Plants cespitose or not, short to long rhizomatous. Culms brown or redbrown at base. Leaves: basal sheaths fibrous or not; sheath fronts sometimes dotted purple or red, sometimes prominently veined proximally and becoming ladder-fibrillose, membranous; blades V-shaped or M-shaped in cross-section when young, glabrous, sometimes papillose. Inflorescences racemose, with 2–8 (–10) spikes; proximal bracts scalelike or leaflike, sheathless or short-sheathing; lateral spikes pistillate, occasionally androgynous, or the distal 1–3 staminate, pedunculate or subsessile, prophyllate, at least 2 times as long as wide; terminal spikes staminate or, rarely, gynecandrous. Proximal pistillate scales with apex obtuse to acuminate or, at least the proximal, long-awned. Perigynia erect or ascending, rarely spreading, veined or veinless on faces, with 2 prominent marginal veins, sessile or stipitate, elliptic to ovate or obovate, planoconvex or biconvex in cross-section, base rounded or tapering, apex rounded or tapering to beak or not, usually papillose or, sometimes, smooth; beak orifice entire, emarginate, or shallowly bidentate. Stigmas 2. Achenes biconvex, smaller than bodies of perigynia; style deciduous. x = 27–48.

Discussion

Species 70–90 (31 in the flora).

Carex sect. Phacocystis, while fairly cohesive, contains several distinct groups of species. Members of the Carex acuta group (C. lenticularis, C. nigra, C. rufina, and C. eleusinoides) are slender, cespitose plants that have amphistomatous leaves, bracts longer than the inflorescences, veined, stipitate perigynia distended by the base of the achenes, and chromosome numbers of 2n = 82–86. Members of the C. stricta group (C. schottii, C. senta, C. nudata, and C. angustata) are moderately robust plants with hypostomatous leaves and have scabrous, ladder-fibrillose proximal sheaths, bracts shorter than the inflorescence, and veined perigynia. Several additional groups of two or three species show strong morphologic, anatomical, and chromosomal similarities. This section was previously separated into two sections. Species formerly placed in sect. Cryptocarpae have three-veined, awned scales, pendent spikes, and large achenes that in many species are constricted. Species formerly placed in sect. Acutae have one-veined scales, erect spikes, and smaller achenes that are not constricted. The distinctions do not hold up when variation among all species is considered.

Among the most common groups of wetland sedges in North America, species of sect. Phacocystis usually occur in wetlands, on shores, marshes, or wet tundra.

Selected References

None.

