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apophysis and umbo; bracts included or exserted. Seeds winged; cotyledons 4–6. x =12. Boreal and cold north temperate areas, North America, Eurasia Species of

Grout. 1928–1940. Moss Flora of North America, North of Mexico. 3 vols. in 12 parts. Newfane, Vt. and New York. Vol. 1, pp. 185–190. Williams, R. S. 1913b

loose tufts or scattered, olive green to dark green. Stems 3–12 cm, erect, mostly simple. Leaves 5–9 mm, strongly crisped and contorted when dry, plane and

occasionally shortly rostrate, occasionally not differentiated, 0.5–2.5 mm. Calyptra cucullate, 2.5–6 mm, smooth. Spores 13–30 (–50) µm, papillose, rarely densely

thin-walled or very slightly thickened at apex; median sheath cells 45–90 × 12–15 µm, narrowly rectangular, thin-walled; cells of marginal lamina 10–15 ×

spikes. Fertile spikelets 8-12 mm, subventricose, urceolate, with 2 fertile florets and 2-3 sterile florets; apical spikelets 4-5 mm, usually with 1 sterile

Calyptra golden yellow to brownish, completely enveloping the capsule. Spores 5–8 (–12) µm. Generated Map Legacy Map Widely distributed in the North America,

(0–) 3–4 lamellae longitudinally inserted on adaxial surface of costa, ca. 12 cells in height, occasionally lobed or branching, smooth or hollow-papillose

blade transversely elongate, 25–30 × 12–18 µm, with a median strip of cells shorter and ± isodiametric. Seta 1–3.5 (–5) cm, brownish, straight to flexuose

portion, subquadrate to either side. Seta (0.5–) 1.5–2.5 cm, reddish, often twisted below the capsule. Capsule 2–2.5 mm, ± asymmetric, suberect to inclined to

filamentous or long-triangular, straight or weakly twisted, to 740 µm. Spores 9–12 µm. Distal laminal KOH reaction yellow or red-orange. Generated Map Legacy

8–1 cm. Capsule 1.5–2.5 mm; peristome teeth 32, linear, twisted 1/2 to once, to 1300 µm, occasionally rudimentary or absent. Spores 9–12 µm. Distal laminal

of North America Association Cells of mid-limb lamina (8–) 9–12 (–14) µm wide (mean 10.5 µm); cells of distal part of leaf-sheath with 1–6 papillae on

cell-walls not or moderately thickened; median cells of sheath 8–12 µm wide, narrowly rectangular, 5–7 (–10):1; cells of marginal lamina subquadrate, 10–15 µm

emarginate, piliferous; costa excurrent, with an abaxial epidermis, filaments 2–12 cells, cells cylindric, thin-walled, with 2–4 hollow papillae on apical cell

all cells distal to the base roundedquadrate, occasionally slightly oblate, 12–20 (–25) µm, all cells firm, thick-walled, more thickened at the cell angles

cells short-rectangular; cells of lamina 10–12 µm, subquadrate to irregular. Seta 1–3.5 cm, reddish. Capsule 2.5–4 mm, erect or nearly so, sometimes indistinctly

20-92 cm tall, 1.5-2.5 mm thick, ascending to erect from a decumbent, branching base. Sheaths glabrous, keeled; ligules 4-9 mm; blades (2) 3-12 cm long, 4-8

lanceolate; marginal lamina typically broad and often somewhat inflexed, 5–9 (–12) cells wide (to 20 cells wide in var. anomalum), plane to erect, sharply

hyaline to yellowish; distal medial cells quadrate to rounded-hexagonal, 9–12 µm wide, 1: 1; papillae absent, cell-walls mostly evenly thickened, lumina

gemmae. Seta 0.8–1 cm. Capsule 1.5–2.5 mm; peristome teeth 32, linear, twisted 1/2 to once, to 1300 µm. Spores 11–12 µm. Distal laminal KOH reaction negative

median sheath cells 80–100 × 8–12 µm (5:1), elongate-rectangular; sheath cells oblong-linear; cells of marginal lamina 12–16 µm, ± isodiametric; perichaetial

stem-leaves, proximal laminal cells lax, wider, rectangular, 2–4: 1, 35–115 × 12–25 µm, sometimes somewhat hyaline. Specialized asexual gemmae absent. Sexual

Stems 5–10 (–20) cm. Leaves 6–12 mm, subsquarrose and broadly spreading-recurved when moist; marginal lamina 2–5 cells wide, erect; lamellae 5–7 cells

bilaterally symmetric, to 1.5 mm; peristome taxifolius-type; operculum ± as long as theca. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, 1–1.7 µm. Spores 7.5–12 µm. Habitat: Sandstone

walls thickened, shortrectangular, not perforated; distal laminal cells 9–12 wide, 1: 1, papillae low, simple or scablike, 1 over each lumen, rarely absent

speciesDidymodon leskeoides K. Saito J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 39: 508, plate 51, figs. 1–12. 1975,. Richard H. Zander Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on

Smith Merrill Basionym: Polytrichum ohioense Renauld & Cardot Rev. Bryol. 12: 11. 1885 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 131. Mentioned

Mentioned on page 167. Cells of the mid-limb lamina (6–) 7–10 (–12) µm wide (mean 8.5 µm); cells of distal part of leaf-sheath nonpapillose on abaxial

only perforated, arising from a low basal membrane, 20–35 µm high. Spores 12–17 µm. Habitat: Dry or fairly moist acidic rocks, boulders and outcrops Elevation:

tip. Sexual condition dioicous or rhizoautoicous. Seta 5.5–12.5 mm. Capsule urn cylindric, 1.5–3 mm; operculum campanulate, 1–1.4 mm; peristome 600–1200

