Phyllaries may be herbaceous or chartaceous to scarious and are often medially herbaceous with chartaceous to scarious borders and/or apices. The phyllaries “proper”
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often yellowish, whitish, or purplish, orbiculate to lance-linear, subequal, often ± petaloid, margins usually notably membranous or scarious). Receptacles
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herbaceous to chartaceous with margins and/or apices sometimes notably scarious, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct or connate, subequal (usually linear
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sessile, stipulate; stipules ovate or deltate to lanceolate or bristlelike, scarious; blade subulate or subtriangular to linear and threadlike or spatulate
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to equal, medially herbaceous to membranous or scarious, margins and/or apices usually notably scarious. Receptacles usually flat to convex, sometimes
25 KB (1,822 words) - 20:30, 29 July 2020
(paleae usually falling, oblong to linear, herbaceous to chartaceous or scarious, usually conduplicate). Ray-florets usually (1–) 3–40+, sometimes 0, usually
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5–13+ in 2–3+ series, subequal, usually membranous or scarious-margined (often yellowish, whitish, or purplish). Receptacles flat or convex, epaleate (except
9 KB (558 words) - 23:45, 29 July 2020
usually in 3–5+ series, distinct, unequal, and wholly scarious or with margins and/or apices notably scarious, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct, subequal, and
23 KB (1,089 words) - 20:43, 29 July 2020
distinct, unequal, and herbaceous to chartaceous or scarious or margins and/or apices notably scarious, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct, subequal, and
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chartaceous (e.g., Lepidospartum), margins and/or apices notably to barely scarious. Receptacles usually flat to convex, sometimes conic, epaleate (sometimes
23 KB (1,021 words) - 21:10, 29 July 2020
linear, unequal to subequal, outer mostly herbaceous, inner membranous to scarious (sometimes indurate in fruit, accrescent and ultimately ovate to elliptic
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margins and/or apices seldom notably scarious. Receptacles flat to convex, epaleate [paleate]. Ray-florets 0 (whitish corollas of peripheral pistillate florets
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distinct or connate, herbaceous, contrasting with distinct, more membranous to scarious, inner ones, each of the inner often enveloping its subtended ray ovary
8 KB (555 words) - 23:33, 29 July 2020
triangular to lance-oblong or linear, usually shorter than tube, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to obtuse; petals 5, white, pink, scarlet, dusky purple
36 KB (1,364 words) - 10:24, 30 July 2020
herbaceous or scarious, often 2-lobed or 3-lobed or toothed). Ray-florets 0, or (3–) 6–21, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow or whitish or pinkish [purplish]
10 KB (606 words) - 23:21, 29 July 2020
Phyllaries persistent, 2–20+ in 4–7 series, distinct, (usually green to whitish green, rarely stramineous) ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins and apices
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turning whitish when dry; calluses rounded, glabrous; lemmas thick, herbaceous to membranous, 7 (9) -veined, veins parallel, margins scarious, apices scarious
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indurate, elliptic to linear-lanceolate, unequal, margins prominently whitish-scarious, faces strigose to glabrate. Receptacles flat or slightly convex, smooth
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stipitate-glandular. Leaves basal or cauline; alternate; petiolate; blades (whitish proximally, green or grayish distally) 1-nerved or 3-nerved (nerves raised
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farina lacking. > 10 9 Blades glabrous or sparsely hirsute-pubescent or with whitish farina on abaxial surface, not conspicuously pubescent or scaly. > 11 10
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depressed-elliptic laminae, unequal, stiff, leathery, bases indurate, margins sometimes scarious, (apices herbaceous or achlorophyllous) faces hispid to hispidulous, villous
