areoles completely separate from flowering areoles in some genera, bearing 0–90 spines, glochids absent. Spines acicular, subulate, daggerlike, ribbonlike
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setiform scales (0.25–0.5 mm; rarely present) plus 2 series of 25–45 longer, barbellate bristles, mid apically attenuate, 90–95% length of inner, inner
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334. Annuals, biennials, or perennials [subshrubs, shrubs, trees], (0.5–) 2–90 (–100) cm (taprooted, fibrous-rooted, or rhizomatous and fibrous-rooted,
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appendaged, margins entire or emarginate to 2-fid, rarely pinnatifid [fimbriate or filiform]; stamens (2 or 4) 6 [8–24], in 2 whorls, usually tetradynamous (lateral
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Brickellia venosa, Brickellia veronicifolia Elliott Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2: 290. 1823. Randall W. Scott Etymology: For John Brickell, 1748–1809, Irish-born
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rarely between ovary and perianth or ovary and pedicel; perianth of 6 tepals in 2 whorls, all petaloid or sepals sometimes greener and more foliaceous in texture;
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denticulate, teeth to 0.1–0.2 mm, sometimes papillate or smooth; staminode included to exserted, flattened distally, 0.2–1.3 mm diam., tip straight to recurved
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rounded or pointed tip, or stigmas slenderly or broadly cylindrical, or 2 plump lobes. 2n = 38 (29), 57 (1), 76 (16), 95 (1), 114 (4), unknown (21). North America
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corolla rotate, cupulate, campanulate, salverform, or funnelform; stamens (2–) 3–5, with 4 mostly connate in pairs, appearing as only (1–) 3 stamens; anthers
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ringed at base by a nectary, distally 2-branched with stigmatic papillae borne on adaxial face of each branch in 2 separate or contiguous lines or in 1
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from axils of previous year’s leaves, 1–64 (–90) [–100] -flowered, racemes, corymbs, umbellate fascicles, 2-flowered fascicles, or solitary; bracts sometimes
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funnelform]. Fruits capsular, mostly loculicidal. Seeds [1–6–] 15–90 or more, mostly under 2 [–4] mm, mostly ridged or lined. Tropical and subtropical regions
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exserted, flattened distally, 0.2–0.8 (–1.1) mm diam., tip straight to recurved, distal 5–60 (–90) % hairy, hairs to 3 mm, sometimes glabrous; style glabrous
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Involucres hemispheric to narrowly campanulate, 5–15 (–30) × 5–60 mm. Phyllaries 10–40 in 2–6 series, appressed to loosely spreading, 1-nerved, oblanceolate
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sessiliflora, Lechea stricta, Lechea tenuifolia, Lechea torreyi Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 90. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 40. 1754. David E. Lemke Common names: Pinweed Etymology:
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oblong, or elliptic, rarely linear, 1–70 mm wide. > 21 21 Pollen sacs 0.3–1.2 mm, opposite; corollas 7–22 mm, throats 2-ridged abaxially, sometimes rounded
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Mentioned on page 3, 9, 12, 18, 458, 459, 461, 462, 466. Annuals or perennials, 2–200 cm (colonial or cespitose, usually ± strongly heterophyllous, usually eglandular
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major veins; lodicules (0) 2-3, inconspicuous, usually without veins, bases swelling at anthesis; stamens usually 3, sometimes 1 (2) or 6+, filaments capillary
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species, membranous. Flowers erect (pendent in A. triquetrum); tepals 6, in 2 similar whorls, ± distinct, petallike, usually becoming becoming dry and persisting;
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unisexual (dioecious in R. setigera or monoecious), 10–90 (–100) mm diam.; hypanthium 2–5 (–10) mm, glabrous, puberulent, tomentose, or setose, eglandular
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rolled into fusiform structure, unmodified, or shortened and oriented at 90° angles to outer leaves. Leaves submersed or both submersed and floating,
