Taxon	Illustrator ⠉
	Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus Bolboschoenus robustus Bolboschoenus fluviatilis Bolboschoenus novae-angliae Bolboschoenus glaucus

Herbs, perennial, cespitose or not, rhizomatous. Culms solitary or not, cormose at base [except eastern Asian Bolboschoenus planiculmis (F. Schmidt) T. V. Egerova], sharply trigonous. Leaves basal and cauline; sheaths tubular; ligules absent; blades flat or V-shaped in cross-section, prominently keeled on abaxial surface, distally trigonous. Inflorescences terminal, subumbellate, subcorymbose, or capitate; spikelets to 80, mostly 4–10 mm diam.; involucral-bracts surpassing inflorescence 1–5, spreading or proximal erect, leaflike. Spikelets: scales 25 or more, spirally arranged, each subtending flower, abaxially puberulent, often glabrescent, tip notched and awned. Flowers bisexual; perianth of 3–6 bristles, straight or curved, shorter to slightly longer than achene, retrorsely spinulose; stamens 3; styles linear, 2–3-fid, base persistent. Achenes biconvex to trigonous, 2.3–5.5 mm, smooth.

Distribution

Nearly worldwide

Discussion

Species 6–15 (5 in the flora).

Bolboschoenus comprises at least six to as many as fifteen species, depending on the treatments of the B. maritimus and B. fluviatilis complexes and taxa of probable hybrid origin (J. Browning et al. 1995). Treatments of the genus published prior to J. Browning and K. D. Gordon-Gray (1993) and J. Browning et al. (1995) are unsatisfactory because of reliance on highly variable, nondiagnostic characters. The pericarp anatomy of the achene and the persistence of perianth bristles on shed achenes provide especially critical but seldom-used taxonomic characters. Detailed revisions utilizing these characters have been undertaken only in a few areas of the world, leaving many problems that cannot be resolved until a worldwide revision is completed. Pericarp anatomy is easily observed by examining hand-sections with a dissecting microscope. Achenes of the halophytic species B. maritimus and B. robustus have caducous bristles, and exocarp (epidermal) cells are lighter than water, greatly enlarged, and air-filled so that the achenes float for many days. In contrast, in the freshwater species B. fluviatilis and B. glaucus the bristles remain attached to the achenes and exocarp cells are very small; the achenes are denser than water and quickly sink (J. Browning et al. 1995).

Bolboschoenus is further usually characterized by culms that are often distally scabrous or papillose on margins, and leaf blades that are antrorsely spinulose or papillose on margins and often abaxially on midribs. Those characteristics, in addition to the presence of durable corms at culm bases, noded culms (i.e., some leaves cauline), the complete absence of ligules, the abaxially keeled leaf blades, and puberulent spikelet scales that are apically 2-fid and prominently awned are diagnostic of all species worldwide except the eastern Asian B. planiculmis (F. Schmidt) T. V. Egorova.

In recent years upon the dismemberment of Scirpus in the broad sense, the perponderance of evidence supports the recognition of Bolboschoenus as distinct from Schoenoplectus (C. D. Adams 1994c; J. Browning and K. D. Gordon-Gray 1993; J. Browning et al. 1995; J. J. Bruhl 1995; P. Goetghebeur and D. A. Simpson 1991; E. Hayasaka and H. Ohashi 2002; Z. Hroudová et al. 1998; T. Koyama 1980; A. A. Oteng-Yeboah 1974b). Bolboschoenus was included within Schoenoplectus by K. A. Lye (1971) on the basis of similarities in embryo morphology and by M. T. Strong (1993) on the basis of similarities in embryo, leaf, and inflorescence morphology, as well as the intermediate structure of the eastern Asian B. planiculmis. The similarities between Bolboschoenus and Schoenoplectus in leaves and inflorescences as pointed out by M. T. Strong (1993) appear to be superficial; and they do not include other features usually characteristic of Bolboschoenus as given above. Although B. planiculmis is similar to some species of Schoenoplectus in having all leaves basal, leaf blades trigonous, involucral bracts solitary and trigonous, and in lacking hard corms at the shoot bases, it clearly belongs to Bolboschoenus on the basis of the absence of ligules, as well as similarities in the achenes and floral scales. The vegetative morphology of B. planiculmis is probably an adaptaton to its highly aquatic, tidal habitat (T. Koyama 1980; E. Hayasaka and H. Ohashi 2002).

