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serrate, serrulate, crenate, crenulate, dentate, or denticulate, sometimes spinose or spinulose; venation pinnate (sometimes obscurely, appearing 1-veined)

absent, short or long, not nodose. Stems branched or unbranched, monomorphic or dimorphic, i. e., all elongate or with elongate primary-stems and short axillary

lobed or unlobed, margins entire or toothed, teeth if present acute or spinose, never bristle-tipped. Staminate flowers: calyx 2-6-lobed; anthers usually

laminal cells short to long-rectangular. Perichaetial leaves little different from cauline to distinctly larger and somewhat sheathing. Seta short, 0.3–0.4

shoulders, margins distal to the middle entire, serrulate, serrate, or spinose, apex acuminate; costate or ecostate; laminal cells lax and transparent

exothecial cells near mouth quadrate or short-rectangular, often reddish, walls thick, in 1–3+ rows, medial cells longer, short to long-rectangular, walls straight

sometimes thickened and succulent, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate or spinose. Inflorescences terminal or sometimes axillary, frequently much-branched

Roots usually present, often poorly developed in epiphytic taxa. Stems very short to very elongate. Leaves usually spirally arranged, forming water-impounding

microscopically tomentulose or densely puberulent; these hairs are much shorter than hairs borne on the abaxial surfaces and veins between the crypts. None

ovate or elliptic, basal lobes divergent to overlapping, margins entire to spinose-dentate, apex of lobe acute or acuminate to widely rounded; primary venation

varies from a short, translucent apiculus to exceeding the length of the lamina. Awns can be flat or terete, smooth or denticulate, spinose or papillose

[deciduous], synoecious [dioecious]. Leaves opposite or fascicled [alternate or on short lateral branches], palmately or even [odd-] pinnately compound [simple];

margins erect, subentire, serrulate, or spinose-dentate; apex obtuse, acuminate, or apiculate; costa single, double, short, weak, or almost ecostate; alar cells

insertion short-rectangular, often smooth; mid basal-cells concolorous to pigmented, papillae simple; medial and distal cells subquadrate, short-rectangular

recurved, spinose-serrate distally, entire or distantly serrulate in acumen; apex abruptly narrowed, acumen subulate; costa surface with coarse, spinose teeth

Roots diffuse or short taproots. Stems unsegmented, gray-blue, gray-green, yellow-green, or grass green, flat-topped spheric to short cylindric, 4–40 (–45)

leaflets entire or dentate [spinose], venation dichotomous [netted]; resin canals absent. Cones axillary, appearing terminal, short-peduncled [sessile], disintegrating

Calyptra mostly persistent, cucullate. Spores spherical, papillose to short-spinose. Worldwide except Antarctica Species 21 (4 in the flora). Pleuridium

papillose to spinose distally on abaxial surface; distal laminal cells short-rectangular to quadrate, mostly 18–23 µm long; seta mostly shorter than 2.5 cm

Stems 1–20+; bark reddish, reddish-brown, gray-brown, or dark gray; long and short-shoots usually present; thorns present or absent. Leaves deciduous or persistent

Leaf-blade never lobed, margins entire or toothed, teeth if present usually spinose. Staminate flowers: calyx 5-6-lobed; anthers attenuate-apiculate. Pistillate

basifixed, dehiscence introrse; pistillate flowers with 6 staminodes, style short or absent, stigmas 3, recurved, ligulate. Berries black, blue, purple, red

rhizomes, layering, or stem fragmentation; branching sympodial. Stems not spinose. Buds 1-scaled (oily in S. barrattiana), margins connate into calyptra or

vermiculata 1 Herbs, glabrous or papillose to hispid; leaves and bracts with spinose (or at least mucronulate) apex; perianth segments completely glabrous, or

to tubular, papillose proximally, spinose-serrate medially, smooth apically; alar cells oblate, quadrate, or short-rectangular, smooth to simple-papillose

medium-sized, turfs or mats, dark green, yellow-green, or brownish. Stems short, often deep red, terete-foliate [complanate], not or sparingly branched;

mat- or cushion-forming, not stoloniferous; leaf blade margins usually spinose-ciliate; inflorescences glabrous or clear-tipped stipitate-glandular. Saxifraga