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grooved, convex, or flat adaxially, often not glandular, sometimes with 1 or 2 pairs of spherical glands distally; largest medial blade amphistomatous, hemiamphistomatous
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at base. Seeds many, elliptic, 2–4 mm, bearing white or yellowish, large, oily, myrmecochorous elaiosome (aril). x = 5.2n = 10 in all American species recorded
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chartaceous or scarious or margins and/or apices notably scarious, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct, subequal, and herbaceous with margins and/or apices barely
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below the glumes. Spikelets 0.7-50 mm, laterally compressed, sometimes weakly so, sometimes viviparous, usually with 2-22 florets, sometimes with 1, sterile
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stoloniferous, sometimes with creeping rhizomes 0.5–1 mm thick, tubers absent. Culms terete, to 90 cm × 2 mm. Leaves: distal leaf-sheaths usually persistent
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usually thin, loculicidal. Seeds [1–] 15–90 or more, mealy or translucent, ovoid to cylindric, 0.3–1 (–4) mm, variously lined and cross-lined; endosperm
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or absent, blade apex entire, notched, or 2 (-4) -fid, sometimes dentate or laciniate; stamens 1-10, in 1 or 2 whorls, arising from base of ovary, nectariferous
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rarely 5-veined, if with 7-13 veins, the veins often in 3 groups; lodicules 2, or absent, x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 12. Most members of the Cynodonteae in the Flora
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Triquetrae, Carex sect. Vesicariae, Carex sect. Vulpinae Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 420. 1754. Peter W. Ball, A. A. Reznicek Common
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or irregularly bristly, the teeth or setae 0.1–2+ mm), epaleate. Ray-florets 0 (in X. grindelioides and 2 Mexican taxa) or 12–60+, pistillate, fertile;
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than 0.1 mm) or denticulate (teeth 0.1+ mm). Vestiture of the sides of the anthers varies from absent to densely lanate, the hairs reaching 4 mm and obscuring
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rounded, entire or slightly emarginate; awns straight, arising less than 1.5 mm below the lemma apices. Bromus sect. Bromopsis is sometimes incorrectly called
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nectary usually present; stamens 2–10; filaments distinct or connate less than 1/2 their lengths, hairy on proximal 1/2 or basally, rarely glabrous; anthers
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styles 2–3 (–4), distinct or connate (Saxifragopsis); stigmas 2–3 (–4), capitate. Fruits capsular, sometimes folliclelike (Cascadia, Micranthes), 2–3 (–4)
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greenish or red tinged, actinomorphic, 0.5–2 cm diam.; tepals 6, often connate basally, each bearing 1 or 2, sometimes obscure to absent, yellow to green
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ramulosa, Lessingia tenuis, Lessingia virgata Chamisso Linnaea 4: 203, plate 2, fig. 2. 1829. Staci Markos Etymology: For C. F. Lessing, 1809–1862, German-born
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abaxial lobes 3, adaxial 2; stamens 4, adnate proximal to middle of corolla, didynamous, filaments glabrous or hairy, staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation
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absent, auricles 2, coronal appendages 2, variously shaped or dissected; limb usually exserted and conspicuous, oblanceolate to obovate, apex 2-lobed, sometimes
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then typically furcate or bifurcate, often imperfectly so (2 + 1 branches, rather than 2 + 2). Trichome rays are usually appressed or parallel to surfaces
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169. Mentioned on page 136, 148, 170, 171, 173. Annuals or perennials, (2–) 10–90 (–120+) cm. Stems erect, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves mostly
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teeth, 4–5 mm (2–4 mm from sinus), 70–90% as long as beak, puberulent; teeth erect, white, sometimes with deeply colored bases, 0.5–2 mm. 2n = 24. Generated
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1–10-ribbed, sometimes 2–10-ridged (ridges yellow to redbrown, clavate, translucent), faces sparsely to moderately strigose; pappi persistent, in (2–) 3 (–4) series
