Blades are usually V- or M-shaped in cross section. The V-shaped leaves are keeled with a midvein prominent on the abaxial surface and M-shaped leaves have a
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E. Janchen 1942; I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1984; M. Koch et al. 1999; O. Appel and Al-Shehbaz 2003; Koch et al. 2003; M. A. Beilstein et al. 2006; Al-Shehbaz et
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pine pin rigide Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Trees to 31m; trunk to 0.9m diam., straight or crooked, commonly with adventitious sprouts; crown
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centuries were S. F. Blake, N. L. Britton, R. S. Ferris, M. L. Fernald, E. L. Greene, H. M. Hall, M. E. Jones, D. D. Keck, P. A. Rydberg, J. K. Small, and
275 KB (5,940 words) - 15:30, 15 December 2020
Xylorhiza Cassini J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 88: 195. 1819. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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this lineage (J. D. Ambrose 1975, 1980; M. Takahashi and S. Kawano 1989; R. W. Cruden 1991; P. Goldblatt 1995; M. N. Tamura 1995, 1998b; W. B. Zomlefer
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W. Chen, X. Chen, S.M. Phillips, C. Stapleton, R.J. Soreng, S.G. Aiken, N.N. Tzvelev [Tsvelev], P.M. Peterson, S.A. Renvoize, M.V. Olonova, and K.H. Ammann
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acrocarpous family, commonly found in harsh environments. Werner, O., R. M. Ros, M. J. Cano, and J. Guerra. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of Pottiaceae (Musci)
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teeth 9–31. > 14 14 Leaf blades 23–31(–45) mm, marginal teeth 13–31; capsule horns minute, intermediate ridges absent; coastal habitats, 30–200 m. Ceanothus
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not spread to the surrounding area (P. M. Brown 2002). Bletia patula Hooker is an apparent garden escape (P. M. Brown 2000). A single vegetative specimen
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Urospermum, Youngia Lamarck & de Candolle Syn. Pl. Fl. Gall., 255. 1806. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Synonyms: Undefined tribe Lactuceae Cassini
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Phylogenet. Evol. 31:517-541 Macfarlane, T.D. 1987. Poaceae subfamily Pooideae. Pp. 265-276 in T.R. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell and M.E. Barkworth
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serpens Patricia M. Eckel Amblystegiaceae Anacamptodon splachnoides Patricia M. Eckel Amblystegiaceae Calliergonella cuspidata Patricia M. Eckel Amblystegiaceae
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scars; estuarine habitats. Talipariti 31 Fruits 5-angled, sections dehiscent; foliage scabrid; styles 5-fid. Kosteletzkya 31 Fruits not angled, indehiscent;
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primary root of the seedling grows. Barber, J.C., S.A. Aliscioni, L.M. Giussani, J.D. Noll, M.R. Duvall, and E.A. Kellogg. 2002. Combined analyses of three independent
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Vascular Plants. 14+ vols. Berlin etc. Vol. 7, pp. 50–56. Ghebrehiwet, M., B. Bremer, and M. Thulin. 2000. Phylogeny of the tribe Antirrhineae (Scrophulariaceae)
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A. Cronquist 1981) have considered them petals; we follow L. Petrusson and M. Thulin (1996) in considering these structures to be staminodes that replace
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Verbesina, Wedelia, Wyethia, Zinnia Lessing Linnaea 6: 153. 1831. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Synonyms: Undefined (tribe Undefined)
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T. M. 1978. Senecio. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Ser. 2, part 10, pp. 50–139. Barkley, T. M., B
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(Dumortier) Nasarow in V. L. Komarov et al. in V. L. Komarov et al., Fl. URSS 5: 31. 1936. George W. Argus Basionym: Salix sect. Chamaetia Dumortier Bijdr. Natuurk
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usually yellow > 31 30 Perianths white to ochroleucous or rose > 32 31 Scapes and involucres glandular; w Montana Eriogonum crosbyae 31 Scapes and involucres
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States National Museum in Washington, D.C. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 31–64, 119–160. Bassett, I. J. and C. W. Crompton. 1982. The genus Chenopodium
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Guide. Denver. Raup, H. M. 1943. The willows of the Hudson Bay Region and the Labrador Peninsula. Sargentia 4: 81–135. Raup, H. M. 1959. The willows of boreal
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the view that Cyperaceae and Poaceae are not closely related (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b; G. M. Plunkett et al. 1995); they do support the concept of close
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See Hitchcock for more information on the published varieties. Species 31 (31 in the flora). None. Sidalcea asprella, Sidalcea calycosa, Sidalcea campestris
