Epilobium sect. Pachydium

(Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Hoch & K. Gandhi

PhytoKeys, 145: 60. 2020.

Basionym: Oenothera sect. Pachydium Fischer & C. A. Meyer Index Seminum (St. Petersburg) 2: 45. 1836 Boisduvalia Spach Hist. Nat. Vég. 4: 383. 1835
Synonyms: Boisduvalia [unranked] Dictyopetalum (Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Endlicher Boisduvalia [unranked] Pachydium (Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Endlicher Boisduvalia subg. Pachydium (Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Reichenbach Cratericarpium Spach Epilobium sect. Boisduvalia (Spach) Hoch & P. H. Raven Dictyopetalum (Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Baillon Oenothera [unranked] Boisduvalia (Spach) Torrey & A. Gray Oenothera sect. Dictyopetalum Fischer & C. A. Meyer
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10.

Herbsannual, with taproot. Stems: epidermis peeling proximally. Leaves opposite and early deciduous in proximal pairs, alternate distally. Flowers actinomorphic, chasmogamous or rarely cleistogamous; floral-tube not bulbous, without scales inside; petals rose-purple to white; pollen in tetrads; stigma clavate, entire or sometimes obscurely 4-lobed. Capsules fusiform-clavate to lanceolate-linear, sometimes torulose, splitting to base, central column persistent or not, sessile. Seeds 2–8 per locule in 1 row, or 8–12 per capsule, pushed into a single row by disintegration of central column and septa, irregularly angular-fusiform; coma absent.

Distribution

w North America, nw Mexico, w South America

Discussion

Species 4 (3 in the flora).

Section Pachydium consists of four self-compatible, often cleistogamous, annual species, two of which are endemic to and widespread in western North America, and a third that also reaches northern Mexico. Epilobium subdentatum (Meyen) Lievens & Hoch, occurs only in Chile (widespread) and Argentina (only in Chubut Province), and has larger, often outcrossing flowers pollinated by bees (P. H. Raven and D. M. Moore 1965). The species in sect. Pachydium are diverse cytologically: E. torreyi has the lowest chromosome number in Epilobieae (n = 9), E. densiflorum and E. pallidum have n = 10, and E. subdentatum has n = 19. Contrary to suggestions by G. L. Stebbins (1971) and Raven (1976), the numbers n = 9 and 10 apparently were derived as direct or stepwise aneuploid reductions from the paleotetraploid x = 18 base number for Epilobieae (D. A. Baum et al. 1994). Experimental hybrids were formed in all combinations among the four species, although most had notably aberrant chromosome pairing and very low pollen fertility (S. R. Seavey 1992). The so-called tetraploid E. subdentatum (n = 19) apparently arose following hybridization between E. torreyi (n = 9) and E. densiflorum or a close relative with n = 10 (Seavey), followed by long-distance dispersal to South America (Raven and Moore). The monophyly of the section is scarcely supported by analysis of ITS sequence (Baum et al.), and the exact relationship of these species is not well-resolved.

Selected References

None.

... more about "Epilobium sect. Pachydium"
episepalous +
subequal +  and longer +
Peter C. Hoch +
(Fischer & C. A. Meyer) Hoch & K. Gandhi +
cylindrical +  and obconic +
Oenothera sect. Pachydium +  and Boisduvalia +
indehiscent +  and loculicidal +
toothed +  and entire +
reduced +
recurved +  and erect +
sessile +  and pedicellate +
curved +  and straight +
torulose +, fusiform-clavate +  and lanceolate-linear +
not +  and persistent +
persistent +
w North America +, nw Mexico +  and w South America +
basifixed +  and versatile +
actinomorphic +
ascending +  and erect +
cleistogamous +  and chasmogamous +
sessile +  and pedicellate +
curved +  and straight +
4-angled +, terete +, narrowly cylindrical +  and fusiform or rarely narrowly ellipsoidal +
slender +
perennial +  and annual +
suffrutescent +
alternate +  and opposite +
deciduous +
proximal +, basal +  and cauline +
decurrent +
numerous +  and 1 +
multicellular +
rose-purple +  and white +
obovate +  and obcordate +
inflated +
basal +  and cauline +
single +, 8 +  and 12 +
clavate +  and globose +
2 +  and 8 +
sculptured +  and smooth +
angular-fusiform +
lanceolate +, , +, flushed with red or flushed with cream +  and green +
deciduous +
parenchymatous +
parietal +, axile +  and placentation +
unequal +
aquatic +, amphibious +  and terrestrial +
2 times as many as sepals +
simple +  and well-branched +
prostrate +  and decumbent +
erect +  and ascending or decumbent +
glabrous +, villous +, glandular-puberulent +  and strigillose +
exfoliating +
4-lobed +  and clavate +
subsessile +  and petiolate +
intrapetiolar +
aquatic +, amphibious +  and terrestrial +
papillose +  and finely reticulate +
constricted +
Boisduvalia +, Boisduvalia subg. Pachydium +, Cratericarpium +, Epilobium sect. Boisduvalia +, Dictyopetalum +, Oenothera +  and Oenothera sect. Dictyopetalum +
Epilobium sect. Pachydium +
Epilobium +
section +
3(-5)-aperturate +