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marked with lavender, pale-yellow flecked with red, orange-red, scarlet, pink, lavender, yellow-green flecked with violet-red, or greenish white with maroon

occasionally with stipelike base distal to articulations (Eriogonum); perianth accrescent in fruit, mostly white to red, yellow, light green, greenish white, maroon

corollas usually yellow to orange, sometimes brown, greenish, maroon, pink, purple, or red, rarely white or whitish, tubes shorter to longer than campanulate

persistent, 3, distinct, green, maroon, or with maroon markings, foliaceous, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, alternating with bracts; petals shriveling after

adaxial (C. plagiotoma); petals 5, corolla white to pale greenish proximally, usually becoming green, white, yellow, orange, red, pink, or purple distally

obovate, or obdeltate to rhombic, 0.7–5 mm diam.; wool white, yellow, or tan to brown. Spines with whole epidermis sheath deciduous; major spines not or

redbrown (with or without yellow/orange), or white. Disc-florets 6–120+, bisexual, fertile; corollas greenish yellow to orange, sometimes tipped with red or

outer tepal margins entire or fringed; inner tepals yellow, white, rose-pink, magenta, or maroon, 4–30 × 1.5–8.5 mm; ovary lacking scales and spines; stigma

copulate with the flower. It usually only succeeds in becoming attached to a pollinium, which will then be transferred if the male tries to copulate with another

technically belong to groups with pappi of scales are keyed both in groups with pappi “wholly of bristles” and in groups with pappi “wholly, or partially

minute, bearing hairlike spines; the flowers are rotate, translucent white, with very few tepals (ca. 7–10) and stigma lobes (ca. 3). Anderson, E. F. 2001

page 164. Mentioned on page 15, 58, 173. Herbs, perennial, bulbose; bulbs with 1–several large fleshy scales and 0–many small scales (often called rice-grain

marcescent, pink, red, crimson, magenta, lavender, purple, or yellow, rarely white, bilaterally symmetric, sometimes ± radially symmetric, ± bilabiate, sometimes

or sessile; perianth epigynous, white, yellow, tan, brown, copper-red, maroon, blue, blue-violet, or purple, often with markings of contrasting colors,

Flowers (zygomorphic); calyx urceolate; sepals white, greenish white, cream, yellow, rose, purple, lilac, maroon, reddish purple, or purple-black, (lanceolate

blade light green to green and occasionally with lighter patterns of white (“cross-zoned”) or imprinted with white (“bud-prints”), linearlanceolate to ovate

roughened, with 1–8 papillae, without caruncle except in A. triquetrum. x = 7, 8, 9. Mostly Northern Hemisphere Species 550–700 (96 in the flora). As with many

usually yellow, sometimes orange (occasionally drying purplish or maroon), rarely white or purple, spatulate, obovate, ovate, oblanceolate, or obdeltate

to pale greenish yellow, sometimes reddish violet to maroon on distal segments and/or with a thin vertical strip of pale reddish violet to maroon along veins

part white throughout, or proximally white or purple, or green becoming light pink with age, distally white or yellow (sometimes becoming orange with age)

well with characters helpful in the identification of fruiting specimens. Specimens with both flowers and fruits are the easiest to identify with certainty

Flowers: calyx light greenish, 5.5–8.5 mm, glandular-pubescent abaxially, tube 1.5–2.5 mm, lobes 5, 3–6 mm; corolla-tube yellow with dark maroon, thick, often

major veins and crossveins of internal and external surfaces dark maroon-red, without white areolae, (short-petiolate, proximal solid petiolar portion to 1/4

conspicuous, white, ovoid, obscurely 6-angled, 2.5–8 mm, attachment narrower than ovary; stigmas confluent with style, greenish white to white, distally 3-lobed

tomentose; sepals 5, erect, triangular, often fleshy; petals 5, spreading, white [rarely pale-pink], or erect, pink to red or blackish red, spatulate or ±

not attenuate at base, without stipelike base; perianth various shades of white, yellow, red, or purple, glabrous on both surfaces or occasionally pubescent

minima), scales usually absent (or few), spines absent; pulp colorless to white, greenish, or pinkish; floral remnant persistent or deciduous. Seeds usually reddish-brown

parallel to column, greenish or yellowish, suffused with magenta or purple-brown, oblong-oblanceolate, 9–13 × 1.8–3.5 mm; lip white with magenta spots, obovate

chamber); inner tepals pink, red, magenta, orange, yellow, brownish, or greenish (rarely white), proximally a darker or contrasting color or similar to distal

67–80% as long as beak; teeth erect, white, yellow, or purple, often with purple or maroon spots, 0.5–2 mm. Filaments with spreading, long, soft hairs. 2n =

sepals; sepals greenish, 0.8–2 mm, base flattened, glandular-viscid; petals withering, alternate with sepals, distinct, white with tan, maroon, or purplish

ovary, yellow, bronze, maroon, brown, deep purple, reddish-brown, pink, dark purplish red, purplish bronze, rarely greenish white, not spirally twisted

1–5 cm × 2–5 (–7) mm, awns absent. Involucres 1, greenish, cylindric, not ventricose, 2.5–4 mm, with white to pinkish, thin scarious margins restricted to

connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary, dark maroon purple to clear yellow, occasionally 2-colored with purple and yellow, not spirally twisted, lanceolate