Key

1 Pistillate scales with prominent, scabrous awn on at least the proximal scales. > 2
1 Pistillate scales with apex acute, acuminate, or mucronate, lacking prominent, scabrous awn. > 13
2 Leaf blades involute, 1–2 mm wide. Carex subspathacea
2 Leaf blades not involute, the widest more than 2 mm wide. > 3
3 Perigynia veinless. > 4
3 Perigynia veined. > 7
4 Spikes usually erect; proximal sheaths not ladder-fibrillose. Carex recta
4 Spikes usually pendent; proximal sheaths ladder-fibrillose. > 5
5 Sheaths glabrous; perigynia obovoid; apex of pistillate scales retuse. Carex crinita
5 Sheaths scabrous; perigynia broadly ovoid to ellipsoid; apex of pistillate scales truncate to acuminate. > 6
6 Perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, not papillose over surface; achenes constricted; apex of pistillate scales acuminate. Carex gynandra
6 Perigynia ovoid, papillose over entire surface; achenes not constricted; apex of pistillate scales truncate. Carex mitchelliana
7 Proximal bract often spathelike, enclosing spike; achenes glossy, deeply constricted on 1 edge. Carex salina
7 Proximal bract not spathelike, not enclosing spike; achenes not glossy, constricted or not. > 8
8 Beak of perigynium bidentate, apical teeth to 0.5 mm; achenes not constricted. > 9
8 Beak of perigynium entire, apical teeth not more than 0.3 mm; achenes constricted on 1 or both edges. > 10
9 Sheaths ladder-fibrillose; proximal bract much longer than inflorescence. Carex barbarae
9 Sheaths not ladder-fibrillose; proximal bract equaling inflorescence. Carex nebrascensis
10 Perigynia thick-walled, leathery. > 11
10 Perigynia thin-walled, not leathery. > 12
11 Spikes pendent, 5–13 mm thick. Carex paleacea
11 Spikes erect, 4–7 mm thick. Carex ramenskii
12 Scales dark purple-brown. Carex vacillans
12 Scales brown to reddish brown. Carex recta
13 Proximal bract longer than inflorescence (usually at least 1.5 times as long). > 14
13 Proximal bract shorter than or equal to inflorescence. > 22
14 Sheaths ladder-fibrillose. > 15
14 Sheaths not ladder-fibrillose. > 16
15 Widest leaf blades not more than 7 mm wide; perigynia veinless on faces. Carex obnupta
15 Widest leaf blades 10–15 mm wide; perigynia 5–7-veined on faces. Carex schottii
16 Spikes pendent; perigynia yellow-brown, thick-walled, indistinctly veined; scales longer than perigynia, apex acuminate. Carex lyngbyei
16 Spikes erect or pendent; perigynia green, pale brown, red- or purple-brown, thin-walled, veinless or veined; scales shorter or longer than perigynia, apex not acuminate. > 17
17 Perigynia veinless; achenes glossy. Carex aquatilis
17 Perigynia veined; achenes dull. > 18
18 Terminal spike staminate. Carex lenticularis
18 Terminal spike gynecandrous. > 19
19 Scales reddish brown, pale; body and beak of perigynium pale green or pale brown. Carex lenticularis
19 Scales purple-brown or black; beak of perigynium reddish brown or black, darker than bodies. > 20
20 Perigynia 5–7-veined on each face, ovoid; stipe to 0.5 mm. Carex lenticularis
20 Perigynia 3–5-veined on each face, ellipsoid; stipe not more than 0.2 mm. > 21
21 Perigynia prominently veined, apex acute; basal sheaths brown. Carex rufina
21 Perigynia indistinctly veined, apex round; basal sheaths reddish brown. Carex eleusinoides
22 Proximal sheaths ladder-fibrillose. > 23
22 Proximal sheaths not ladder-fibrillose. > 28
23 Scales pale red-brown. > 24
23 Scales dark red-brown or black. > 25
24 Scales longer than perigynia; perigynia olive-green, veinless, inflated, obovoid. Carex haydenii
24 Scales shorter than or equaling perigynia; perigynia pale brown, 0–5-veined on each face, not inflated, ovoid. Carex stricta
25 Perigynia veinless. Carex scopulorum
25 Perigynia veined. > 26
26 Perigynia 1–3-veined on each face. Carex angustata
26 Perigynia 3–9-veined on each face. > 27
27 Perigynia broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, 2–2.2 mm wide, somewhat thick-walled and leathery; scales red-brown; plants not cespitose. Carex senta
27 Perigynia narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, 1.2–1.8 mm wide, thin-walled and leathery; scales red-brown; plants cespitose. Carex nudata
28 Perigynia veined. > 29
28 Perigynia veinless. > 30
29 Scales black; perigynia with purple-brown spots distally; apex of proximal sheaths truncate. Carex nigra
29 Scales pale red-brown; perigynia green; apex of proximal sheaths prolonged. Carex emoryi
30 Perigynia with apex tapering, flat, triangular, twisted; beak orifice obliquely bidentate. > 31
30 Perigynia with apex round or acute, not twisted; beak orifice obliquely bidentate or entire. > 32
31 Perigynia orange-brown, obovoid; scales black. Carex endlichii
31 Perigynia green, ovoid; scales red- to purple-brown. Carex torta
32 Perigynia distended by achenes, fragile, often splitting; beak obliquely bidentate. Carex interrupta
32 Perigynia not distended or split by achenes; beak orifice entire. > 33
33 Perigynia inflated, obovoid; scales longer than perigynia, apex acute or acuminate. Carex aperta
33 Perigynia flat, ellipsoid or obovoid; scales shorter than or equaling perigynia, apex acute or obtuse. > 34
34 Leaf blades 3.5–5 mm wide; pistillate spikes 4–5 mm thick; perigynia ellipsoid or obovoid, 2.5–4 mm. Carex scopulorum
34 Leaf blades 2–3.5 mm wide; pistillate spikes 3–4 mm thick; perigynia ellipsoid, 2–3 mm. Carex bigelowii

"shortened" is not a number.

... more about "Carex sect. Phacocystis"
biconvex +
smaller +
, +  and papillose +
tapering;rounded;,;obtuse;acuminate +
Lisa A. Standley +, Jacques Cayouette +  and Leo Bruederle +
Dumortier +
not +  and fibrous +
tapering +  and rounded +
bidentate +  and emarginate +
m--shaped +  and v--shaped +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (2 cm20 mm <br />0.02 m <br />) +
glumaceous +  and foliaceous +
2-ranked +  and arranged +
ascending +  and appressed +
scale-like +  and leaflike +
parallel +  and divergent +
terete +, rolled +  and plicate +
redbrown +  and brown +
round +  and trigonous +
prophyllate +, subsessile +, pedunculate +  and staminate +
Worldwide +
open +, pistillate +  and staminate +
hypogynous +  and subtending +
biconvex +  and trigonous +
multi-ranked +, 2-ranked +, 3-ranked +  and alternate +
basal +  and cauline +
with (1-)3-6(-30) bristles and/or scales +
stipitate +, sessile +, veinless +  and veined +
spreading +, ascending +  and erect +
2-3(-4)-carpellate +
3 (?) +  and 1 (?) +
short-sheathing +, sheathless +  and leaflike +
adventitious +
basal +  and proximal +
2-keeled +
ladder-fibrillose +  and veined +
cylindric +
1 +  and 3 +
septate +, hollow +  and solid +
compressed +, terete +  and trigonous +
papillate +
deciduous +
2-3(-4)-fid +
Carex sect. Acutae +, Carex sect. Cryptocarpae +  and Carex sect. Temnemis +
Carex sect. Phacocystis +
section +
, +  and staminate +
plant +, not +  and cespitose +