Douglas-fir Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Trees to 90 (–100) m; trunk to 4.4m diam. Leaves yellowish green. Seed-cones 6–10cm; bracts straight, appressed
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singly or in glomerules, rarely aggregated in second-order heads. Calyculi 0 or of 1–15+ bractlets. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually in 3–5+ series
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portion of a corolla of a ray floret is called a lamina; it terminates in 0–3(–4) teeth or lobes. More or less bilabiate corollas are characteristic of some
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veins, with 0 to many additional veins between the major veins, sometimes also in the margins, often keeled over the major veins; lodicules (0) 2-3, inconspicuous
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subtending spikelets scalelike, very rarely leaflike. Spikelets 1-flowered; scales 0–1. Flowers unisexual; staminate flowers without scales; pistillate flowers
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superior to inferior, (2–) 3 (–4) -locular, often with septal nectaries, ovules usually several or many per locule; styles 1 or 3 (–4); stigmas several and distinct
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paniculiform, racemiform, or spiciform arrays, sometimes borne singly. Calyculi 0. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually in 3–5+ series (usually in spirals
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(epigynous in Hippuris); sepals (2–) 4 or 5, basally or proximally connate, sometimes distinct, rarely a minute rim (Hippuris) or 0 (Callitriche), calyx radially
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tenuinucellate. Fruits usually capsular, usually 2-valved ((3 or) 4 (–6) in Rorippa barbareifolia, (2 or) 4 in Tropidocarpum capparideum), termed siliques if length
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bodies often 10-ribbed or (4–) 5-angled, smooth or papillate to rugose between ribs or angles (glabrous or hairy); pappi (rarely 0) usually persistent, usually
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paniculiform, racemiform, or spiciform arrays, sometimes borne singly. Calyculi 0 or of 1–15+ bractlets in 1 (–2+) series. Phyllaries persistent or falling,
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among leaves of basal rosettes [aggregated in second-order heads]. Calyculi 0 or of 1–15+ bractlets in 1–3+ series. Phyllaries usually persistent, usually
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Basionym: Undefined subg. Eucycla Nuttall Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 4: 16. 1848 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 224. Mentioned
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turf-forming or loosely cespitose, green distally and brown proximally. Stems 0.2–4 (–10) cm, irregularly branching, mostly rounded-pentagonal but occasionally
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with 1 floret each aggregated into second-order heads in Echinops). Calyculi 0 (involucres sometimes closely subtended by leaflike peduncle bracts). Phyllaries
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directed forward; stamens 4, didynamous, filaments glabrous or spreading-hairy (C. exserta), pollen-sacs 2, unequal; staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation
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Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric, or campanulate to hemispheric or broader, or rotate. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually 8–40+ in 2–4+ series,
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aggregated into second-order heads, rarely borne singly. Calyculi 0. Phyllaries sometimes 0 (apparent phyllaries interpreted as outer receptacular paleae)
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distinctly alternate, not in terminal whorl-like clusters; stipules 3-5.5 (-6) × 0.3-0.5 cm, abaxially brownish puberulent, red-glandular. Leaf-blade oblong to
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49, 51, 57, 60, 61, 86, 104, 107, 120, 125, 126, 133. Shrubs or trees, 0.05–20 m, not clonal or, sometimes, clonal by layering or stem fragmentation. Stems
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the glumes and beneath the florets, sometimes below the glumes. Spikelets 0.7-50 mm, laterally compressed, sometimes weakly so, sometimes viviparous, usually
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Opuntioideae), pyriform, obovoid, lenticular-reniform, or nearly circular, 0.4–12 mm diam.; testa glossy or dull; rarely with corky arillate appendages (strophioles
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Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England. 389 pp. Columbus, J.T., M.S. Kinney, R. Pant and M.E. Siqueiros Delgado. 1998. Cladistic parsimonv analysis of internal
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spiciform arrays, sometimes borne singly or in subcapitate clusters. Calyculi 0. Phyllaries persistent or falling, usually in 3–5+ series, distinct, unequal
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prophyll subtending and enclosing rachilla, bearing 1 pistillate, sometimes (0–) 3 staminate flowers and empty scales (Carex, Cymophyllus, and Kobresia).