little differentiated; medial and distal laminal cells short, roundedquadrate to irregular, or short-rectangular, mostly 2: 1, longer and broader along costa

blade ovate to suborbiculate, 1.6–6 × 1.2–4 cm, margins undulate, spinose-dentate to spinose-serrulate. Drupes dark red to purple, 12–18 mm. Phenology: Flowering

sepals hooded or awned, margins white, scarious > 7 7 Sepal awns very stout, spinose, 1.5-4 mm; flowers densely woolly Cardionema 7 Sepals awnless or awns threadlike

often ± heterophyllous, not clonal; branching sympodial. Stems usually spinose, sometimes unarmed, spines simple and/or compound. Leaves usually persistent

Volume 4. Treatment on page 342. Mentioned on page 325, 326. Plants annual or short-lived perennial, erect to procumbent or diffuse. Leaves with Kranz-type anatomy

globose or cylindric, 7–30 × 7–10 mm; bracteoles slightly shorter than flowers. Flowers very short-pedicellate; tepals connate basally, white, oblong, dorsiventrally

usually broadly rounded to subcordate, sometimes obtuse, margins spinose-dentate to spinose-serrulate or entire, sometimes undulate, teeth sharp, callus-tipped

long-excurrent, sometimes percurrent in proximal leaves, awn hyaline, denticulate to spinose, guide cells present; alar cells usually distinct in quadrate groups or

than 3 times the shorter diameter. Pappus elements with “flatter” cross sections (i.e., longer diameter more than 3 times the shorter diameter) are called

103, 104, 106, 107, 122. Biennials or monocarpic perennials, acaulescent, short caulescent and forming low rounded mounds, or caulescent and erect, 0–200

white, becoming brownish, gray, or green, apex long-acuminate, spinose, spine acicular, short, 3–7 mm. Inflorescences racemose, occasionally paniculate proximally

[rarely scalelike]; stipules persistent, stiff [herbaceous], spinelike, apex spinose or spinulose; petiolules usually present; leaflets (1–) 3 [–7], inserted

Inflorescences to 30 cm; bracts membranous; bracteoles long-aristate, spinose; wings attached at sides and base. Flowers: tepals 4 or 5, length 3–7 mm;

Inflorescence bracts not ciliate; scales not spinose. Scirpus 41 Inflorescence bracts ciliate proximally; scales with spinose tip. Oxycaryum 42 Leaves with 2 lateral

becoming gray and shredded with age; apex spinose. Pollen cones 1–several at node, obovoid, 6–10 mm, on short, scaly peduncles; bracts in 8–12 whorls of

cells short to long-rectangular. Sexual condition paroicous. Seta 0.5–3 mm. Capsule neck short, obovate. Spores spinose or occasionally spinose-reticulate

Distal leaves ovate to very short-lanceolate, 0.7–1.3 mm, leaf base not differentiated in shape; distal laminal cells short-rectangular. Sexual condition

distally. Leaves usually connate proximally into short, scarious sheath; stipules filamentous to spinose, 0.4–1.5 mm; blade erect to ± recurved, 0.4–5.5

branched, mainly 3–15 dm; branchlets terete, becoming rigid and spinose. Leaves short petiolate to sessile; blade ovate-deltate to elliptic or spatulate

mixed quadrate, trapezoidal, short-rectangular, short to long-rhomboidal, 14–75 × 8–13 µm, proximal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, similar to median

Hampe Flora 20: 285. 1837,. Virginia S. Bryan Etymology: Greek ephemeros, of short duration Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 650. Mentioned

sometimes short-stipitate-glandular Symphyotrichum 54 Phyllaries subequal, herbaceous (without definite distal green zones, not foliaceous), short-stipitate-glandular

orientation","sepal shape","sepal width","short-shoot architecture or arrangement","short-shoot arrangement","short-shoot life cycle","stamen quantity","stone

flowering, alternate or opposite to subopposite, sometimes fascicled on short-shoots; blade not gland-dotted; pinnately veined, secondary-veins arching

papillose to spinose distally on adaxial surface; proximal leaf cells elongate, pitted, (25–) 43–62 (–93) × (2–) 6–8 (–12) µm; distal laminal cells short-rectangular

by root shoots; branching usually monopodial [or sympodial]. Stems not spinose. Buds 3–10-scaled (resinous or not, terminal buds present [or absent]).