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outer, more scarious, similar to paleae). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae obovate to oblanceolate or spatulate, herbaceous to scarious). Ray-florets
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red or purple), 1-nerved, ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins usually scarious, often erose or ciliate, sometimes keeled (midribs evident or not, apices
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usually 1–8+, rarely 0; corollas whitish (inconspicuous), ± tubular. Functionally staminate florets 3–20+; corollas whitish to pinkish, funnelform, lobes
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subequal to equal, margins (seldom prickly) and/or apices sometimes notably scarious (phyllaries sometimes enfold and fall with subtended florets or cypselae
30 KB (805 words) - 20:06, 29 July 2020
8–14 in 2–3 series (erect in flowering, reflexed in fruit, purplish, or whitish, linear to oblanceolate, subequal or unequal, herbaceous to membranous)
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sometimes scarious, apices obtuse to acute. Receptacles flat to convex, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 6–50+; corollas yellow, bluish, or whitish. Cypselae
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or connate, narrowly oblong to linear (1–5-nerved), subequal, margins ± scarious (apices not black). Receptacles flat to convex, foveolate, epaleate. Ray-florets
13 KB (1,178 words) - 21:26, 29 July 2020
membranous, margins (of distinct apices) scarious. Receptacles flat to convex, paleate; paleae falling, (whitish with redbrown striae, each ± appressed to
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subequal, margins entire, toothed, or glandular-toothed, herbaceous or scarious. Flowers pedicellate or sessile, persistent or disarticulate in fruit;
13 KB (537 words) - 09:45, 30 July 2020
distinct (margins ± interlocking), lanceolate to linear, equal, margins ± scarious (tips green or with minute dark spots). Receptacles flat to convex, ± foveolate
9 KB (611 words) - 21:21, 29 July 2020
lanceolate, oblong, or obovate, usually unequal, sometimes ± equal (margins scarious, hyaline, apices rounded to acute or acuminate sometimes mucronate, faces
17 KB (791 words) - 22:42, 29 July 2020
relatively narrow, unequal (proximally papery or membranous; distally ± scarious, often black, brown, castaneous, cream, gray, green, olivaceous, pink,
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Etymology: Greek hymen, membrane, and thrix, hair, possibly alluding to scarious-aristate pappus scales Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on
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or denticulate to pectinate, sometimes spiny) and apices seldom notably scarious (apices often spinose or ± expanded into distinct, often fimbriate-fringed
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dark-brown to gray, flaky to fibrous when older; twigs, mostly ascending, whitish tan to purplish, mostly 1–4 cm), usually hairy, often stipitate-glandular
8 KB (580 words) - 21:44, 29 July 2020
186. Mentioned on page 5. Shrubs, 30–60 cm (rounded). Stems erect (bark whitish), intricately branched, becoming leafless and spinescent, branchlets glabrous
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keeled), ovate to lanceolate, unequal, bases white-indurate, margins narrowly scarious, abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely hispidulous or hirtellous. Receptacles
13 KB (837 words) - 21:29, 29 July 2020
to linear-lanceolate, usually strongly unequal (usually stiff), margins scarious (sometimes distally reddish purple), sparsely to densely strigose (hairs
25 KB (1,511 words) - 21:54, 29 July 2020
many in several series, bases appressed, margins scarious, apices obtuse, inner with oblong, scarious appendages, these entire or spiny. Receptacles flat
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± pinnate and unbranched. False indusia appearing inframarginal, scarious, whitish, broad, partly concealing sporangia. Sporangia in marginal, discrete
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6–0.9 mm; auricles scarious, lobes 0.5 mm; plants of c United States Juncus brachyphyllus 15 Anthers 1.2–1.5 mm; auricles scarious to membranous, 0.2–0
9 KB (421 words) - 00:51, 30 July 2020
inner narrower, more scarious). Receptacles conic to hemispheric, paleate (paleae oblong to lanceolate, membranous to scarious, plane to cucullate). Ray-florets