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al. 2001; Barber et al. 2002). Barber, J.C., S.A. Aliscioni, L.M. Giussani, J.D. Noll, M.R. Duvall, and E.A. Kellogg. 2002. Combined analyses of three independent
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the choice of either; no new combinations have been made. Beilstein, M. A. and M. D. Windham. 2003. A phylogenetic analysis of western North American Draba
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1–2-flowered heads in Lagascea). Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric to hemispheric or rotate. Phyllaries persistent, 4–45 (–100+) in 1–6+ series (usually distinct
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each bract 0. Pedicels present. Staminate flowers: sepals 0; petals 0; nectary absent; stamen 1; pistillode absent. Pistillate flowers: sepals 0 (ovary subtended
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hairy, hairs simple; taprooted or rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous. Stems 0–20, prostrate to erect. Leaves cauline or basal, (attached directly to rhizome
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120° from it; in most other pleurocarps the first branch leaf is lateral. M. S. Ignatov and S. Huttunen (2002) divided the family into four subfamilies
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epicalyx bractlets (4 or) 5 (–10); hypanthium patelliform to cupulate, rarely turbinate, 0.5–2.5 (–5) × (1.5–) 2–7 (–10) mm; sepals (4 or) 5 (–10), spreading
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often resinous. Receptacles slightly convex, pitted, epaleate. Ray-florets 0, or 1–18, pistillate, fertile; corollas usually yellow (white in E. gilmanii
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glabrous or hairy), usually epaleate (paleae usually 0, rare in Eriophyllum). Ray-florets 0 or 4–21, pistillate, fertile (3–8 peripheral florets pistillate
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suborbiculate, 1–8 (–12) cm, length 1.6–2 times width, coriaceous to thin, lobes 0 or 1–4 or 5 (–9), sinuses usually shallow, sometimes deep, veins 1–8 (–10) per
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less than 0.1 mm) or denticulate (teeth 0.1+ mm). Vestiture of the sides of the anthers varies from absent to densely lanate, the hairs reaching 4 mm and
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clusters, or in corymbiform, cymiform, or paniculiform arrays. Calyculi usually 0 (sometimes 1–3 bractlets in Schkuhria). Involucres campanulate to narrowly
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deciduous; collars inconspicuous, usually glabrous; auricles absent; ligules 0.1-2 (8) mm, membranous, sometimes longest at the margins, usually truncate
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scales (0.1–0.4 mm), sometimes connate, plus 5–40 (–50), stramineous, barbellate bristles, sometimes pappi only on ray or only on disc cypselae, or 0. x =
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completely adnate to ovary, or absent; sepals (3–) 4–5 [–7], distinct or connate proximally; petals 0 or (3–) 4–5 [–7], distinct; nectary present, rudimentary
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occasionally below the pedicels. Spikelets with 1 (2-3) florets. Glumes usually (0) 1 (2-3) -veined, apices entire, erose, or toothed, truncate to acuminate,
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with basal scale (sect. Gaura), 0.3–0.5 mm, scales nearly closing mouth of floral-tube, pollen shed singly; ovary (3 or) 4-locular or septa incomplete (sect
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2–3 (–4), distinct or connate (Saxifragopsis); stigmas 2–3 (–4), capitate. Fruits capsular, sometimes folliclelike (Cascadia, Micranthes), 2–3 (–4) -beaked
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(8–10 in M. godfreyi), arising from hypanthium; filaments distinct; staminodes absent; styles 3 (to 4 in M. cumberlandensis, M. godfreyi), filiform, 0.6–2.5
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not spread to the surrounding area (P. M. Brown 2002). Bletia patula Hooker is an apparent garden escape (P. M. Brown 2000). A single vegetative specimen
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leaves: small (less than 1.5 mm), medium (1.5–3 mm), large (3–4 mm), robust (more than 4 mm). None. Anomobryum, Brachymenium, Bryum, Gemmabryum, Haplodontium
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pollinator of M. hirsutissima, M. tricuspis, M. tridentata, and is one of three main pollinators of M. involucrata (G. S. Daniels 1970). Only M. reflexa, which
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linear-lanceolate to linear, setaceous, or subulate, sometimes oblanceolate to obovate, (0) 1-7-veined, sometimes keeled over 1 vein, not necessarily the central vein
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or oblanceolate, strongly flattened or weakly 3–4-angled (callous-margined, usually ciliate); pappi 0, or persistent or falling, vestigial, or of 8–12
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Vaccinioideae); hypanthium absent; sepals absent or (2–) 4–5 (–7), distinct or connate basally; petals (2–) 4–5 (–8), rarely absent or highly reduced, connate
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