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not confluent into ribs, pyramidal, conic, or cylindric, 3–25 × 2–9 mm; areoles of 2 kinds: vegetative areoles (spine clusters) at tips of tubercles;
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or pyramidal) protuberances to coalescent as vertical ribs; ribs 2–30 [–40+], if ribs 2, stems winged, if ribs 3 or more, stems ± angled; short-shoots (areoles)
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cylindric or turbinate to hemispheric, 3–15+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent or falling (in fruit), 8–14 in 2–3 series (erect in flowering, reflexed in fruit
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glumes 2-keeled, flat or concave, usually not veined between the keels, sometimes 2-9-veined; anthers 1, 3 (2). Pedicels usually longer than 3 mm, similar
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ovoid or ellipsoid, 2.5-12 mm > 2 1 Fruits prominently 5-ribbed, ± obovoid, sometimes narrowly so and tapering at both ends, 3-6 mm > 11 2 Flowers 6-16 per
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in many species of sect. Rhexia. In R. cubensis (2x, 4x, 6x), R. nashii (4x, 6x), and R. virginica (2x, 4x), conspecific plants of different ploidy apparently
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apex not 2-lobed, although sometimes slightly notched; anthers depressed-ovate or transversely oblong; pistil 4-carpellate, ovary inferior to 1/2 inferior
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longer than the lemmas; lodicules 2, without venation, usually ciliate; anthers 3; ovaries with hairy apices; styles 2, bases free. Caryopses ovoid to fusiform
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or ovate to obovate, 3.5-40 mm; petals usually absent (present in A. patens), distinct, plane, obovate to elliptic, 1.5-2 mm; nectary present; stamens 10-200;
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glabrous or pubescent, rarely hirsute or hispid, trichomes simple or branched, 2–14-rayed, sometimes dendritic, not stellate. Stems erect, ascending, or decumbent
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or curled, sometimes borne between 2 minute teeth; paleas shorter than or equal to the lemmas, 2-veined; anthers (1-2) 3, purple, orange, yellow, or olivaceous
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base of ovary or absent; stamens (2–) 4–6 (–12), usually 6 or 12, in 1 or 2 whorls, complementing style lengths; ovary 2-locular; placenta elongate; style
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24. Treatment on page 448. Plants usually annual, rarely perennial. Culms 5-90 cm, erect or ascending from a decumbent base, usually glabrous. Sheaths open
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5-6 (-8) mm, spurs ± upcurved, ascending 20-90° above vertical, (9-) 11-17 (-19) mm; lower petal blades ± covering stamens, 5-7 mm, cleft 2-4 mm; hairs centered
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laminae reflexed, 30–70 × 3–8 mm, sparsely hairy abaxially. Discs ovoid to conic, 2–3.5 × 2–3.5 cm. Disc corollas 4.5–6.2 mm, lobes pinkish to yellowish
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and channeled, not septate. Inflorescences terminal panicles or racemes of 2–many heads or single terminal head, sympodial; bracteoles absent below perianth
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lobes 4, abaxial 3, adaxial 1; stamens 2, basally adnate to corolla, filaments glabrous; staminode 0; ovary 2-locular, placentation axile; stigma pointed
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connate 1/2 length, cream or yellow to orange, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, oblongelliptic, triangular, triangular-ovate, or lanceolate-ovate, 25–90 [–120]
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relatively long). Involucres hemispheric to obconic, 10–25+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 12–24 in ± 2 series (lanceolate, linear, oblong, ovate, or rhombic
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glandular-pubescent, verticillasters 2–7, cymes (1 or) 2–8-flowered, 2 per node; proximal bracts lanceolate, 15–55 (–80) × 2–15 (–28) mm, margins entire or ± serrate
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sibiricum, Polypodium triseriale, Polypodium virginianum Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 1082. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 485, 1754. Christopher H. Haufler, Michael D.