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wootonii Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 866. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 373. 1754. Theodore M. Barkley† Common names: Groundsel ragwort butterweed Etymology: reputedly from
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proximally and becoming ladder-fibrillose, membranous; blades V-shaped or M-shaped in cross-section when young, glabrous, sometimes papillose. Inflorescences
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these studies in the literature (H. Lewis and M. E. Lewis 1955; V. S. Ford and L. D. Gottlieb 2003; V. M. Eckhart et al 2004). None. Clarkia sect. Biortis
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deserts to epiphytic mesophytes in rain forest, from sea level to about 4500 m (the altiplano of South American Andes), and from the equator to about 56º
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120° from it; in most other pleurocarps the first branch leaf is lateral. M. S. Ignatov and S. Huttunen (2002) divided the family into four subfamilies
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16 and 20, respectively; C. turnerorum keys out in part at couplets 18 and 31. None. Crataegus (sect. Coccineae) ser. Aestivales, Crataegus (sect. Coccineae)
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poisonings of humans, domestic pets, and livestock (J. M. Kingsbury 1964; S. D. Mancini and J. M. Edwards 1979). Kalmia also is reportedly toxic, perhaps
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Island, D. stellatus Kellogg, a member of sect. Diplacus (M. C. Tulig and G. L. Nesom 2012). D. M. Thompson (2005) treated D. stellatus as a synonym of his
28 KB (1,133 words) - 19:01, 29 July 2020
Tripleurospermum Cassini J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 88: 192. 1819. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears in FNA Volume
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origins of holoparasitism in Orobanchaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 100: 971–983. Park, J. M. et al. 2008. A plastid phylogeny of the non-photosynthetic parasitic Orobanche
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evidence provides strong support for separate recognition of Hesperoyucca (M. A. Hanson 1993; D. J. Bogler 1994; D. J. Bogler and B. B. Simpson 1995, 1996;
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D., G. Davidse, F. Gould, M. Lazarides, and T.R. Soderstrom. 1994. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, vol. 8 (ed. M.D. Dassanayake). Amerind Publishing
31 KB (2,561 words) - 04:21, 30 July 2020
appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 30. Mentioned on page 10, 14, 31, 118. Plants acrocarpous. Stems erect to ascending, simple to sparsely branched
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Shrubs 1.5–4 m, stems erect; inflorescences usually paniclelike, sometimes racemelike, (3–)5–15 cm. Ceanothus leucodermis 4 Shrubs 0.5–1.5 m, stems erect
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Majesty's Stationery Office, London, England. 389 pp. Columbus, J.T., M.S. Kinney, R. Pant and M.E. Siqueiros Delgado. 1998. Cladistic parsimonv analysis of internal
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Achlyopitheca (G. L. Nesom 2012g), sect. Erythranthe (P. M. Beardsley et al. 2003), sect. Mimulosma (M. L. Carlson 2002; J. B. Whittall et al. 2006; Nesom 2012h)
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1989. Theodore M. Barkley†, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother Basionym: Undefined tribe Plucheinae Cassini ex Dumortier Anal. Fam. Pl., 31. 1829 (as Plucheae)
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species have a number of 2n = 14. See reviews in Jie C. et al. (2004) and M. I. S. Saggoo and D. K. Srivastava (2009). Infrageneric classification of Pedicularis
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318. 1840. Lowell E. Urbatsch, Loran C. Anderson, Roland P. Roberts, Kurt M. Neubig Common names: Goldenbush Etymology: Generic name Erica and Greek meros
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in M. tolmiei); stipules absent; petiole present (absent in M. bryophora, M. tolmiei; ± absent in M. foliolosa, M. stellaris; appearing absent in M. tempestiva);
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swarms are observed in some regions, complicating identification (M. Ownbey 1959; J. M. Egger 1994), particularly among coastal populations from southeastern
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species of ser. Ovatae herein recognized, the studies by D. M. Hines (1975), B. M. H. Larson and P. M. Catling (1996), and A. Haines (2001) indicate that they
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morphology, cytology and DNA fingerprinting. Aliso 20:21-36 Saarela, J.M., P.M. Peterson, and J. Cayouette. 2005. Bromus hallii (Poaceae), a new combination
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supported by molecular data (A. E. Senters and D. E. Soltis 2003; L. M. Schultheis and M. J. Donoghue 2004). Subgenus Grossularia (Miller) Persoon appears
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munitum, Polystichum scopulinum, Polystichum setigerum Roth Tent. Fl. Germ. 3: 31, 69. 1799. David H. Wagner Etymology: Greek poly, many, and stichos, row,
