View source for Persicaria amphibia

{{Treatment/ID
|accepted_name=Persicaria amphibia
|accepted_authority=(Linnaeus) Gray
|publications={{Treatment/Publication
|title=Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl.
|place=2: 268. 1822
|year=1822
}}
|common_names=Water smartweed;r enouée amphibie
|special_status={{Treatment/ID/Special_status
|code=W
|label=Weedy
}}
|basionyms={{Treatment/ID/Basionym
|name=Polygonum amphibium
|authority=Linnaeus
|rank=species
|publication_title=Sp. Pl.
|publication_place=1: 361. 1753
}}
|synonyms={{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Persicaria amphibia var. emersa
|authority=(Michaux) J. C. Hickman
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea
|authority=(N. Coleman) H. Hara
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Persicaria coccinea
|authority=(A. Gray) Greene
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Persicaria hartwrightii
|authority=(S. Watson) Small
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Persicaria muhlenbergia
|authority=Muhlenberg ex Willdenow
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum amphibium var. emersum
|authority=Michaux
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum amphibium subsp. laevimarginatum
|authority=Hultén
|rank=subspecies
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum amphibium var. natans
|authority=Michaux
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum
|authority=N. Coleman
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum coccineum
|authority=
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum coccineum var. pratincola
|authority=(Greene) Stanford
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum coccineum var. rigidulum
|authority=(E. Sheldon) Stanford
|rank=variety
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum emersum
|authority=
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum hartwrightii
|authority=
|rank=species
}} {{Treatment/ID/Synonym
|name=Polygonum natans
|authority=
|rank=species
}}
|hierarchy=Polygonaceae;Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae;Persicaria;Persicaria sect. Persicaria;Persicaria amphibia
|hierarchy_nav=<div class="higher-taxa"><div class="higher-taxon"><small>family</small>[[Polygonaceae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>subfamily</small>[[Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>genus</small>[[Persicaria]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>section</small>[[Persicaria sect. Persicaria]]</div><div class="higher-taxon"><small>species</small>[[Persicaria amphibia]]</div></div>
|volume=Volume 5
|mention_page=page 574, 582, 584
|treatment_page=page 583
}}<!--

--><span class="statement" id="st-d0_s0" data-properties="whole_organism duration;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism some measurement;whole_organism growth form;plant growth form or habitat;plant growth form or habitat"><b>Plants </b>perennial, 2–12 dm in terrestrial plants, to 30 dm in some aquatic plants;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s1" data-properties="root orientation">roots also sometimes arising from proximal nodes;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s2" data-properties="rhizome presence;stolon presence">rhizomes or stolons usually present.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s3" data-properties="stem orientation;stem architecture;stem architecture;stem architecture or shape;stem pubescence"><b>Stems </b>prostrate to ascending or erect, simple or branched, ribbed, glabrous or strigose to hirsute.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s4" data-properties="ocreum coloration;ocreum shape;ocreum shape;ocreum some measurement;ocreum pubescence or texture;ocreum pubescence or texture;ocreum architecture;base shape;margin shape;margin pubescence;margin pubescence;hair some measurement;surface pubescence;surface coloration or relief"><b>Leaves:</b> ocrea tan to dark-brown, cylindric or flared distally, 5–50 mm, chartaceous or, sometimes, foliaceous distally, base inflated, margins truncate to oblique, glabrous or ciliate with hairs 0.5–4.5 mm, surface glabrous or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, not glandular-punctate;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s5" data-properties="petiole atypical some measurement;petiole some measurement;petiole pubescence;leaf architecture">petiole 0.1–3 (–7) cm, glabrous or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s6" data-properties="blade shape;blade atypical length;blade length;blade atypical width;blade width;blotch shape;blotch shape;blotch shape;base shape;base shape;margin pubescence or relief;apex shape;face pubescence;face pubescence;midvein pubescence;midvein pubescence;midvein coloration or relief">blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, ovatelanceolate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 2–15 (–23) × 1–6 (–8) cm, base usually tapered to acute or rounded, rarely cordate, margins antrorsely scabrous, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or sparingly strigose, midveins glabrous or strigose, not glandular-punctate.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s7" data-properties="inflorescence position or structure subtype;inflorescence orientation;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence architecture;inflorescence length;inflorescence width"><b>Inflorescences </b>terminal, ascending to erect, uninterrupted or interrupted proximally, 10–150 × 8–20 mm;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s8" data-properties="peduncle some measurement;peduncle pubescence;peduncle pubescence">peduncle 10–50 mm, glabrous or strigose to hirsute, often stipitate-glandular;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s9" data-properties="ocreola arrangement;one position;margin architecture or pubescence or shape;bristle some measurement">ocreolae overlapping except sometimes proximal ones, margins ciliate with bristles to 1 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s10" data-properties="pedicel orientation;pedicel some measurement"><b>Pedicels </b>ascending, 0.5–1.5 mm.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s11" data-properties="flower reproduction;flower reproduction;whole_organism growth form;flower architecture;other architecture;flower architecture;flower atypical quantity;flower quantity"><b>Flowers </b>bisexual or functionally unisexual, some plants having only staminate flowers, others with only pistillate flowers, 1–3 (–4) per ocreate fascicle, heterostylous;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s12" data-properties="perianth coloration;perianth pubescence;perianth coloration or relief;perianth size">perianth roseate to red, glabrous, not glandular-punctate, slightly accrescent;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s13" data-properties="tepal quantity;tepal fusion;tepal lengths;tepal shape;tepal some measurement;vein prominence;vein shape;margin architecture or shape;apex shape">tepals 5, connate ca. 1/3 their lengths, obovate to elliptic, 4–6 mm, veins prominent, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex rounded to acute;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s14" data-properties="stamen quantity;stamen position;stamen position">stamens 5, included or exserted;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s15" data-properties="anther coloration;anther coloration;anther arrangement or shape">anthers pink or red, elliptic;</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s16" data-properties="style quantity;style position;style position;style fusion;style length">styles 2, included or exserted, connate 1/2–2/3 their length.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s17" data-properties=""><b>Achenes </b>included, dark-brown, biconvex, (2–) 2.2–3 × (1.5–) 1.8–2.6 mm, shiny or dull, smooth or minutely granular.</span> <span class="statement" id="st-d0_s18" data-properties="achene position;achene coloration;achene shape;achene atypical length;achene length;achene atypical width;achene width;achene reflectance;achene reflectance;achene pubescence;achene pubescence;2n chromosome quantity;2n chromosome quantity">2n = 66, 132.</span><!--

