presence
absent +
Vein quantity
2 (?) +
Vein size
major +
Volume
Volume 25 +
Whole organism arrangement or pubescence
tufted +
Whole organism duration
annual +
Whole organism growth form
plant +
Whole organism growth form or habitat
aquatic +  and terrestrial +
Whole organism growth form or texture
herbaceous +
Whole organism reproduction
dioecious +, monoecious +  and synoecious +
Whole organism variability
various +
X chromosome atypical quantity
14 +, 12 +  and 7 +
X chromosome quantity
9 +