familyPoaceae
subfamilyPoaceae subfam. Panicoideae
tribePoaceae tribe Paniceae
genusPanicum
subgenusPanicum subg. Panicum
sectionPanicum sect. Repentia
speciesPanicum amarum
subspeciesPanicum amarum subsp. amarulum

Panicum amarum subsp. amarulum

(Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann & Lelong
Robert W. Freckmann, Michel G. Lelong
Synonyms: Panicum amarulum
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 472.
Please click on the illustration for a higher resolution version.
Illustrator: Cindy Roché, Linda A. Vorobik

Copyright: Utah State University

Plants with short (usually) or ascending rhizomes. Culms usually 100-250 cm, robust, decumbent, densely bunched (occasionally with more elongated rhizomes and less bunching in the southern part of its range). Panicles usually more than 5 cm wide, spikelet density high; primary branches usually 2 or more per node, smooth to moderately scabrous, usually with quaternary branching. Spikelets 4-5.9 mm; lower glumes 3-5-veined, veins less evident than in subsp. amarum, midvein smooth distally.

Discussion

Panicum amarum subsp. amarulum grows in swales behind the first dune and on sandy borders of wet areas. It extends as far north as northern New Jersey and extends southward into Mexico. It has been introduced to Massachusetts, West Virginia, Cuba, and the Bahamas.

Panicum amarum subsp. amarulum is a fertile tetraploid, and possibly a progenitor of subsp. amarum, with which it intergrades in the Gulf region. Plants that intergrade with P. virgatum are evident in some coastal areas; they may represent hybrids.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.

No values specified."decumbent" is not a number."-11-veined" is not declared as a valid unit of measurement for this property.