-->{{Treatment/Body
|phenology=Flowering Jun–Sep.
|habitat=Shallow water, shorelines of ponds and lakes, banks of rivers and streams, moist prairies and meadows
|elevation=0-3000 m
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Mexico;South America;Eurasia;Africa
|discussion=<p>Persicaria amphibia is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere and naturalized in Mexico, South America, and southern Africa. It is highly polymorphic and the most hydrophytic of the native North American smartweeds (R. S. Mitchell 1976). In recent decades, botanists have tended to follow Mitchell (1968) in recognizing two endemic, intergrading North American varieties. Studies by G. Turesson (1961) and Mitchell (1968, 1976) have shown that phenotypic extremes in the species are part of a cline of nearly continuous morphological variation that is strongly correlated with submergence, but also with some genetic integrity. Formal recognition of varieties is even less tenable when Eurasian elements also are considered.</p><!--
--><p>Aquatic-adapted plants, which bloom in water or are sometimes stranded on land, have been called var. stipulacea (although that epithet may not be the oldest one available for the taxon). They produce ovoid-conic to short-cylindric inflorescences 10–40(–60) mm, prostrate aerial stems, and leaf blades that are glabrous with acute to rounded apices. Terrestrial forms of this ecotype usually are spreading-pubescent and often bear ocreae that are foliaceous, green, and flared distally, characters found only in North American plants (R. S. Mitchell 1968).</p><!--
--><p>Terrestrial-adapted plants, referred to var. emersa, bloom on moist soil and produce short- to elongate-cylindric inflorescences 40–110(–150) mm, spreading or erect aerial stems, and leaf blades that are appressed-pubescent with acute to acuminate apices. They produce ocreae that are entirely chartaceous and not flared distally. Emergent and terrestrial plants of this ecotype exhibit less phenotypic plasticity and a lower frequency of heterostyly than do plants of the aquatic ecotype (R. S. Mitchell 1968).</p><!--
--><p>R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean (1978) and H. R. Hinds (2000) recognized var. amphibia, the Eurasian element, as introduced in New York and New Brunswick, respectively. These plants are morphologically intermediate between the North American ecotypes and often indistinguishable from North American plants (Mitchell and Dean).</p><!--
--><p>The Meskwaki and Ojibwa used leaves, stems, and roots as a drug to treat a variety of maladies, the Potawatomi used roots to treat unspecified ailments, and the Lakota and Sioux used plants for food (D. E. Moerman 1998).</p>
|tables=
|references={{Treatment/Reference
|id=mitchell1968a
|text=Mitchell, R. S. 1968. Variation in the Polygonum amphibium complex and its taxonomic significance. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 45: 1–65.
}}
}}<!--

