Polygonaceae

Jussieu
Common names: Buckwheat Family
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 216. Mentioned on page 217, 483, 528, 535, 602.

Trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs, perennial, biennial, or annual, homophyllous (heterophyllous in some species of Polygonum), polycarpic (rarely monocarpic in Eriogonum); roots fibrous or a solid or, rarely, chambered taproot, rarely tuberous. Stems prostrate to erect, sometimes scandent or scapose, solid or hollow, rarely with recurved spines (some species of Persicaria), glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular; nodes swollen or not; tendrils absent (except in Antigonon and Brunnichia); branches free (adnate to stems distal to nodes and appearing to arise internodally in Polygonella); caudex stems (subfam. Eriogonoideae) tightly compact to spreading and at or just below the soil surface or spreading to erect and above the soil surface, woody; aerial flowering-stems prostrate or decumbent to erect, arising at nodes of caudex branches, at distal nodes of aerial branches, or directly from the root, slender to stout and solid or slightly to distinctly fistulose, rarely disarticulating in ringlike segments (Eriogonum). Leaves deciduous (persistent in Coccoloba and sometimes more than 1 year in Antigonon, Eriogonum, Chorizanthe, and Polygonella), basal or basal and cauline, rosulate, mostly alternate, infrequently opposite or whorled; stipule (ocrea) absent (subfam. Eriogonoideae, possibly vestigial in some perennial species of Chorizanthe) or present (subfam. Polygonoideae), persistent or deciduous, cylindric to funnelform, sometimes 2-lobed (Polygonum), chartaceous, membranous, coriaceous or partially to entirely foliaceous; petiole present or absent, rarely articulate basally (Fagopyrum, Polygonella, Polygonum), rarely with extrafloral nectaries (Fallopia, Muehlenbeckia); blade simple, margins entire, occasionally crenulate, crisped, undulate, or lobed, rarely awn-tipped (Goodmania). Inflorescences terminal or terminal and axillary, cymose and dichotomously or trichotomously branched, or racemose, umbellate, or capitate (subfam. Eriogonoideae); or spikelike, racemelike, paniclelike, cymelike, or, rarely, capitate (subfam. Polygonoideae), comprising simple or branched clusters of compound inflorescences; bracts absent (subfam. Polygonoideae), or 2–10+, usually connate proximally or to 1/2 their length, rarely perfoliate, foliaceous or scalelike, margins entire, sometimes awn-tipped (subfam. Eriogonoideae, rarely absent in Eriogonum), glabrous or pubescent; peduncle present or absent; clusters of flowers subtended by involucral-bracts or enclosed in typically nonmembranous tubular involucres (subfam. Eriogonoideae) or subtended by connate bracteoles forming a persistent membranous tube (ocreola) (subfam. Polygonoideae). Pedicels present or absent, rarely accrescent (Brunnichia), articulate to flowers. Flowers usually bisexual, sometimes bisexual and unisexual on same or different plants, rarely unisexual only, 1–many, often with stipelike base distal to articulation; perianth persistent, often accrescent in fruit, often greenish, white, pink, yellow, red, or purple, rarely winged or keeled (Fallopia and some species of Polygonum), campanulate to urceolate, sometimes membranous, indurate (Brunnichia and Emex), or fleshy (Coccoloba, Muehlenbeckia, and some species of Persicaria) in fruit, rarely developing raised tubercles proximally (Rumex), glabrous or pubescent, sometimes glandular or glandular-punctate; tepals 2–6, distinct or connate proximally and forming tube, usually in 2 whorls, petaloid or sepaloid, dimorphic or monomorphic, rarely coriaceous (Lastarriaea), entire, emarginate, or lobed to laciniate apically, rarely awn-tipped (Lastarriaea); nectary a disk at base of ovary or glands associated with bases of filaments; stamens (1–) 6–9, staminode rarely present; filaments distinct, or connate basally and sometimes forming staminal tube, free or adnate to perianth-tube, glabrous or pubescent proximally; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; pistil 1, (rudimentary pistil sometimes present in staminate flowers of monoecious or dioecious taxa), (2–) 3 (–4) -carpellate, homostylous (heterostylous in some species of Fagopyrum and Persicaria); ovary 1-locular (sometimes with vestigial partitions proximally); ovule 1, orthotropous or, rarely, anatropous, placentation basal or free-central; styles 1–3, erect to spreading or recurved, distinct or connate proximally; stigmas 1 per style, peltate, capitate, fimbriate, or penicillate. Fruits achenes, included or exserted, yellowish, brown, red, or black, homocarpic (sometimes heterocarpic in Polygonum), winged or unwinged, 2-gonous, 3-gonous, discoid, biconvex, lenticular, rarely 4-gonous or spheroidal, glabrous or pubescent. Seeds 1; endosperm usually abundant, mealy, development nuclear; embryo straight or curved, rarely folded.