slightly excurrent, 1/6–1/5 the width of the leaves at base, papillose to spinose above on numerous, low abaxial ridges, with a row of guide cells, two thick

often prorate-spinose in small patch near costal apex. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Perigonia ventral on main axes, on short stalk, spheric

Plants cespitose, forming small colonies, erect, acaulescent or rarely short-caulescent, 1–3 m; rosettes usually small, slowly dying after flowering.

base cordate to truncate, frequently lobed; margins entire to remotely spinose-ciliate, thickened by ribbed, cartilaginous band, often revolute and appearing

compact, forming conspicuous glomerules 10–20 mm wide. Flowers 5-merous, short-cylindric to ovoid, with enlarged hypanthium and calyx cylindric to tapering

pilose-sericeous abaxially. Inflorescences: heads white or pinkish, subglobose to short-cylindric, 10–12 mm diam.; bractlets crested along keels. Flowers: tube densely

abaxially, short-pubescent adaxially, varying to glabrous or glabrescent. Inflorescences 2–4 cm in flower, elongating to 21 cm in fruit; bracteoles spinose; basal

capsule base, and transversely elongate in distal rows. The columella is short-exserted. None. Splachnum ampullaceum, Splachnum luteum, Splachnum pensylvanicum

30-130 cm, erect; nodes 4-7, mostly exposed, usually glabrous, occasionally short-hairy. Leaves evenly distributed; sheaths glabrous; auricles minute or absent;

may be relatively long and form sericeous to strigillose induments. Very short, globose to clavate twin-hairs (lengths equaling or not much greater than

linear-lanceolate, 1.1–0.23 × 0.12–0.2 mm; margins serrate to strongly spinose; spines 40–60 µm, spreading or recurved to 45°; or more, sometimes 2-celled;

lanceolate, ovate, triangular, trullate, or rhombic, flattened, not jointed, not spinose, base truncate, cordate, hastate, or cuneate, margins entire, dentate, sinuate

Treatment on page 473. Mentioned on page 470. Vines; rhizomes tuberous, or spinose, linear. Stems perennial, climbing, branching, green, often mottled, terete

Volume 26. Treatment on page 473. Mentioned on page 470. Vines; rhizomes short. Stems perennial, climbing, branching, ± woody, glabrous, ± unarmed, to stunted

absent. Leaves deciduous or persistent, alternate, sometimes fascicled on short-shoots; blade not gland-dotted; pinnately veined (obscurely, appearing 1-veined)

diam., inconspicuously short stellate-pubescent or glabrate. Buds brown or reddish-brown, ovoid or globose, 1-1.5 mm, variously short stellate-pubescent,

362, 372, 382, 466. Perennials, 10–120 cm (rhizomes long and slender to short and thick, sometimes cormoid, often becoming woody). Stems ascending to erect

cuneate to obtuse, margins entire or spinose-serrate, sometimes undulate, teeth sharp, eglandular, apex usually acute to short-acuminate, sometimes obtuse-apiculate

mid leaf, erect to incurved in acumen, teeth in apex sharply, narrowly spinose, smooth; apex widespreading to squarrose when dry, broad, hyaline, acumen

(-25) × 6-15 (-20) mm, base cordate or angular-cordate, margins irregularly spinose-toothed or shallowly lobed, rarely entire, often somewhat revolute, secondary-veins

only in the distal portion of the leaf; laminal cells both mammillose and spinose (strongly mammillose-papillose) on both surfaces, distal leaf cells thin-walled

ones spatulate, 2–18 × 1–6 mm, herbaceous to leathery, apex mucronate to short-spine-tipped, moderately antrorsely pubescent. Inflorescences diffuse, flowers

tomentose, those near rim of cup often with short, stout, irregularly recurved and sometimes branched, spinose awns emerging from tubercle; nut light-brown

