Silphium

Linnaeus

Sp. Pl. 2: 919. 1753.

,

Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 391. 1754.

Etymology: Greek silphion, an unknown plant appearing on ancient coins of the city of Cyrene
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 77. Mentioned on page 65, 157.
 TaxonIllustrator 
FNA21 P11 Lindheimera texana.jpegChrysogonum virginianum var. brevistolon
Lindheimera texana
Silphium laciniatum
Linny Heagy
Barbara Alongi
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
FNA21 P12 Silphium asteriscus.jpegSilphium asteriscus
Berlandiera pumila
Engelmannia peristenia
Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey
John Myers
John Myers

Perennials, 20–250+ cm (fibrous-rooted, rhizomatous, or taprooted). Stems usually erect, usually branched (terete or square, often vernicose with resinous exudates). Leaves basal and cauline (basal persistent or withering before flowering); whorled, opposite, subopposite, or alternate (sometimes all conditions on one plant); petiolate or sessile; blades (1-nerved or 3-nerved) deltate, elliptic, linear, ovate, or rhombic, sometimes 1–2-pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, bases cordate or truncate to cuneate, margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy (sometimes stipitate-glandular). Heads radiate, in paniculiform or racemiform arrays. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, 10–30 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 11–45 in 2–4 series (outer broader, foliaceous, inner smaller, thinner, each subtending a ray-floret). Receptacles flat to slightly convex, paleate (paleae oblong, lanceolate, or linear). Ray-florets 8–35+ in 1–4 series, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow or white. Disc-florets 20–200+, functionally staminate; corollas yellow or white, tubes much shorter than narrow, cylindric throats, lobes 5, deltate. Cypselae (black to brown) obflattened (± winged, shed alone without accessory structures); pappi 0, or persistent, of 2 awns (± confluent with cypsela shoulders and wings). x = 7.

Discussion

Species 12 (12 in the flora).

In keys and descriptions here, “plants scapiform” indicates plants with distal cauline leaves notably smaller than basal and proximal cauline leaves, and “plants caulescent” indicates plants with leaves ± uniform in size throughout; “leaves persistent” indicates leaves persisting to flowering time, and “leaves caducous” indicates leaves withering before flowering time.

Key

1 Stems square (distal leaf or petiole bases connate-perfoliate) Silphium perfoliatum
1 Stems terete or slightly 4-angled (distal leaves not perfoliate) > 2
2 Leaves (at least proximal) usually laciniate, pinnatifid, or 1–2-pinnately lobed (lobes 3–15) > 3
2 Leaves (proximal and distal) seldom lobed (sometimes with 2 basal lobes, then hastate, sagittate, or auriculate) > 6
3 Ray florets 6–12 Silphium compositum
3 Ray florets 14–40 > 4
4 Corollas white Silphium albiflorum
4 Corollas yellow > 5
5 Phyllaries appressed, apices acute to obtuse Silphium terebinthinaceum
5 Phyllaries reflexed or appressed, apices acuminate to caudate Silphium laciniatum
6 Plants taprooted (scapiform; cauline leaves notably smaller distally) > 7
6 Plants fibrous rooted (caulescent; cauline leaves not notably smaller distally) > 8
7 Ray flowers 6–12 Silphium compositum
7 Ray flowers 17–29 Silphium terebinthinaceum
8 Leaves (at least proximal leaves) petiolate (never sessile), bases truncate, cordate, auriculate, hastate, or sagittate > 9
8 Leaves (proximal and distal) petiolate (blade bases round to tapered) or sessile (blade bases round to cordate) > 10
9 Stems glabrous; basal leaves caducous Silphium brachiatum
9 Stems hispid; basal leaves persistent Silphium wasiotense
10 Phyllaries: abaxial faces usually glabrous (rarely scabrous in outer series) > 11
10 Phyllaries: abaxial faces glandular, hirsute, hispid, or scabrous > 12
11 Ray florets 20–36+ Silphium integrifolium
11 Ray florets 8–17 Silphium asteriscus
12 Leaf faces stipitate-glandular Silphium glutinosum
12 Leaf faces eglandular > 13
13 Basal leaves persistent > 14
13 Basal leaves caducous > 15
14 Leaf faces shaggy-hispid; phyllaries hispid; corollas pale yellow; cypselae 6–10mm; Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee Silphium mohrii
14 Leaf faces hirsute, hispid, or scabrous; phyllaries scabrous; corollas bright yellow; cypselae 10–17 mm; Louisiana, Texas Silphium radula
15 Cauline leaves opposite (clasping stems) Silphium integrifolium
15 Cauline leaves opposite or alternate (not clasping stems) > 16
16 Ray florets 20–30+ Silphium radula
16 Ray florets 12–20 Silphium asteriscus

"broader" is not a number.

... more about "Silphium"
not tailed +, rounded +  and obtuse +
connate +  and distinct +
subequal +
scarious +
usually ovate +  and lanceolate +
usually deltate +  and lanceolate +
racemiform +  and paniculiform +
indeterminate +  and determinate +
Jennifer A. Clevinger +
Linnaeus +
bristlelike +
coroniform +
truncate +  and cuneate +
compound +  and simple +
pinnatifid;lobed;rhombic;ovate;rhombic;ovate;linear;deltate +
winged;ribbed;winged;ribbed +
tuberculate +  and rugose +
barbellulate +  and barbellate +
white +  and yellow +
hairy +  and glabrous +
less orbiculate +  and obovate or cuneate +
fertile +  and bisexual +
fertile +  and bisexual +
North America +
Greek silphion, an unknown plant appearing on ancient coins of the city of Cyrene +
hairy +  and glabrous +
pistillate +, staminate +  and neuter +
winged +  and beaked +
dispersed +
in cymiform , corymbiform , paniculiform , racemiform or spiciform , arrays +  and singly +
indeterminate +
homogamous +  and heterogamous +
each +  and sessile +
1 cm10 mm <br />0.01 m <br /> (3 cm30 mm <br />0.03 m <br />) +
campanulate;hemispheric +
sessile +  and petiolate +
alternate +, subopposite +, opposite +  and whorled +
cauline +  and basal +
deltate +
dentate to pinnatifid or palmatifid +  and entire +
toothed +  and entire +
2-carpellate +
persistent +
11 +  and 45 +
unequal +  and subequal +
Sp. Pl. +  and Gen. Pl. ed. +
1753 +  and 1754 +
bearing subulate enations +, hairy +  and bristly +
flat;slightly convex +
perry1937a +
exalbuminous +
appendaged +  and truncate +
hirsutulous +  and glabrous +
papillate +
Undefined (tribe Undefined) subtribe Enceliinae +, Undefined (tribe Undefined) subtribe Engelmanniinae +, Undefined (tribe Undefined) subtribe Spilanthinae +, Undefined (tribe Undefined) subtribe Verbesininae +  and Undefined (tribe Undefined) subtribe Zinniinae +
Silphium +
Asteraceae (tribe Heliantheae) subtribe Ecliptinae +
cylindric +
cylindric +
shorter to longer than campanulate +
toothed +  and entire +
20 cm200 mm <br />0.2 m <br /> (250 cm2,500 mm <br />2.5 m <br />) +
200 cm2,000 mm <br />2 m <br /> (400 cm4,000 mm <br />4 m <br />) +
shrub +  and subshrub +