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outer, more scarious, similar to paleae). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae obovate to oblanceolate or spatulate, herbaceous to scarious). Ray-florets
7 KB (541 words) - 23:45, 29 July 2020
Phyllaries 8–21+ in ± 2 series (reflexed in fruit), linear, equal, margins often scarious, apices acute (often thickened or bearing keel-like flaps near tips). Receptacles
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lengths, mostly oblong or ovate to lance-oblong, chartaceous to membranous or scarious (usually striate with brownish nerves, margins usually hyaline). Receptacles
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pliable, leafy), persistently canescent to glabrescent. Leaves deciduous, whitish gray or green to dark gray-green; blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate
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blackish) subulate or linear to lanceolate or elliptic, equal, margins scarious, apices acute, faces glabrous, tomentulose, hispid, or coarsely setose
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unequal, margins scarious, apices obtuse to acute. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 30–100+; corollas whitish to yellow or purplish
7 KB (428 words) - 20:18, 29 July 2020
(bases keeled, margins yellowish, often scarious), apices acute, abaxial faces often densely, blackish or whitish tomentose or setose, sometimes glabrous
7 KB (576 words) - 20:07, 29 July 2020
sheaths open, sometimes inflated, especially on bracts, margins clear to scarious, not auriculate; blades flat to keeled, linear, apex obtuse to rounded
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more herbaceous, the inner often scarious). Receptacles convex to conic, paleate (paleae ± persistent, lance-linear, scarious, weakly conduplicate, often apically
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0. Pistillate florets 5; corollas whitish, tubular, or 0. Functionally staminate florets 5–10 (–20+); corollas whitish, funnelform, lobes 5, erect (filaments
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(spreading in age), distinct, lance-linear to linear, equal, margins ± scarious (abaxial faces ± hirsute). Receptacles flat or convex, smooth or ± foveolate
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5 herbaceous, inner 0 or scarious to membranous. Receptacles convex, epaleate. Pistillate florets 0 or 3–5; corollas whitish, tubular, or 0. Functionally
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distinct, lanceolate or lance-linear to linear (± navicular), equal, margins ± scarious. Receptacles flat, alveolate (margins of sockets raggedly toothed), epaleate
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disc-florets, outer herbaceous, inner scarious). Ray-florets (2–) 3–5 (–8), pistillate, fertile; corollas whitish (nerved with purple abaxially). Disc-florets
7 KB (561 words) - 23:37, 29 July 2020
ovate, subequal, margins and apices (usually colorless, sometimes brownish) scarious. Receptacles flat to hemispheric or conic, epaleate. Ray-florets 0 (peripheral
8 KB (553 words) - 20:52, 29 July 2020
greenish, lanceolate to awl-shaped, 1.5–4 mm, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to blunt or obtuse; petals absent; nectariferous disc at
9 KB (568 words) - 10:22, 30 July 2020
unequal, bases indurate to herbaceous, apices herbaceous, margins sometimes scarious, faces glabrous or moderately to densely hairy, sometimes stipitate-glandular
13 KB (947 words) - 22:25, 29 July 2020
to elliptic or ovate, often keeled, 1–2.5 mm, herbaceous, margins white, scarious, apex acute, ± hooded, ± awned; petals often fugacious, 5, white, blade
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erect, distinct, oblanceolate or lanceolate to lance-linear, equal, margins scarious (apices cucullate, faces glabrous). Receptacles flat (sometimes with central
6 KB (411 words) - 21:26, 29 July 2020
Cataphylls 1–3. Leaves basal, 1–2 (–3); auricles whitish or purplish tinged, 0.2–0.4 (–0.6) mm, scarious; blade flat, 5–15 cm × 0.5–1.1 mm, margins entire
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North America Association Inflorescences 4–13 cm; bracts 5–11 × 2–8 mm, scarious at maturity. Flowers: sepals 1.5–10 × 0.5–4 mm; corolla 5–10 mm, lobes