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floral-tube (2–) 3–140 (–165) mm; sepals separating individually or in pairs; petals white, fading rose-purple to pink, obovate or obcordate; pollen 90–100% fertile;
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with darker spots within, 3–5 mm, throat 9–12 mm diam., palate concave, 3–5 mm; filaments 3–4 mm. Capsules globular, 3–8 mm, glabrous; style and stigma persistent
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brittle, (0.4–) 1–2.5 cm. Inflorescences: bracts lanceolate, longer than flowers. Calyces 5.5–9 (–11) mm; abaxial and adaxial clefts 2–3 mm, 30–35% of calyx
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spreading to reflexed, deltate (2–4.2 mm); style-branch appendages narrowly lanceolate (papillate on at least distal 1/2). Cypselae terete to narrowly obconic
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Plants terrestrial, on rock, or epiphytic. Stems short-creeping, unbranched, 4–8 mm diam., not whitish pruinose; scales
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Seligeria subimmersa, Seligeria tristichoides Bruch & Schimper Bryol. Europ. 2: 7. 1856 ,. Dale H. Vitt Etymology: For Ignaz Seliger, 1752–1812, Silesian
7 KB (262 words) - 06:53, 30 July 2020
stylar orifice 2–5 mm diam., rims 0.5–1 mm wide, hypanthial disc absent. Hips leathery, setose. sw, sc United States, nw Mexico Species 2 (2 in the flora)
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outer 1/2, after anthesis often whitish or reddish distally, 14–20 mm. Corollas 17–25 mm; beak subequal to or slightly exserted from calyx, 7–11 mm. Phenology:
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shallowly bidentate. Stigmas 2. Achenes biconvex, smaller than bodies of perigynia; style deciduous. x = 27–48. Worldwide Species 70–90 (31 in the flora). Carex
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campanulate, cylindric, hemispheric, obconic, or turbinate, (4–19+ ×) 2–18 mm. Phyllaries 8–60 in 2–7 series (often in vertical ranks), 1-nerved (midnerves obscure
23 KB (1,156 words) - 22:11, 29 July 2020
lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or linear, 2.5–13 times as long as wide, angles of base and apex less than 90o, surface hairs usually white, sometimes also
15 KB (947 words) - 12:03, 30 July 2020
fewer lobed than leaves. Fruits ± spreading. Seeds obpyramidal, 1.5-2.7 × 0.7-2 mm, ringed at proximal end, wing-margined or not; seed-coats usually lacking
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cypselae usually obcompressed (± 3-angled, abaxial sides ± 2-faced, angles between those faces 90+°, adaxial sides ± flat, overall smooth or rough-wrinkled
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3–3.5 mm. Pedicels 2–8 mm. Flowers: sepals persistent, 5 (–6), not reflexed in fruit, lanceolate-linear, 2–2.5 mm; petals 5 (–6), white, (3.5–) 4–6 mm, subrounded-clawed
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than inflorescence, 0.5–3 mm wide. Spikes erect; proximal 2–4 spikes pistillate, 1–2.5 cm × 3–5 mm, base cuneate; terminal 1–2 spikes staminate. Pistillate
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tomentose, 1–2-years old gray to purple, purple-brown, reddish black or brown to very dark gray; thorns on twigs usually frequent, straight to recurved, 2-years
16 KB (1,084 words) - 14:44, 30 July 2020
Windham Common names: Maidenhair Fern Family Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Treatment on page 122. Plants perennial [annual], on rock or terrestrial,
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purple, (6–) 7–28 (–40) mm; anthers purple, 1–1.3 mm; gynophore 0–2 mm in fruit; ovary 5–10 mm; style deciduous in fruit, 5–17 mm; stigma purple. Capsules
9 KB (577 words) - 12:06, 30 July 2020