Distribution

Widespread, well represented in the north-temperate zone

Discussion

Genera 48, species ca. 1200 (35 genera, 442 species in the flora).

Monophyly of Polygonaceae is well supported by molecular studies (M. W. Chase et al. 1993; P. Cuénoud et al. 2002; A. S. Lamb Frye and K. A. Kron 2003), which place it sister to Plumbaginaceae. Wood anatomy also supports this relationship (S. Carlquist 2003). Polygonaceae has been divided variously into subfamilies (S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965; K. Haraldson 1978; J. Brandbyge 1993); two often are recognized based on morphological evidence: Eriogonoideae and Polygonoideae. Recent studies using the chloroplast gene rbcL suggest Eriogonoideae are monophyletic and Polygonoideae are paraphyletic (Lamb Frye and Kron). Generic limits have been much debated, particularly the circumscription of Polygonum in the broad sense. Morphological, cytological, palynological, and anatomical data, although useful in resolving some questions about the circumscriptions and relationships of genera, have not provided a consensus regarding relationships within the family. Pollen types (J. W. Nowicke and J. J. Skvarla 1977) and chromosome numbers (Brandbyge) are diverse. Multiple base chromosome numbers have been documented in some genera, and polyploidy is common. The classification used here generally follows J. L. Reveal (1978) for Eriogonoideae and Haraldson for Polygonoideae.

A characteristic feature of the family is the ocrea, a nodal sheath variously interpreted as an outgrowth of the sheathing base of the petiole, as connate stipules, or as an expanded axillary stipule (S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965). It is absent in subfamily Eriogonoideae except in some perennial, South American members of Chorizanthe, where it is rudimentary (J. L. Reveal 1978).

The flowers of Polygonaceae have been studied extensively. Most researchers concluded that six tepals is the primitive condition in the family (R. A. Laubengayer 1937), but A. S. Lamb Frye and K. A. Kron (2003) concluded that five tepals is the primitive condition, and that taxa with six or four tepals evolved multiple times within the family. The same molecular study also suggested parallel evolution of growth forms and woodiness. Floral nectaries are useful generic characters in the Polygonoideae (L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd 1988) but their utility in floristic treatments is limited because of their small size. In some genera of Polygonaceae, the outer tepals are connate and form a slender, stipelike hypanthium base above the articulation with the true pedicel. In the Polygonoideae treatments, pedicel refers to the true pedicel plus the stipelike hypanthium above the articulation; in Eriogonoideae, stipe refers only to the stipelike hypanthium base, and pedicel is applied only to the true pedicel.

Members of the family are of relatively minor economic importance (A. N. Steward 1930; S. A. Graham and C. E. Wood Jr. 1965). Fagopyrum has been cultivated for millennia, Coccoloba produce edible fruits, and the petioles of Rheum and leaves of some species of Rumex are edible. Many species have been used as food or medicine or for ceremonies by various tribes of Native Americans. Outside the flora area, the family includes some tropical trees harvested for timber (Coccoloba and Triplaris). Some species of Fallopia, Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex are cosmopolitan weeds, and Emex is a pernicious weed in parts of the world. Of the 35 genera in the flora, four are entirely non-native: Emex, Fagopyrum, Muehlenbeckia, and Rheum. Antigonon and Coccoloba are popular ornamentals in the southern part of the flora region. Many species of Erigonoum are planted in rock gardens. Persicaria species are important wetland plants because waterfowl consume their fruits.

Mechanisms for achene dispersal vary greatly. Hooked or awned involucres occur in many genera of subfam. Eriogonoideae. The outer tepals of the perianth expand into wings (Fallopia) or spines (Emex), or the achene has wings (Eriogonum alatum, Oxyria, Rheum, and Rumex), which aid in dispersal by wind or water. The achenes are forcibly tossed from the plant in Persicaria virginiana, and persistent, hooked styles aid in their transport by animals. In Coccoloba, the fleshy tube of the tepals aids in dispersal by birds.