evergreen or subevergreen. Bark light-brown, papery. Twigs gray, 1-2 mm diam., short velvety-tomentose, glabrate with age. Buds dark redbrown, ca. 2 mm, sparsely

lateral and dorsal or ventral leaves, and the seta is variously papillose to spinose. Recent changes in the circumscription of Pilotrichaceae were outlined by

lobes ovate to broadly triangular, usually separated by broad sinuses, spinose-dentate or lobed, main spines 1.5–7 mm, slender to stout, abaxial faces

margins revolute from shoulders to high in acumen, denticulate in shoulders, spinose-dentate distally, teeth paired; apex long-subulate; costa excurrent, prominent

as well); pappi usually persistent, usually in 2 series (outer series of shorter, stouter bristles or narrow scales, inner of longer, usually barbellate

lanceolate, bases ± indurate, margins spinose, adaxial faces villous. Involucres campanulo-hemispheric, 9–12 mm, slightly shorter than pappi. Phyllaries 70–140

below middle, mostly equal to or shorter than anthers; pistil 14-25-locular, appendages at margin of stigmatic disk short-triangular, to 3 mm. Seeds nearly

smooth in R. sardous); margin low or high, broad or narrow ridge; beak much shorter than achene body. Worldwide except lowland tropics Species ca. 15 (8 in

Shrubs, evergreen, 1-4 m. Stems ± dimorphic, with elongate primary and short or somewhat elongate axillary shoots. Bark of 2d-year stems grayish or brownish

Shrubs, evergreen, 1-2 m. Stems ± dimorphic, with elongate primary and short or somewhat elongate axillary shoots. Bark of 2d-year stems purple, glabrous

presence","seed quantity","sepal life cycle","sepal quantity","short-shoot length or size","short-shoot presence","stamen height or length or size","stamen

scabrous, or if round and smooth then rigid or stout, glabrous and with short, spinose lateral branches; s Nevada and Washington County, Utah Eriogonum heermannii

2-pinnate; stem leaf medial laminal cells subquadrate to short-rectangular; costa surfaces with coarse, spinose teeth over proximal 1/2; laminal cells with abaxial

page 367, 377, 379. Plants 30–50 (–80) cm; in clumps, eglandular; rhizomes short, creeping, ± woody in age. Stems 1–5+, erect to ascending, simple, strict

often deeply cleft; blade linear, 10–30 × 0.4–1 mm, leathery, apex short-spinose, minutely hirtellous to puberulent. Cymes terminal, 3–10+-flowered, somewhat

mm, weakly sulcate when dry; operculum short-rostrate, to about 1 mm; annulus narrow, dehiscent; peristome short, to 300 µm, the teeth irregularly perforate

not to somewhat decurrent; margins serrulate to nearly entire basally, spinose-serrate to serrate in distal 2/3; apex acute to acuminate; costa single

2–4 cm, leathery, base rounded to obtuse, margins entire on adult leaves, spinose-dentate on leaves of seedlings and sprouts, apex usually rounded to obtuse

Amer. 2: 459. 1843. David J. Keil Common names: Drummond’s or dwarf or short-stemmed thistle Endemic Synonyms: Cirsium coccinatum Osterhout Treatment

linear-lanceolate, minutely stipitate-glandular, apex spinose, terminal 3–10 × 1 mm, laterals 2–9 × 1 mm, slightly shorter than but as wide as terminal, sometimes caducous

Both var. subspinosum and the subracemosum phase of var. argense have short, spinose lateral branches. None. None. "/2" is not declared as a valid unit of

glabrous to densely tomentose; branches 0–many, spreading to ascending, short, stout. Leaves: blades linear to oblanceolate or oblongelliptic, 10–40 ×

elliptic to oblong, 8–40 × 1–12 cm, margins weakly to strongly undulate, spinose-dentate or shallowly to deeply lobed, lobes ascending to spreading, ± triangular

coarsely 1–2-pinnatifid with rigidly divergent lobes, sometimes merely spinose-dentate, lobes triangular to lanceolate, entire to spiny-dentate, main spines

middle appressed, bodies entire, apices erect or spreading, muticous to short-spinose, spines ascending to spreading, weak, 1–2 mm; apices of inner all straight