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the flora). Johnson, D. M. 1986b. Trophopods in North American species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae). Syst. Bot. 11: 26--31. Kato, M. 1977. Classification of
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sometimes absent; sporangial capsules glabrous or occasionally hairy. x = 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. Nearly worldwide In the broadest sense, Thelypteris is
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(Poaceae): Evidence from rbcL sequence data. Syst. Bot. 20:423-435 Barkworth, M.E. and K.M. Capels. 2000. The Poaceae in North America: A geographic perspective
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Great Wass Island in the Gulf of Maine (C. A. Luer 1975; P. M. Catling and Z. Lucas 1987; L. M. Eastman 1988). Catling and Lucas found that plants corresponding
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petals 5 or rarely absent, white, rarely pink (M. biflora) or lilac (M. marcescens), clawed (M. glabra, M. groenlandica) or not, blade apex entire, emarginate
25 KB (1,236 words) - 10:19, 30 July 2020
United States and Canada. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65:1088-1132 Guissani, L.M., J.H. Cota-Sanchez, F.O. Zuloaga, and E.A. Kellogg. 2001. A molecular phylogeny
26 KB (1,343 words) - 04:00, 30 July 2020
the floret. Arriaga, M.O. and M.E. Barkworth. 2006. Amelichloa: A new genus in the Stipeae (Poaceae). Sida 22:145-149 Barkworth, M.E. 1981. Foliar epidermes
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Engler and K. Prantl in H. G. A. Engler and K. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 31[III,1b]: 24. 1889. Richard W. Spellenberg Basionym: Undefined sect. Oxybaphus L’Heritier
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page 38. Mentioned on page 23, 24, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 57, 61. Shrubs or trees, 1–25 m, usually not clonal, or clonal by stem fragmentation
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Sporobolus vaginiflorus, Sporobolus virginicus, Sporobolus wrightii R. Br. Paul M. Peterson, Stephan L. Hatch, Alan S. Weakley Treatment appears in FNA Volume
22 KB (1,094 words) - 04:32, 30 July 2020
Illustrator ⠉ Pohlia annotina Patricia M. Eckel Pohlia atropurpurea Patricia M. Eckel Pohlia beringiensis Patricia M. Eckel ... further results
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Beccabunga (Hill) M. M. Martínez Ortega, Albach & M. A. Fischer (species 11–17, type V. beccabunga), subg. Pellidosperma (E. B. J. Lehman) M. M. Martínez Ortega
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puberula 17 Stems solitary or, if multiple, from ground-level caudices. > 31 31 5 outermost stamens not petaloid, with anthers, filaments linear to narrowly
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Acetosa, Acetosella, and Bucephalophora (see e.g., Á. Löve 1983; Löve and B. M. Kapoor 1967; N. N. Tzvelev 1987b, 1989b). These taxa probably represent distinct
41 KB (1,085 words) - 10:05, 30 July 2020
Cortés-Palomec and H. E. Ballard 2006; T. M. Culley 2000, 2002; G. Davidse 1976; L. Freitas and M. Sazima 2003; C. M. Herrera 1990; A. Mayers and E. Lord 1983
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and molecular (T. Eriksson et al. 1998, 2003; C. Dobeš and J. Paule 2010; M. H. Töpel et al. 2011) interpretations has justified the segregation of P.
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rhizomatous shrubs, 0.2-2(-3)m, rarely small trees. Quercus boyntonii 17 Forest trees with single straight trunks to 25m, not rhizomatous. Quercus similis
27 KB (606 words) - 08:45, 30 July 2020
and P. M. Taschereau. 1983. The Genus Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) in Canada. Ottawa. [Agricu. Canada Monogr. 31.] Bassett, C. W. Crompton, and P. M. Taschereau
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7. Treatment on page 44. Mentioned on page 24, 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 49. Shrubs or trees, 1–15 m. Stems: branches somewhat to highly brittle at base or flexible
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Ocean Islands, Pacific Islands, in Europe, w, s Asia, Australia Species 82 (31 in the flora). Ludwigia is a pansubtropical genus currently divided into 22
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Show Lower Taxa Isoëtes Reichenbach W. Carl Taylor, Neil T. Luebke, Donald M. Britton, R. James Hickey, Daniel F. Brunton Common names: Quillwort Family
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substrate or not. Roots diffuse or taproots (adventitious from offsets in M. thornberi and M. prolifera). Stems unsegmented, green to gray-green, sometimes purplish
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and D. M. Henderson 1984; D. M. Henderson 1976). There is some indication, however, that true hybrids may exist (D. B. Ward 1959; D. S. Correll and M. C.
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multiporate. Nearly worldwide Species ca. 85 (30 in the flora). Rogers, C. M. 1982. The systematics of Linum sect. Linopsis (Linaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol.
