Herbs, perennial, (carnivorous), rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous, scapose; rhizomes with alternate deltate scales 1–2 cm. Stems absent. Leaves (henceforth referred to as pitchers) rosette-forming, alternate, developing into hollow tubes; stipules absent; petiole clasping, dilated; blade green, yellow-green, reddish, or purplish, often distinctly red, pink, or green, purple-veined or blotched, sometimes white-areolate, winged laterally along its length, usually prominently costate, surfaces of pitcher and hood glabrous or hairy and minutely glandular; orifice with thickened, revolute rim; hoods variously arranged in association with orifices. Phyllodia present or absent. Scapes 1 or 2, bracteate, glabrous. Inflorescences: solitary flowers, arising from growing tip of rhizome. Flowers bisexual, nodding; perianth and androecium hypogynous; hypanthium absent; sepals 5; petals 5, distinct; stamens 15 or 50–100, distinct or slightly fascicled; anthers laterally dehiscent; pistils 1, 5-carpellate; ovary superior, 5-locular; placentation axile to parietal; ovules anatropous, bitegmic, tenuinucellate; styles 1, terminal; stigmas 5, distal. Fruits capsular, globose to ovoid or obconic, shallowly 5-lobed or 10-lobed, tuberculate, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 400–1000, tan, irregularly clavate to reniform-obovate; embryo straight; endosperm copious, oily.
Distribution
North America, n South America, in Europe (British Isles), in Europe (Switzerland), e Asia (Japan)
Discussion
Genera 3, species 22 (2 genera, 12 species in the flora).
The North American pitcher plants are a fascinating group of carnivorous plants with leaves modified into tubular pitfall traps that attract, catch, and digest small invertebrate prey. The pitchers have no moving parts but contain downward-pointing hairs on the interior surfaces. The hoods keep out rainwater and prevent flying prey from escaping; only Sarracenia purpurea and S. rosea normally contain rainwater inside the pitchers.
Darlingtonia californica is found scattered in the Pacific Northwest (California and Oregon). Sarracenia occurs mainly in the southeastern United States, with one species (S. purpurea) occurring northward and westward across Canada to British Columbia, and naturalized in Switzerland, the British Isles, and Japan. Heliamphora Bentham, a tropical genus with about 15 species, is endemic to the Guayana Highlands of northern Brazil, western Guyana, and southern Venezuela. All species are characteristic of moist-to-wet, open, sunny, low-nutrient, acidic habitats.
The evolutionary origins and relationships of the Sarraceniaceae are obscure, and there is only one (highly questionable) fossil record (Li H. Q. 2005). Molecular data suggest Ericalean affinities (R. J. Bayer et al. 1996). Some authors have suggested that Heliamphora is primitive in the family (B. Maguire 1978) because its pitcher structure is less complex. All three genera have specializations, and their pitcher morphologies are likely affected by adaptations to their wet environments and carnivorous habits. Because we cannot reliably ascertain which taxa are primitive in this family, the genera and species are presented in alphabetic order.
Selected References
None.
Lower Taxa
Illustrations
Key
| 1 | Pitchers twisted through 90-270°, orifice facing ground; bracts usually 9, alternate along scape; stamens 15; styles terminating in 5 radially diverging, filiform arms; seeds papillate; Pacific Northwest. | Darlingtonia |
| 1 | Pitchers not twisted, orifice not facing ground; bracts 3, usually appressed or adjacent to sepals; stamens 50-100; styles umbrella-shaped; seeds tuberculate to reticulate- tuberculate; e United States and s Canada. | Sarracenia |
"winged" is not a number.