Illustrations

 Family TaxonIllustrator 
FNA5 P28 Eriogonum microthe.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum microthecum var. laxiflorum
Eriogonum corymbosum var. corymbosum
Eriogonum brevicaule var. brevicaule
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P29 Eriogonum desertorum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum desertorum
Eriogonum pauciflorum
Eriogonum shockleyi
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P30 Eriogonum lachnogynum v lachnogynum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum lachnogynum var. lachnogynum
Eriogonum elongatum var. elongatum
Eriogonum wrightii var. wrightii
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P31 Eriogonum racemosum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum racemosum
Eriogonum fasciculatum var. fasciculatum
Eriogonum giganteum var. giganteum
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P32 Eriogonum heermannii v humilis.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum heermannii var. humilius
Eriogonum nudum var. nudum
Eriogonum strictum var. proliferum
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P33 Eriogonum ovalifolium.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. ovalifolium
Eriogonum saxatile
Eriogonum annuum
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P34 Eriogonum intrafractum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum intrafractum
Eriogonum longifolium var. longifolium
Eriogonum umbellatum var. umbellatum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P35 Eriogonum umbellatum v porteri.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum umbellatum var. porteri
Eriogonum umbellatum var. modocense
Eriogonum umbellatum var. nevadense
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P36 Eriogonum umbellatum v minus.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum umbellatum var. minus
Eriogonum umbellatum var. majus
Eriogonum umbellatum var. ellipticum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P37 Eriogonum umbellatum v subaridum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum umbellatum var. subaridum
Eriogonum umbellatum var. versicolor
Eriogonum umbellatum var. glaberrimum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P38 Eriogonum heracleoides v heracleoides.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum heracleoides var. heracleoides
Eriogonum sphaerocephalum var. sphaerocephalum
Eriogonum caespitosum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P39 Eriogonum marifoli.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum marifolium var. marifolium
Eriogonum jamesii var. jamesii
Eriogonum flavum var. flavum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P40 Erigonum hieracifolium.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum hieracifolium
Eriogonum alatum var. alatum
Eriogonum inflatum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P41a Eriogonum howellianum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum howellianum
Eriogonum gordonii
Eriogonum deflexum var. deflexum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P41b Eriogonum tenellum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum tenellum var. tenellum
Eriogonum cernuum
Eriogonum thomasii
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P42a Eriogonum abertianum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum abertianum
Eriogonum spergulinum var. reddingianum
Eriogonum maculatum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P42b Eriogonum mohavense.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum mohavense
Eriogonum vestitum
Eriogonum luteolum var. luteolum
John Myers
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P42c Eriogonum baileyi.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum baileyi
Eriogonum divaricatum
Dedeckera eurekensis
John Myers
John Myers
FNA5 P43 Stenogonum salsuginosum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Stenogonum salsuginosum
Goodmania luteola
Gilmania luteola
FNA5 P44 Oxytheca dendroidea s dendroidea.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Oxytheca dendroidea subsp. dendroidea
Acanthoscyphus parishii var. parishii
Sidotheca caryophylloides
FNA5 P45 Nemacaulis denudata v denudata.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Nemacaulis denudata var. denudata
Johanneshowellia puberula
Hollisteria lanata
FNA5 P46 Chorizanthe membranacea.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Chorizanthe membranacea
Chorizanthe douglasii
Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens
FNA5 P47a Chorizanthe palmeri.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Chorizanthe palmeri
Chorizanthe staticoides
Chorizanthe rigida
FNA5 P47b Chorizanthe watsonii.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Chorizanthe watsonii
Chorizanthe brevicornu var. brevicornu
Mucronea californica
FNA5 P48 Systenotheca vortreidei.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Systenotheca vortriedei
Centrostegia thurberi
Dodecahema leptoceras
FNA5 P49 Aristocapsa insignis.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Lastarriaea coriacea
Pterostegia drymarioides
Aristocapsa insignis
FNA5 P50 Antigonon leptopus.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Antigonon leptopus
Brunnichia ovata
Coccoloba uvifera
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P51 Muehlenbeckia complexa.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Muehlenbeckia complexa
Emex australis
Rheum rhabarbarum
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P52 Rumex acetosella.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rumex acetosella
Rumex paucifolius
Rumex hastatulus
Rumex acetosa
Rumex lapponicus
Rumex thyrsiflorus
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P53 Rumex venosa.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rumex venosus
Rumex verticillatus
Rumex floridanus
Rumex spiralis
Rumex altissimus
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P54 Rumex californicus.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rumex californicus
Rumex lacustris
Rumex triangulivalvis
Rumex pallidus
Rumex cuneifolius
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P55 Rumex hymenoepalus.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rumex hymenosepalus
Rumex densiflorus
Rumex alpinus
Rumex confertus
Rumex occidentalis
Rumex arcticus
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P56 Rumex patientia.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rumex patientia
Rumex cristatus
Rumex kerneri
Rumex crispus
Rumex stenophyllus
Rumex britannica
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P57 Rumex conglomeratus.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rumex conglomeratus
Rumex obtusifolius
Rumex pulcher
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P58 Rumex maritimus.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Rumex maritimus
Rumex persicarioides
Rumex fueginus
Rumex brownii
Rumex bucephalophorus
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P59 Oxyria digyna.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Oxyria digyna
Polygonella robusta
Polygonella parksii
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
Bee F. Gunn
FNA5 P60 Polygonella americana.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonella americana
Fallopia japonica var. japonica
Polygonum ramosissimum subsp. ramosissimum
Polygonum marinense
Bee F. Gunn
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P61 Polygonum glaucum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonum glaucum
Polygonum fowleri subsp. fowleri
Polygonum aviculare subsp. aviculare
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P62 Polygonum aviculare s despressum.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum
Polygonum paronychia
Polygonum shastense
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Barbara Alongi
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P63 Polygonum hickmanii.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonum hickmanii
Polygonum bolanderi
Polygonum bidwelliae
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P64 Polygonum polygaloides s polygaloides.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonum polygaloides subsp. polygaloides
Polygonum douglasii
Fagopyrum esculentum
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P65 Persicaria virgini.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Persicaria virginiana
Persicaria arifolia
Persicaria sagittata
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P66 Persicaria hydropiperoides.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Persicaria hydropiperoides
Persicaria glabra
Persicaria punctata
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P67 Persicaria lapathofolia.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Persicaria lapathifolia
Persicaria careyi
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA5 P68 Bistorta vivipara.jpegPolygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Bistorta vivipara
Aconogonon alaskanum var. glabrescens
Koenigia islandica
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey