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Britton Prelim. Cat., 52. 1888. Douglas H. Goldman, Lawrence K. Magrath, Paul M. Catling Illustrated Basionym: Limodorum tuberosum Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 950
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(Scrophulariaceae) and its taxonomic significance. Syst. Bot. 4: 281–296. Canne, J. M. and C. M. Kampny. 1991. Taxonomic significance of leaf and stem anatomy of Agalinis
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south of Canada reflect mostly local occurrences at high elevations (1000–3700 m) in the mountains. The ranges for many of the species are probably more extensive
19 KB (579 words) - 15:29, 15 December 2020
vaginatum, Paspalum virgatum, Paspalum virletii, Paspalum wrightii L. Charles M. Allen, David W. Hall Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page
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568 pp. Dube, M. 1983. Addition de Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill. (Poaceae) a la flore du Canada. Naturaliste Canad. 110:213-215 Dube, M, P. Morisset and
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lanceolata varietySacoila lanceolata var. lanceolata Paul Martin Brown, Paul M. Catling Common names: Leafless beaked orchid Illustrated Synonyms: Neottia
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particularly fluid taxonomically, and some recent molecular classifications (M. F. Fay and M. W. Chase 2000) include Nomocharis in Lilium. Of the closest relatives
37 KB (2,628 words) - 05:42, 30 July 2020
Opuntia phaeacantha group in Texas. Bot. Gaz. 140: 199–207. Parfitt, B. D. and M. A. Baker. 1993. Opuntia. In: J. C. Hickman, ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual. Higher
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or as ornamental or fodder plants (J. D. Sauer 1967; D. M. Brenner 1990; J. T. Williams and D. M. Brenner 1995; S. Cheatham et al. 1995). The most commonly
32 KB (1,366 words) - 09:41, 30 July 2020
7], dwarf raspberries or plumboys (subg. Cylactis, species 2, 16, 26, 29, 31), raspberries (subg. Idaeobatus, species 11, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 24, 28, 33)
35 KB (2,155 words) - 15:31, 15 December 2020
’t Hart (1998), ’t Hart et al. (1999), S. Mayuzumi and H. Ohba (2004), and M. E. Mort et al. (2001) have formed the basis for recognizing segregate genera
21 KB (778 words) - 13:02, 30 July 2020
appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 30. Mentioned on page 4, 5, 29, 31, 37. Herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, sometimes with woody base. Taproots
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pteridophytorum genera in taxonomicum ordinem redigendi. Webbia 31: 313--512. Tryon, R. M. and A. F. Tryon. 1982. Ferns and Allied Plants, with Special Reference
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Canada and adjacent New York State. Canad. J. Bot. 73:333-348 Guissani, L.M., J.H. Cota-Sanchez, E.O. Zuloaga, and E.A. Kellogg. 2001. A molecular phylogeny
26 KB (1,480 words) - 04:05, 30 July 2020
Bassett, I. J. 1973. The Plantains of Canada. Ottawa. Kuiper, P. J. C. and M. Bos, eds. 1992. Plantago: A Multidisciplinary Study. Berlin. Rahn, K. 1974
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mottled with dark green to purple-green spots apically, 31–59 cm; blade light green, glaucous, 8–31 × (2.6–) 4–11 cm, smaller on average and less variable
6 KB (492 words) - 01:01, 30 July 2020
genera, 66 species in the flora with 64 natives and 2 naturalized). Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America. 1.Conifers. Washington.
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most diverse in dry tropical and warm-temperate regions Species ca. 1250 (31 in the flora). Croton species are the main larval food of the leafwing butterfly
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P.M. and C.R. Annable. 1991. Systematics of the annual species of Muhlenbergia (Poaceae-Eragrostideae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 31:1-109 Peterson, P.M. 2000
42 KB (1,621 words) - 04:38, 30 July 2020
a more well-resolved phylogeny of the genus is needed. Clements, R. K., J. M. Baskin, and C. C. Baskin. 1998. The comparative biology of the two closely-related
36 KB (1,140 words) - 19:13, 29 July 2020
Treatment appears in FNA Volume 4. Treatment on page 32. Mentioned on page 31. Illustrator: Bee F. Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs
4 KB (421 words) - 09:31, 30 July 2020
gypsophiloides M. Martens &G aleotti Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10(1): 358. 1843 Synonyms: Boerhavia gypsophiloides (M. Martens & Galeotti) J. M. Coulter
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(Caryophyllaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 206: 411–420. Oxelman, B., M. Lidén, R. K. Rabeler, and M. Popp. 2000. A revised generic classification of the tribe Sileneae
36 KB (1,364 words) - 10:24, 30 July 2020
page 93. Mentioned on page 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 94. Shrubs, evergreen, 0.3–3.5 m. Stems erect, ascending, arcuate, or prostrate, not rooting at nodes; branchlets
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 51. Mentioned on page 29, 31. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association
7 KB (663 words) - 14:28, 30 July 2020
Tripleurospermum inodorum, Tripleurospermum maritimum Schultz-Bipontinus Tanaceteen, 31. 1844. Luc Brouillet Common names: Mayweed Etymology: Greek tri- , three-
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