Actaea rubra

(Aiton) Willdenow

Enum. Pl. 1: 561. 1809.

Common names: Actée rouge
EndemicIllustrated
Basionym: Actaea spicata var. rubra Aiton Hort. Kew. 2: 221. 1789
Synonyms: Actaea arguta Nuttall Actaea eburnea Rydberg Actaea rubra subsp. arguta (Nuttall) Hultén Actaea neglecta Greene Actaea rubra var. dissecta Britton Actaea viridiflora
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3.

Leaf-blade: leaflets abaxially glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescences at anthesis often as long as wide, pyramidal. Flowers: petals acute to obtuse at apex; stigma nearly sessile, 0.7-1.2 mm diam. during anthesis, much narrower than ovary. Berries red or white, widely ellipsoid, 5-11 mm; pedicel dull green or brown, slender, 0.3-0.7 mm diam., thinner than axis of raceme. Seeds 2.9-3.6 mm. 2n = 16.


Phenology: Flowering spring–early summer.
Habitat: Mostly deciduous forests, also mixed coniferous forests, open pine or spruce woodlands, swales, stream banks, and swamps
Elevation: 0-3500 m

Distribution

V3 555-distribution-map.gif

Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Alaska, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wis., Wyo.

Discussion

The "eye" formed by the persistent stigma in Actaea rubra is smaller than that in A.pachypoda.

Actaea rubra is part of a circumboreal complex and is very similar to the black-fruited European species A. spicata Linnaeus, with which it is sometimes considered conspecific. The western North American plants of A. rubra have been called A. arguta and were distinguished on the basis of their smaller berries, more pubescent leaves, and narrow, more dissected leaflets. Those distinctions, however, are weak; specimens from the West often have fruits and leaves similar to those of plants from the East. A thorough study of A.spicata in the broad sense, on a worldwide scale, is needed to resolve the delimitation of taxa within this complex.

Plants with white fruit, sometimes distinguished as Actaea rubra forma neglecta (Gillman) H. Robinson, are frequent and are more common than the red-fruited form in many localities.

Native Americans used various preparations made from the roots of Actaea rubra medicinally to treat coughs and colds, sores, hemorrhages, stomachaches, syphilis, and emaciations; preparations from the entire plant as a purgative; and infusions from the stems to increase milk flow. It was also used in various ceremonies (D. E. Moerman 1986).

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

None.
... more about "Actaea rubra"
Bruce A. Ford +
(Aiton) Willdenow +
cuneate +, truncate +  and cordate +
Actaea spicata var. rubra +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br />) +
white +  and red +
ellipsoid +
0.5 cm5 mm <br />0.005 m <br /> (1.1 cm11 mm <br />0.011 m <br />) +
globose;cylindric +
Actée rouge +
Alta. +, B.C. +, Man. +, N.B. +, Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.) +, N.W.T. +, N.S. +, Ont. +, P.E.I. +, Que. +, Sask. +, Yukon +, Alaska +, Ariz. +, Calif. +, Colo. +, Conn. +, Idaho +, Ill. +, Ind. +, Iowa +, Maine +, Mass. +, Mich. +, Minn. +, Mont. +, Nebr. +, Nev. +, N.H. +, N.J. +, N.Mex. +, N.Y. +, N.Dak. +, Ohio +, Oreg. +, Pa. +, R.I. +, S.Dak. +, Utah +, Vt. +, Wash. +, Wis. +  and Wyo. +
0-3500 m +
sessile +  and pedicellate +
showy +  and inconspicuous +
broadly ellipsoid;nearly globose +
Mostly deciduous forests, also mixed coniferous forests, open pine or spruce woodlands, swales, stream banks, and swamps +
axillary +  and terminal +
pubescent +  and glabrous +
ovate +  and narrowly elliptic unlobed +
palmate +  and pinnate +
dentate +  and cleft +
incised;toothed;incised;toothed;entire +
narrower +
brown +, green +  and dull +
0.03 cm0.3 mm <br />3.0e-4 m <br /> (0.07 cm0.7 mm <br />7.0e-4 m <br />) +
cream colored +
distinct +
conspicuous +
acute +  and obtuse +
reduced +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (0.45 cm4.5 mm <br />0.0045 m <br />) +
Flowering spring–early summer. +
2 cm20 mm <br />0.02 m <br /> (17 cm170 mm <br />0.17 m <br />) +
not arillate +  and stalked +
dark-brown +  and reddish-brown +
rugulose +
obconic +  and wedge-shaped +
0.29 cm2.9 mm <br />0.0029 m <br /> (0.36 cm3.6 mm <br />0.0036 m <br />) +
whitish green +
not persistent +
distinct +
3 +  and 6 +
orbiculate +  and plane +
0.2 cm2 mm <br />0.002 m <br /> (0.45 cm4.5 mm <br />0.0045 m <br />) +
W2 +, Endemic +  and Illustrated +
0.07 cm0.7 mm <br />7.0e-4 m <br /> (0.12 cm1.2 mm <br />0.0012 m <br />) +
persistent +
Actaea arguta +, Actaea eburnea +, Actaea rubra subsp. arguta +, Actaea neglecta +, Actaea rubra var. dissecta +  and Actaea viridiflora +
Actaea rubra +
species +
0 cm0 mm <br />0 m <br /> (0.1 cm1 mm <br />0.001 m <br />) +
herbaceous +  and woody +