--><!--

-->{{#Taxon:
name=Persicaria amphibia
|authority=(Linnaeus) Gray
|rank=species
|parent rank=section
|synonyms=Persicaria amphibia var. emersa;Persicaria amphibia var. stipulacea;Persicaria coccinea;Persicaria hartwrightii;Persicaria muhlenbergia;Polygonum amphibium var. emersum;Polygonum amphibium subsp. laevimarginatum;Polygonum amphibium var. natans;Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum;Polygonum coccineum;Polygonum coccineum var. pratincola;Polygonum coccineum var. rigidulum;Polygonum emersum;Polygonum hartwrightii;Polygonum natans
|basionyms=Polygonum amphibium
|family=Polygonaceae
|phenology=Flowering Jun–Sep.
|habitat=Shallow water, shorelines of ponds and lakes, banks of rivers and streams, moist prairies and meadows
|elevation=0-3000 m
|distribution=St. Pierre and Miquelon;Alta.;B.C.;Man.;N.B.;Nfld. and Labr.;N.W.T.;N.S.;Ont.;P.E.I.;Que.;Sask.;Yukon;Alaska;Ariz.;Ark.;Calif.;Colo.;Conn.;Del.;D.C.;Idaho;Ill.;Ind.;Iowa;Kans.;Ky.;La.;Maine;Md.;Mass.;Mich.;Minn.;Miss.;Mo.;Mont.;Nebr.;Nev.;N.H.;N.J.;N.Mex.;N.Y.;N.C.;N.Dak.;Ohio;Okla.;Oreg.;Pa.;R.I.;S.C.;S.Dak.;Tenn.;Tex.;Utah;Vt.;Va.;Wash.;W.Va.;Wis.;Wyo.;Mexico;South America;Eurasia;Africa
|reference=mitchell1968a
|publication title=Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl.
|publication year=1822
|special status=Weedy
|source xml=https://bibilujan@bitbucket.org/aafc-mbb/fna-fine-grained-xml.git/src/84153f6d59a0a91d69695978a64cee7560374f8e/V5/V5_1193.xml
|subfamily=Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae
|genus=Persicaria
|section=Persicaria sect. Persicaria
|species=Persicaria amphibia
|2n chromosome quantity=132;66
|achene atypical length=2mm;2.2mm
|achene atypical width=1.5mm;1.8mm
|achene coloration=dark-brown
|achene length=2.2mm;3mm
|achene position=included
|achene pubescence=granular;smooth
|achene reflectance=dull;shiny
|achene shape=biconvex
|achene width=1.8mm;2.6mm
|anther arrangement or shape=elliptic
|anther coloration=red;pink
|apex shape=rounded;acute
|base shape=cordate;usually tapered;acute or rounded
|blade atypical length=15cm;23cm
|blade atypical width=6cm;8cm
|blade length=2cm;15cm
|blade shape=ovatelanceolate;elliptic or oblong-lanceolate
|blade width=1cm;6cm
|blotch shape=lunate;triangular;dark
|bristle some measurement=0mm;1mm
|face pubescence=strigose;glabrous
|flower architecture=pistillate;staminate
|flower atypical quantity=3;4
|flower quantity=1;3
|flower reproduction=unisexual;bisexual
|hair some measurement=0.5mm;4.5mm
|inflorescence architecture=interrupted;uninterrupted
|inflorescence length=10mm;150mm
|inflorescence orientation=ascending;erect
|inflorescence position or structure subtype=terminal
|inflorescence width=8mm;20mm
|leaf architecture=sessile
|margin architecture or pubescence or shape=ciliate
|margin architecture or shape=entire
|margin pubescence=ciliate;glabrous
|margin pubescence or relief=scabrous
|margin shape=truncate;oblique
|midvein coloration or relief=not glandular-punctate
|midvein pubescence=strigose;glabrous
|ocreola arrangement=overlapping
|ocreum architecture=foliaceous
|ocreum coloration=tan;dark-brown
|ocreum pubescence or texture=,;chartaceous
|ocreum shape=flared;cylindric
|ocreum some measurement=5mm;50mm
|one position=proximal
|other architecture=heterostylous
|pedicel orientation=ascending
|pedicel some measurement=0.5mm;1.5mm
|peduncle pubescence=stipitate-glandular;strigose;hirsute
|peduncle some measurement=10mm;50mm
|perianth coloration=roseate;red
|perianth coloration or relief=not glandular-punctate
|perianth pubescence=glabrous
|perianth size=accrescent
|petiole atypical some measurement=3cm;7cm
|petiole pubescence=appressed-pubescent;hirsute
|petiole some measurement=0.1cm;3cm
|plant growth form or habitat=aquatic;terrestrial
|rhizome presence=absent
|root orientation=arising
|stamen position=exserted;included
|stamen quantity=5
|stem architecture=branched;simple
|stem architecture or shape=ribbed
|stem orientation=prostrate;ascending or erect
|stem pubescence=strigose;hirsute
|stolon presence=absent
|style fusion=connate
|style length=1/2;2/3
|style position=exserted;included
|style quantity=2
|surface coloration or relief=not glandular-punctate
|surface pubescence=appressed-pubescent;hirsute
|tepal fusion=connate
|tepal lengths=1/3
|tepal quantity=5
|tepal shape=obovate;elliptic
|tepal some measurement=4mm;6mm
|vein prominence=prominent
|vein shape=not anchor--shaped
|whole_organism duration=perennial
|whole_organism growth form=plant;plant
|whole_organism some measurement=0dm;30dm
}}<!--

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