Key

1 Ocreae absent; nodes not swollen; flowers usually enclosed in involucres or subtended byinvolucral bracts, these rarely absent (in Gilmania) Polygonaceae subfam. Eriogonoideae
1 Ocreae present, persistent or deciduous; nodes usually swollen; flowers not enclosed in involucres or associated with involucral bracts Polygonaceae subfam. Polygonoideae

"/2" is not declared as a valid unit of measurement for this property.

... more about "Polygonaceae"
Craig C. Freeman +  and James L. Reveal +
Jussieu +
stipelike +
foliaceous +  and perfoliate +
scale-like +
just below the soil surface or and above the soil surface +  and spreading +
Buckwheat Family +
Widespread +  and well represented in the north-temperate zone +
curved +  and straight +
adnate +, free +, connate +  and distinct +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
unisexual +  and bisexual +
disarticulating +  and solid +
decumbent to erect +  and prostrate +
unwinged +  and winged +
black +, red +, brown +  and yellowish +
exserted +  and included +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
spheroidal +, 4-gonous +, lenticular +, biconvex +, discoid +, 3-gonous +  and 2-gonous +
compound +, branched +, simple +, capitate +, umbellate +  and cymose +
cluster +  and racemose +
cymelike +, paniclelike +, racemelike +  and spikelike +
nonmembranous +
whorled +, opposite +, alternate +  and rosulate +
deciduous +
cauline +  and basal +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
lobed +, undulate +, crisped +, crenulate +  and entire +
not +  and swollen +
anatropous +, , +  and orthotropous +
accrescent +
purple;red;purple;red;yellow;pink;white;greenish +
campanulate +  and urceolate +
accrescent +
fleshy +, indurate +  and membranous +
homostylous +  and (2-)3(-4)-carpellate +
brandbyge1993a +, carlquist2003a +, frye-a +, graham1965a +, jaretzky1928a +, laubengayer1937a +  and roberty1964a +
, +  and solid +
slender;stout +
6 +  and 9 +
hollow +, solid +  and scapose +
prostrate +  and erect +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
penicillate +, fimbriate +  and capitate +
deciduous +  and persistent +
2-lobed +  and cylindric +
coriaceous +  and membranous +
connate +  and distinct +
erect;spreading or recurved +
spreading;erect +
tuberous +  and chambered +
Polygonaceae +
awn-tipped +, monomorphic +, sepaloid +  and petaloid +
connate +  and distinct +
2 +  and 6 +
lobed +  and laciniate +
coriaceous +
persistent +
membranous +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
annual +, biennial +  and perennial +
herb +, vine +, shrub +  and tree +