In North America the following putative hybrids are known from regions of sympatry of the parental species: 1) Bolboschoenus maritimus × B. robustus, common along both Atlantic and Pacific coasts; 2) B. maritimus × B. glaucus, local in California and Idaho; 3) B. fluviatilis × B. robustus [= ×B. novae-angliae], uncommon on the Atlantic Coast; 4) B. fluviatilis × B. maritimus, uncommon and local in California. Putative hybrids are often sterile; achenes that are formed are often empty or contain abnormal embryos.

Species of Bolboschoenus are often ecologically dominant in wetlands and are valuable food and habitat for wildlife (H. A. Kantrud 1996). Some species are cultivated in wildlife refuges in the United States and are important rice-field weeds in California.

In this treatment, spikelet and floral scale measurements are for nonflattened structures and exclude awns; awn widths are often difficult to measure: floral scale apices frequently are so worn that the lobes are not evident and thus apices appear to taper into awns, and scales often split distally making it difficult to determine the position of the base of the awn; floral scale translucency is best determined with a dissecting microscope by placing a shiny needle beneath the scale; achene lengths include the beak and, if present, the persistent remnant of the style base; culm widths given herein are measured on the middle third of the culm; and inflorescence descriptions are for expanded inflorescenses.

Selected References

None.

Lower Taxa

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis, Bolboschoenus glaucus, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Bolboschoenus novae-angliae, Bolboschoenus robustus

Key

1	Inflorescences with all spikelets sessile or not more than 1/2 on evident branches; perianth bristles not persistent on shed achene or 1–few bristles weakly persistent; achenes biconvex or compressed-trigonous with low, rounded abaxial angle; achene epidermal cells appearing greatly enlarged in cross section, 2–3+ times deeper than wide; styles 2–3-fid; habitats brackish to saline.	> 2
1	Inflorescences with all or most spikelets on evident, elongated branches; perianth bristles tightly attached to shed achene, rarely some or all falling separately; achenes equilaterally trigonous to compressed-trigonous or rarely some biconvex; achene epidermal cells appearing small in cross section, isodiametric or very rarely enlarged and to 3 times deeper than wide (in B. novae-angliae); styles mostly 3-fid; habitats fresh to slightly brackish.	> 3
2	Floral scales hyaline, membranous, awns 0.25 mm wide at base; anthers yellow, rarely orange; styles 2-fid, rarely 3-fid; achenes usually biconvex, rarely compressed trigonous; leaf sheath fronts usually membranous at mouth, veins diverging proximal to summit leaving triangular, veinless area.	Bolboschoenus maritimus
2	Floral scales nearly opaque, usually papery, awns 0.5 mm wide at base; anthers brownish orange; styles 3-fid or a few 2-fid; achenes mostly trigonous; leaf sheath fronts usually papery at mouth, veins reaching nearly to summit.	Bolboschoenus robustus
3	Widest leaf blade 2–6 mm wide; leaf sheath fronts membranous at mouth, veins diverging proximal to summit leaving acutely triangular veinless area; spikelets 3–5 mm diam.; scale awns slender, 0.25 mm wide at base; achenes 2.5–3.3 mm, beak minute.	Bolboschoenus glaucus
3	Widest leaf blade 7–22 mm wide; leaf sheath fronts mostly papery at mouth, veins nearly reaching summit; spikelets 5–10 mm diam.; scale awns stout, to 0.5 mm wide at base; achenes 3–5.5 mm, beak distinct, 0.1–0.8 mm.	> 4
4	Achenes all nearly equilaterally to slightly compressed, markedly trigonous, 3.8–5.5 mm; perianth bristles all firmly attached to shed achenes; fresh water habitats, mostly inland.	Bolboschoenus fluviatilis
4	Achenes variably compressed, markedly to obscurely trigonous or some biconvex in same spikelet, 3–4.3 mm; perianth bristles weakly attached to shed achenes or many caducous; slightly brackish habitats, coastal estuaries.	Bolboschoenus novae-angliae

"shortened" is not a number.