... more about "Panicum amarum subsp. amarulum"
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2n chromosome quantity
54 +  and 36 +
Abaxial ligule presence
absent +
Abaxial ligule quantity
common +
Adaxial cell presence
absent +
Adaxial cell shape
bulliform +
Adaxial ligule architecture or pubescence or shape
ciliate +
Adaxial ligule presence
absent +
Adaxial ligule texture
membranous +
Anther quantity
3 +
Apex architecture
gaping +
Apex architecture or shape
apiculate +
Apex pubescence
puberulent +
Apex relief
scabridulous +
Apex shape
acute +, obtuse +, rounded +  and attenuate +
Arm cell presence
absent +
Arm cell quantity
anatomy +  and kranz +
Auricle presence
absent +
Author
Robert W. Freckmann +  and Michel G. Lelong +
Authority
(Hitchc. & Chase) Freckmann & Lelong +
Awn atypical quantity
1 (?) +  and 3 (?) +
Awn orientation
arising +
Awn quantity
single +
Back shape
keeled +  and rounded +
Base architecture
sulcate +
Base architecture or arrangement
compact +
Base architecture or shape
cormlike +
Base arrangement
divergent +  and parallel +
Base position
intravaginal +, extravaginal +, branching +  and basal +
Base shape
knotty +
Base size
swelling +
Base texture
membranous +
Base width
thick +
Blade architecture
disarticulating +  and pseudopetiolate +
Blade architecture or arrangement
non-radiate +  and radiate +
Blade arrangement or course or shape
linear +
Blade length
7 cm70 mm <br />0.07 m <br /> (50 cm500 mm <br />0.5 m <br />) +
Blade orientation
Ascending (?) +  and Erect (?) +
Blade position
adaxial +
Blade prominence or shape
flat +
Blade pubescence
pubescent +  and glabrous +
Blade quantity
4 +
Blade shape
filiform +  and ovate flat +
Blade shape or vernation
involute +
Blade texture
firm +
Branch architecture
secund +
Branch presence
absent +
Branch reproduction
sterile +
Branch shape
spikelike +
Branch some measurement
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
Bristle presence
absent +
Bristle reproduction
sterile +
Callus development
not developed +
Caryopsis architecture or pubescence or relief
smooth +
Caryopsis architecture or shape
cleft +
Caryopsis presence
absent +
Caryopsis shape
terete +  and compressed +
Cell architecture
thick-walled +
Cell arrangement
arranged +
Cell position relational
surrounded +
Cell quantity
2;6 +
Cilium length or size
sometimes longer +
Collar coloration
purplish +
Collar pubescence
glaucous +
Crest coloration
small green +
Cross-section quantity
4 (?) +
Culm architecture
branched +  and simple +
Culm architecture or arrangement or growth form
solitary +
Culm arrangement
bunched +
Culm duration
annual +
Culm fragility
robust +
Culm growth form
climbing +
Culm growth form or location
floating +
Culm growth form or orientation
decumbent +
Culm growth form or texture
herbaceous +
Culm height
20 cm200 mm <br />0.2 m <br /> (250 cm2,500 mm <br />2.5 m <br />) +
Culm orientation
decumbent +  and erect +
Culm pubescence
glaucous +
Culm shape
terete +
Culm some measurement
100 cm1,000 mm <br />1 m <br /> (250 cm2,500 mm <br />2.5 m <br />) +
Culm texture
firm +
Culm thickness
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br />) +
Distal cell length or size
long +
Distal cell size or width
narrow +
Distribution
Conn. +, N.J. +, N.Y. +, Del. +, Fla. +, La. +, Md. +, Miss. +, N.C. +, Tex. +, Va. +, W.Va. +, Ala. +, N.Mex. +, Pa. +, R.I. +, Ga. +, Mass. +  and S.C. +
Embryo quantity
1/2 +
Embryo shape
waisted +
Embryo size
large +
Endosperm texture
hard +
Filament shape
capillary +
Flap character
germination +
Floret architecture
pistillate +  and staminate +
Floret arrangement
adjacent +
Floret atypical quantity
3 +
Floret length or size
sometimes longer +
Floret palea development
well-developed +
Floret palea presence
absent +
Floret palea size
reduced +
Floret quantity
2 +
Floret reproduction
bisexual +
Floret shape
compressed +  and terete +
Floret size
plump +
Fusoid cell presence
absent +
Glume architecture or function or pubescence
glandular +
Glume architecture or shape
awned +
Glume growth form or texture
herbaceous +
Glume height or length or size
shorter +
Glume length or size
shorter or longer +
Glume position
subtending +