usually noticeably shorter than corolla. 2n = 34, 36. Phenology: Flowering spring–summer (May–Aug). Habitat: Sandy or gravelly soils in short-grass prairie

page 367, 382. Plants 20–70 cm; solitary or clumped, eglandular; rhizomes short and stout or elongate and wiry, or caudices. Stems 1 (–3+), erect, simple

glabrous, generally longer than petiole, apex spinose, terminal 3–18 × 1–5 mm, laterals to 15 × 3 mm, shorter and narrower than terminal, one or both commonly

incrassate; costa filling 1/2–2/3 of leaf width, excurrent in a long, straight, spinose-dentate hyaline hairpoint, in transverse-section showing adaxial hyalocysts

gametophytic characteristics. Its sporophyte is relatively diminutive, with a very short seta and a small, barely inflated hypophysis. The leaves, like those of S

otherwise glabrous; mericarps 8–11, 3 mm, laterally reticulate, apex blunt to spinose, spines 0.2–1 mm. Generated Map Legacy Map Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss

1.8–6.5 mm, herbaceous, margins silvery, often scarious, apex acute to spinose; petals absent or rudimentary; nectaries not apparent; stamens 3–5, arising

3–5 mm, apex acuminate, spinose-tipped, densely villous, hairs barbed; stamens 5; pseudostaminodes triangular or subulate, shorter than filaments, margins

5–2 cm, often revolute, lobes ± triangular, closely spaced, spreading, spinose-dentate and cleft into 2–5 spine-tipped divisions, main spines 5–20 mm,

40–65 × 0.3–0.7 (–1.5) cm, rigid, margins entire, filiferous, white, apex spinose, spine acicular, 7 mm. Inflorescences paniculate, arising within or occasionally

paleae persistent, 5 (–7), ± spreading proximally (and enlarged) in fruit, shorter than or surpassing pistillate paleae; bodies lanceolate or spatulate (apices

apex acuminate, spinose-tipped, sparsely villous, hairs barbed; stamens 5; anthers 3–5, globose; pseudostaminodes triangular, shorter than filaments, margins

acuminate, without rigid, spinose tips, hairs not barbed; stamens 5; anthers 3–5, globose; pseudostaminodes ligulate, shorter than filaments, margins entire

surpassing pistillate; apices uncinate, terete, acuminate, cartilaginous, spinose. Staminate corollas actinomorphic, 1–1.5 mm, lobes (4–) 5 (–6), ± equal

slightly concave, 0.8–2 (–2.5) × 0.8–1.5 mm; margins serrulate basally, spinose-serrate distally; apex gradually narrowed; costa usually double, sometimes

margins thick or slightly revolute, slightly wavy, sharply dentate to spinose-dentate, teeth 3–9, apex acute or retuse, with an apical tooth, abaxial

purplish, adaxially green, nearly orbiculate, to ca. 3 × 3 dm, margins spinose-dentate; venation radiate and prominent centrally, without weblike pattern

bordered, doubly toothed from proximal 1/8 of leaf, often colored; costa spinose abaxially towards leaf apex; lamellae (4–) 5 (–6), low and strictly parallel

scabridulous over the veins, apices spinose. Racemes 13-20 cm, with 6-7 spikelets; lower internodes 3.5-7.2 cm; upper internodes shorter; pedicels 2-5 (12) mm. Spikelets

4–1.6 mm, apex straight, excurved mucronate or cuspidate; terminal scale spinose. Flowers: anthers 0.5–1 mm; styles 1.5–2 mm; stigmas 2 mm. Achenes dark-brown

ovatelanceolate, (4–) 4.4–4.9 (–5.4) × 1.3–1.5 mm; terminal scale not spinose, apex straight, excurved mucronate, or cuspidate. Flowers: anthers 0.7–1

carpophore 1–1.5 mm. Seeds brown, not winged, triangular-reniform, ca. 1 mm, spinose-papillate. 2n = 72. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Arctic tundra

than 0.5 mm. > 46 46 Ecostate or costae very short and double; laminal cells rhombic. Platydictya 46 Costae short and single; laminal cells rounded-elliptic