Receptacles flat to convex, epaleate, covered with tawny to white bristles or setiform scales. Florets 25–200+; corollas white to pink, red, yellow or purple, ± bilateral

per involucre at any single time during full anthesis; perianth white to rose or greenish yellow, broadly campanulate when open, narrowly urceolate when

long-lasting, erect, ± connivent, ± concealing stamens and ovary, maroon, brownish maroon, green, or yellowish green, not spirally twisted, oblanceolate to

epaleate. Florets (15–) 20–150; corollas yellow, sometimes greenish, rarely cream or pale-pink [white], often purplish or gray-striped abaxially (anthers yellow

arching, or spreading; branches spiraled or distichous, dense, greenish gray to maroon, not lenticellate, initially strigose. Leaves deciduous; petiole

flecked with red, inflated, 25–50 mm, (papery), tube 24–40 mm, lobes deltate, to 10 mm, shorter than tube, apex acute; corolla with tube greenish white and

erect-incurved, pink, red, greenish pink, or maroon, margins pink; stamens 20–23, filaments pink, white distally, anthers white; styles (4 or) 5. Pomes bright

to dull maroon green, rarely white-striated, lanceolate-acuminate, 13–37 × 4–10 mm, margins entire, apex acuminate; petals spreading, white, with distinct

5–2 mm, with longer anterior one straight, mostly 2 mm. Flowers exserted; perianth bicolored with floral-tube white to yellow and tepals red, maroon, or dark

mm; filaments white, greenish white, or purple stained, 1–3 mm, much shorter than anthers, slender; anthers erect, straight, greenish white, 9–11+ mm, ±

green or white, not lobed, 4–10 mm, uniformly thin; pedicel deflexed or recurved, rarely erect, angled, 2–4 (–5) cm. Fruits baccate, greenish or whitish

not fully concealing stamens and ovary, maroon-red, purple, greenish tan, or 2-colored, claw dark reddish maroon basally, often twisted, linear to narrowly

stamens 9; filaments free, glabrous; anthers red to maroon, oblong. Achenes mostly included, light greenish brown to tan, not winged, 3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds:

exserted; perianth bicolored with floral-tube white to yellow and tepals red, maroon, or dark purple, cylindric, 4–5 mm, glabrous or with few scattered hairs along

ovary, maroon-purple, brownish purple to brown, greenish streaked to green, rarely yellow, becoming brown, or occasionally bright copper-bronze with age,

including 0.5–0.8 mm stipelike base, with perianth cream or rarely yellow, suffused with blush of pinkish red to maroon, glabrous, or flowers 4–6 mm, including

concealing stamens and ovary, dark maroon-purple when fresh, fading especially distally to dull reddish-brown, greenish brown, or with creamy yellow tones, very

outer tepals with pink to rose centers and lighter margins [to yellowish, greenish, or rose-maroon]; inner tepals whitish pink [to ivory white, yellowish

seasonally. Spines 13–19 per areole, purplish-pink to purple or nearly white with brown tips; radial spines 12–18 per areole; abaxial (shortest) radial

Inflorescences with involucres in open clusters 2–6 cm diam., greenish or reddish; bracts 2–3 at proximal node, usually leaflike, often with whorl of sessile

anthers, 11–25 × 1.8–2.8 mm; outer filaments white, pale-pink, or white with pinkish distal 1/2, not contrasting with inner tepals; anthers bright orange-yellow;

is typically reddish green or reddish brown in A. laevis and green to greenish white in A. arborea. In addition, the leaves of A. laevis are at least half-expanded

margins, oblong, 0.4–0.7 mm; carpels (1–) 3–8, styles 0.9–1.8 mm. Achenes greenish white to light tan, 1.5–2 mm, smooth or rugose, ± carunculate. Generated Map

5–3 mm; hypanthium green with purple tinge at base to greenish maroon; sepals erect to erect-spreading, 5–8 mm; petals erect, white, pink, or lavender, spatulate-obovate

Candolle (= Osyrideae Reichenbach). Using phylogenetic trees calibrated for time with fossil evidence, it appears that Nestronia diverged from its Old World relatives

sometimes suffused with maroon or rose, spatulate, 20–23 mm, emarginate-apiculate; filaments greenish white or yellow, sometimes suffused with bronze or rose

mm; pollen-sacs maroon to black, connective dark purple to maroon, smooth; stigma not enlarged compared to style. Capsules pale greenish to tannish, dark

green-tan or maroon-tan, not corky, appearing braided, splitting longitudinally; branchlets green abaxially, maroon to green adaxially, turning red-maroon in fall

tube dark maroon, 1–3.5 × 1–4 mm; anthers 2.5–6 mm; pollen-sacs usually deep red to purple or maroon, sometimes yellow and often speckled with red or maroon

corolla-tube maroon and yellow with reddish, thin, wavy ring, lobes 5, magenta to lavender, (8–) 10–15 (–18) mm; filaments connate, tube maroon, 1.5–3 × 2–3

mm; corolla-tube white with reddish to purplish, thin, wavy ring, lobes 5, magenta, (9–) 15–20 (–23) mm; filaments distinct, dark maroon to dark purple,

green-tan or maroon-tan, not corky, appearing braided, splitting longitudinally; branchlets green abaxially, maroon to green adaxially, turning red-maroon in fall

glabrous; columella 1.9–2.4 mm. Seeds ashy white, ovoid, 2.1 × 1.3 mm, angled with 5 blunt longitudinal ridges, with shallow and irregular pits; caruncle absent

pale green, adaxial surface dark green, midvein turning red or maroon, both surfaces with hairs appressed, sparse, glabrate by late summer; secondary-veins

to bright-rose-pink, proximally blotched orangish brown, chestnut, maroon, or greenish brown, (2–) 3–4.3 × 0.7–1.8 cm; stigma lobes red to brownish red,