Glume pubescence
pubescent +  and glabrous +
Glume quantity
2 +
Glume relief
tuberculate +
Glume size
unequal +
Glume texture
membranous +
Glume variability
equal +
Glume width
thick +
Granum development
well-developed +
Hair architecture or shape
awned +
Hair quantity
lacking +
Hair shape
uncinate +
Hilum arrangement or course or shape
linear +
Hilum coloration or relief
punctate +
Hilum shape
Oval (?) +  and Round (?) +
Illustration
Present +
Illustration copyright
Utah State University +
Illustrator
Linda A. Vorobik +  and Cindy Roché +
Inflorescence architecture
bracteate +  and ebracteate +
Inflorescence position
axillary +
Inflorescence position or structure subtype
terminal +
Inner cell architecture
thick-walled +
Inner cell arrangement
arranged +
Inner cell position relational
surrounded +
Inner cell quantity
2;6 +
Inner outer sheath architecture
thick-walled +
Inner outer sheath arrangement
arranged +
Inner outer sheath position relational
surrounded +
Inner outer sheath quantity
2 (6) +
Inner outer thinner cell-wall architecture
thick-walled +
Inner outer thinner cell-wall arrangement
arranged +
Inner outer thinner cell-wall development
centripetal +
Inner outer thinner cell-wall position relational
surrounded +
Inner outer thinner cell-wall quantity
2 (6) +
Internode architecture
hollow +  and solid +
Internode length
elongated +
Internode pubescence
glaucous +  and glabrous +
Internode texture
spongy +
Layer presence
absent +
Leaf arrangement
distichous +
Leaf margin arrangement
Overlapping (?) +
Leaf position
cauline +
Leaf shape
scale-like +
Lemma architecture or shape
awned +
Lemma coloration
hyaline +
Lemma texture
coriaceous +
Ligule architecture or pubescence or shape
ciliate +
Ligule presence
absent +
Ligule some measurement
0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br /> (0.5 cm5 mm <br />0.005 m <br />) +
Ligule texture
membranous +
Lodicule fusion
free +
Lodicule height or length or size
short +
Lodicule presence
absent +
Lodicule prominence
inconspicuous +
Lodicule pubescence
glabrous +
Lodicule quantity
2 +
Lodicule shape
cuneate +
Lodicule texture
fleshy +
Lower floret architecture
staminate +
Lower floret reproduction
sterile +
Lower floret size
reduced +
Lower glume architecture
3-5-veined +
Lower glume quantity
1/2 +  and 4/5 +
Lower glume shape
acuminate +, truncate +  and acute +
Lower glume size
minute +
Lower glume some measurement
0.28 cm2.8 mm <br />0.0028 m <br /> (0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br />) +
Lower lemma architecture
7-9-veined +
Lower lemma height or length or size
slightly shorter +
Lower lemma width
thick +
Lower palea architecture or shape
folded +
Lower palea coloration
hyaline +
Lower palea development
well-developed +
Lower palea height or length or size
shorter +
Lower palea presence
absent +
Lower palea shape
oblong-hastate +
Lower palea some measurement
0.3 cm3 mm <br />0.003 m <br /> (0.7 cm7 mm <br />0.007 m <br />) +
Margin arrangement
separated +
Margin coloration
hyaline +
Margin prominence or shape
flat +
Margin shape or vernation
involute +
Microhair presence
absent +
Midrib architecture
complex +  and simple +
Midvein architecture or pubescence or relief
smooth +
Node prominence
concealed +  and prominent +
Node pubescence
glabrous +
Number of lower taxa
0 +
Other quantity
2 +  and 1 +
Ovary presence
absent +
Ovary pubescence
glabrous +
Palea architecture or fixation
clasping +
Palea shape
keeled +
Panicle architecture
open +
Panicle architecture or arrangement
lax +
Panicle condition or size
contracted +
Panicle density
diffuse +
Panicle length
10cm +  and 80cm +
Panicle location
subterranean +
Panicle orientation
nodding +
Panicle shape
pyramidal +
Panicle variability
varying +
Panicle width
2 cm20 mm <br />0.02 m <br /> (17 cm170 mm <br />0.17 m <br />) +
Papilla architecture
simple +  and compound +
Papilla presence
absent +
Pedicel arrangement
divergent +
Pedicel fixation or orientation
appressed +
Pedicel quantity
1 +
Pedicel some measurement
0.05 cm0.5 mm <br />5.0e-4 m <br /> (1.5 cm15 mm <br />0.015 m <br />) +
Pericarp arrangement
separating +
Pericarp condition or texture
dry +
Pericarp texture