J. Sci. 1: 289, plate 12. 1824 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 616. Mentioned on page 615, 617. Plants 0.5–2 mm. Leaves lingulate

distal cells 50–70 (–80) × 12–20 (–24) µm, 3–4: 1. Specialized asexual reproduction by rhizoidal tubers, in clusters of 2–5 on short lateral rhizoids of

proximal to infertile and fertile stems. Sporophytes 1 per perichaetium. Seta to 12 mm. Capsule theca exserted, ± erect, radially symmetric to inclined, arcuate

recurved; median and distal laminal cells rhomboidal to hexagonal, 3–4: 1, 35–70 × 12–18 µm, proximal cells rectangular, 2–4: 1, 40–70 × 18–24 µm, short-rectangular

Plants less than 2.5 mm, gregarious in abundant, persistent, matted protonemata. Leaves setaceous to linear-lanceolate, 1.1–0.23 × 0.12–0.2 mm; margins serrate

obscurely veined, lines of insertion on receptacle not prominent; petals 12, 16, or 20, outer greenish at least abaxially, inner creamy white; stamens

easily distinguished. Spores of D. difficile are finely papillose-verrucose and 12–18(–20) µm; those of D. rhynchostegium are vermicularly papillose-verrucose

Basionym: Tortula australasiae Hooker & Greville Edinburgh J. Sci. 1: 301, plate 12. 1824 Synonyms: Didymodon diaphanobasis Cardot Husnotiella torquescens (Cardot)

1 full turn, basal membrane high, ca. 1000 µm; operculum ca. 1.5–2.5 mm. Spores (8–) 12–18 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature spring–early

awns. Seta 1–3 cm, stout, flexuose, reddish-brown. Capsule 2.5–3.5 mm, short to almost cubic (1.5–2:1), inclined, becoming horizontal when mature; peristome

laminal cells long-rectangular; medial and distal cells long-rhomboidal, 12–20 µm wide, 3–5: 1, walls thin, porose; innovation leaves redbrown, somewhat twisted

deep, compact tufts. Stems 6–12 (–20) cm, simple, densely matted with wooly whitish to light-brownish tomentum. Leaves 2–5 (–6) mm, erect to closely appressed

along margin, proximal cells short-rectangular to rectangular, 2–4: 1, 25–60 × 12–16 µm, short-rectangular to quadrate in alar region in 2–6 rows extending

erect-patent when moist, straight to falcate, rigid and somewhat fragile, 2.5–3 (–3.5) × 0.5–0.9 mm; margins broadly recurved on one side throughout, narrowly recurved

base into filiform, terete, densely spiculate-papillose divisions. Spores 8–12 µm. Habitat: Dry, exposed areas, mostly with high light intensity, acidic

Patricia M. Eckel Basionym: Barbula brevipes Lesquereux Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 12. 1868 Synonyms: Barbula macrotrichia Cardot & Thériot Treatment appears in

appearing finely papillose, the lumen trapezoidal; sheath cells 46–66 × 12.5–16 µm, 4–6: 1, cells on the back of limb ± uniformly subquadrate, 11–18 µm

abruptly short-rectangular, 2–3: 1; medial and distal cells 40–60 × 10–12 (–14) µm, 3–5: 1. Specialized asexual reproduction by rhizoidal tubers, on long rhizoids

full turn, basal membrane high, ca. 1000 µm; operculum ca. 1–2 mm. Spores 12–18 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature summer. Habitat:

narrow, 2–4 cells across adaxial surface; distal laminal cells subquadrate, 12–16 µm wide, 1: 1, smooth or less commonly papillose with 1 (–2) scattered

1–12. 1921 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 545. Mentioned on page 540, 546, 547. Plants green to reddish green. Stems to 1.5 cm

perforated by transverse-slits; distal laminal cells in rather distinct rows, 7–12 wide, 1: 1 or occasionally longitudinally elongate, papillae usually absent

twisted about 1/2 turn, basal membrane ca. 100 µm; operculum ca. 1.1 mm. Spores 12–15 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsule maturity date unknown

Capsule 0.6–1.5 mm; peristome teeth absent, rudimentary or short and 16, ligulate, cleft to near base, untwisted, to 220 µm. Spores 12–14 (–20) µm. Distal

medial and distal cells vermicular to elongate-hexagonal, 60–90 × (8–) 10–12 µm, 6–8: 1, walls strongly incrassate, parallel to costa. Specialized asexual

or hyaline awn. Seta (1–) 3–5 cm, stout, yellowish to reddish-brown. Capsule 2.5–5 mm, rectangular, longer than wide (1.5–2:1), reddish-brown to dark-brown

thickened, 3–4 (–5) cells across the convex adaxial surface; distal laminal cells hexagonal, (12–) 15–18 µm wide, 1: 1, strongly papillose with 4–5 2-fid papillae

distal laminal cells quadrate or short-rectangular, often rounded, (7–) 9–12 µm wide, smooth, weakly sinuose. Sexual condition autoicous. Capsule light-brown

twisted 1/2–2 times, basal membrane low, to 50 µm; operculum 0.6–1 mm. Spores 8–12 µm, spheric, finely papillose or essentially smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature

coarsely papillose, usually strongly perforated and with uneven margins. Spores 8–12 µm, smooth or granulose. Phenology: Capsules mature late spring to early summer

squarrose, 200–350 µm, brownish or pale-yellow, papillose, perforated. Spores 10–12 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature late spring to early summer

collection is from Nebraska, Chase County, 12.5 km west of Champion, W. Kiener 10627 (MO). None. None. "um" is not declared as a valid unit of measurement

olivaceous to brownish (black), sometimes with yellowish tones. Stems 1.2–12 cm, central strand weak or absent. Leaves erect or curved, rarely (falcate)