bractlets, hyaline margins 0.05–0.2 mm. Involucres ± campanulate, 9–12 (–16+) × 6–8 (–12+) mm. Phyllaries 18–30+ in 2–3 series, lanceolate or linear to
9 KB (802 words) - 20:20, 29 July 2020
campanulate to ± globose, 4–8+ mm diam. Phyllaries 3–16 in 1 series (elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, herbaceous, each usually 1/2 enveloping a subtended ray-floret
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tipped with white or purple, 8–23 mm; abaxial and adaxial clefts 5–9 mm, 33–50 (–67) % of calyx length, lateral 2–5.5 mm, 20–40% of calyx length; lobes linear
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or campanulate to cylindric, (1–) 4–12 (–25+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, mostly (4–) 8–21 (–30+) in ± 2 series, usually distinct, sometimes connate
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spreading at maturity; lemmas 4-8.5 mm, glabrous, awned, awns 11-90 mm, straight to ascending; paleas 5.5-8 mm; anthers 0.6-1.2 mm. Lateral spikelets staminate
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6 (–2.3) × 0.4–0.7 mm. Disc-florets (2–) 4–6 (–8); corollas 2–3.5 (–4.5) mm, lobes (0.5–) 0.7–1 (–1.3) mm. Cypselae (narrowly obconic) 0.9–1.5 mm, moderately
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lacerate to deeply pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid (apices, including of lobes and teeth, apiculate to bristle-tipped, bristles 0.1–1 mm), faces glabrous or densely
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distally; pedicel 0–10 mm. Seeds brown or mottled with dark spots, 1.5–2 mm, scaly, crest 0.1 mm. w United States Subspecies 4 (4 in the flora). Clarkia gracilis
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bracts, 5–20 mm; abaxial and adaxial clefts 4.7–15 mm, 33–90% of calyx length, slightly deeper than laterals or all 4 clefts subequal, lateral 3–8 mm, 33–60%
11 KB (769 words) - 18:52, 29 July 2020
5–11 mm; abaxial and adaxial clefts 4.7–10 mm, 90% of calyx length, all 4 clefts subequal, lateral 3–6 mm, 50% of calyx length. Corollas 17–20 mm; beak
6 KB (739 words) - 18:52, 29 July 2020
Involucres obconic to ellipsoid, 1–3 (–5+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 7–15+ in 2–3 (–4+) series, (usually green) 2–3-nerved, or not notably nerved, or pinnately
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Ray-florets 2–4 (–6); laminae (2–) 2.5–4 (–4.6) × 1–2 mm. Disc-florets 3–7 (–9); corollas mostly 2–3 mm, lobes 1–1.7 (–2.4) mm. Cypselae 1–2 (–3) mm, sparsely
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America Association Fronds 1 or 2–8 coherent together in often starlike groups, narrowly tongue-shaped to ribbonlike, 1.2–7.5 mm, 3–8 times as long as wide
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distinct 1/2 their lengths or more, 0.3–1.6 mm; stigmas flat, abaxially non-papillate with rounded tip, or slenderly or broadly cylindrical, 0.2–0.8 mm. Capsules
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20–25 mm, tube 3–4 mm, apex 2-fid, cleft 1–2 mm; corolla bright or pale-yellow or lavender-pink with purple markings, 20–30 mm, throat 6–8 mm diam., abaxial
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base; peristome single, usually of 16 lanceolate teeth, deeply divided into 2 or rarely 3 divisions, usually vertically striolate or pitted-striolate proximally
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Janice Coffey Swab Basionym: Luzula sect. Anthelaea Grisebach Spic. Fl. Rumel. 2: 404. 1846 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Leaves: apex generally not callous
4 KB (350 words) - 00:55, 30 July 2020
cross-section, 2.5–8 × 1.2–3.5 mm, 2–2.5 times as long as wide, dull, base rounded, apex tapering to beak, glabrous or pubescent; beak straight, 0.2–2 mm, emarginate
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