dry +  and fleshy +
Pericarp width
thin +
Primary branch arrangement
opposite +  and whorled +
Primary branch orientation
strongly ascending;appressed +
Primary branch pubescence or relief
scabrous +  and smooth to moderately +
Primary branch quantity
2 +
Rachis prominence
evident +
Reference
None +
Rhizome fragility or size
stout +
Rhizome height or length or size
short +
Rhizome length or size
long +
Rhizome orientation
ascending +
Rhizome pubescence
glaucous +  and glabrous +
Rosette season
winter +
Scar shape
lunate +
Secondary branch presence
absent +
Secondary position
higher +
Sheath architecture
thick-walled +
Sheath character
anatomy +
Sheath condition
closed +
Sheath height or length or size
shorter +
Sheath length or size
shorter or longer +
Sheath position relational
surrounded +
Sheath pubescence
glabrous +
Sheath quantity
1 (?) +
Sheath shape
not keeled +
Source xml
https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V25/V25 1264.xml +
Spike architecture
complex +
Spike arrangement
bisexual +
Spike reproduction
unisexual +
Spikelet architecture
sessile +
Spikelet arrangement
in triplets +  and paired +
Spikelet character
length +
Spikelet fixation
attached +
Spikelet height
high +
Spikelet length
0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br /> (0.77 cm7.7 mm <br />0.0077 m <br />) +
Spikelet presence
absent +
Spikelet pubescence
glabrous +
Spikelet quantity
1 +  and 60 +
Spikelet reproduction
unisexual +  and bisexual +
Spikelet shape
acuminate +  and ovoid +
Spikelet some measurement
0.4 cm4 mm <br />0.004 m <br /> (0.59 cm5.9 mm <br />0.0059 m <br />) +
Spikelet variability
equaling +
Spikelet width
1.5mm +  and 2mm +
Stamen quantity
1 +  and 3 +
Starch-grain architecture
compound +  and simple +
Stigma coloration
red +
Style-branch arrangement
close +
Style-branch atypical quantity
4 +  and 1 +
Style-branch fusion
fused +  and free +
Style-branch quantity
2 (?) +
Style quantity
2 +  and 3 +
Subsidiary-cell shape
dome--shaped +  and triangular +
Synonyms
Panicum amarulum +
Taxon family
Poaceae +
Taxon name
Panicum amarum subsp. amarulum +
Taxon parent
Panicum amarum +
Taxon rank
subspecies +
Tissue coloration
hyaline +
Tissue texture
membranous +
Upper floret architecture
stipitate +  and sessile +
Upper floret architecture or pubescence or relief
smooth +
Upper floret length
0.24 cm2.4 mm <br />0.0024 m <br /> (0.39 cm3.9 mm <br />0.0039 m <br />) +
Upper floret pubescence
glabrous +
Upper floret reflectance
shiny +
Upper floret reproduction
bisexual +
Upper floret shape
narrowly ovoid +  and oblong +
Upper floret width
0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br /> (0.18 cm1.8 mm <br />0.0018 m <br />) +
Upper glume architecture
5-9-veined +
Upper glume arrangement
separating +
Upper glume height or length or size
shorter +
Upper glume length or size
much longer +
Upper glume presence
absent +
Upper glume quantity
2 +
Upper glume shape
pointed +
Upper glume size
unequal +
Upper glume size or length
shorter to much +
Upper glume some measurement
0.39 cm3.9 mm <br />0.0039 m <br /> (0.76 cm7.6 mm <br />0.0076 m <br />) +
Upper lemma architecture or pubescence or relief
smooth +
Upper lemma pubescence
pubescent +  and glabrous +
Upper lemma reflectance
shiny +
Upper lemma relief
rugose +  and verrucose +
Upper lemma texture
chartaceous-indurate +  and rigid +
Upper lower lemma architecture
(5)7-15-veined +
Upper lower lemma shape
pointed +
Upper lower lemma size
unequal +
Upper palea coloration or pubescence or relief
striate +
Upper palea relief
rugose +
Vascular-bundle arrangement
separated +
Vein presence
absent +
Vein quantity
2 (?) +
Vein size
major +
Volume
Volume 25 +
Whole organism architecture
rhizomatous +
Whole organism arrangement or pubescence
tufted +
Whole organism duration
perennial +
Whole organism growth form
plant +
Whole organism growth form or habitat
aquatic +  and terrestrial +
Whole organism growth form or texture
herbaceous +
Whole organism quantity
3 (?) +
Whole organism reproduction
dioecious +, monoecious +  and synoecious +
Whole organism variability
variable +
X chromosome atypical quantity
14 +, 12 +  and 7 +
X chromosome quantity
9 +