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lanceolate to linear, unequal, herbaceous to ± cartilaginous, margins scarious, apices (slightly spreading to nearly squarrose) some or all bearing a
7 KB (499 words) - 20:57, 29 July 2020
Mentioned on page 188. Shrubs, 10–120 cm; with woody, branched caudices, bark whitish tan, becoming gray, flaky and fibrous with age. Stems ascending, green,
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(margins interlocking), lance-linear to lanceolate or oblong, equal, margins ± scarious (abaxial faces usually arachnose, floccose, lanate, tomentose, or villous
12 KB (779 words) - 21:23, 29 July 2020
keeled), lanceolate to deltate, unequal, pliable to rigid, margins narrowly scarious, dark green zone restricted to narrow bands along midnerves, apices rounded
10 KB (712 words) - 21:58, 29 July 2020
Seeds (0–) 5–3000+, yellowish, reddish, brown, black, or appearing tan or whitish (dark testa completely covered by pale, tough, glabrous or rarely pubescent
40 KB (1,967 words) - 15:27, 15 December 2020
chartaceous to membranous proximally, membranous or foliaceous distally, margins scarious proximally, faces glabrous or hairy, sometimes stipitate-glandular or gland-dotted
16 KB (980 words) - 21:51, 29 July 2020
and discs or subtending ± all disc-florets, distinct, phyllary-like, more scarious). Ray-florets 0 or 3–27, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, cream, white
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subequal, margins and apices (pale to dark-brown or black) narrowly to widely scarious (abaxial faces glabrous). Receptacles convex to conic (± solid), epaleate
10 KB (898 words) - 20:53, 29 July 2020
8–30 cm; taproots stout, caudices woody. Stems erect (green, becoming whitish tan with age), simple, glabrous or scabridulous, often resin-coated. Leaves
9 KB (701 words) - 21:44, 29 July 2020
1–2 series (obovate to oblanceolate, subequal, thin-herbaceous, margins scarious, sometimes purplish). Receptacles concave to convex, knobby or smooth (sometimes
7 KB (567 words) - 00:02, 30 July 2020
forms, many-flowered. Flowers bisexual; tepals 3–5, distinct, membranous or scarious, usually glabrous; filaments connate basally into cups; anthers 4-locular;
6 KB (285 words) - 09:40, 30 July 2020
branches decumbent, bark tan to gray, flaky with age. Stems green, becoming whitish tan, ± ridged from leaf-bases, densely puberulent. Leaves erect or closely
6 KB (568 words) - 21:46, 29 July 2020
lanceolate, spatulate, or ovate, 0.4–4.5 mm, margins translucent to white, scarious or papery, apex defined by a usually prominent adaxial hood, ascending
21 KB (1,113 words) - 10:32, 30 July 2020
umbellate, terminal, bracteate; bracts several, white or greenish white, scarious. Flowers: perianth subrotate, narrowly oblong; tepals 6, spreading, mostly
7 KB (403 words) - 06:02, 30 July 2020
scaly, spineless; scales 1–20 (–34 in some E. johnsonii), broad, margins scarious, axils naked (or minutely hairy in E. johnsonii); stigma lobes red, brown
11 KB (859 words) - 09:22, 30 July 2020
oblong, unequal (herbaceous to scarious, becoming indurate). Receptacles flat, epaleate. Florets 8–14; corollas whitish, throats narrowly cylindric (lengths
6 KB (413 words) - 22:51, 29 July 2020
Phyllaries persistent, 10–12+ in 2+ series, distinct, outer 5 herbaceous, inner scarious to membranous. Receptacles hemispheric; paleae spatulate to linear, membranous
6 KB (486 words) - 23:30, 29 July 2020
persistent, 10–15+ in 2–3 series, distinct, outer 5–7 herbaceous, inner scarious to membranous (± villous). Receptacles convex; paleae spatulate to cuneiform
6 KB (487 words) - 23:27, 29 July 2020
Leaves mostly basal; sheaths compressed-keeled, closed, glabrous, margins scarious; ligules 1-3.5 mm, membranous, lanceolate; blades 1-12 cm long, 0.7-2 mm
6 KB (708 words) - 04:45, 30 July 2020
Pistillate scales brown, with green or whitish, 3-veined midrib. Staminate scales brown, ovate-elliptic, margins scarious, apex obtuse or apiculate. Anthers
6 KB (608 words) - 02:18, 30 July 2020
Pedicels erect. Flowers: sepals connate proximally into tube, 9–17 cm, tube whitish green, 5-veined, cylindric to ovoid, 5-angled or winged, especially in fruit
8 KB (467 words) - 10:22, 30 July 2020
1 series, lance-linear to linear, subequal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets
7 KB (474 words) - 20:17, 29 July 2020
(apices rounded, obtuse, or acute); inner linear to narrowly oblong, margins scarious, fimbriate (apices acute to acuminate, sometimes reflexed), faces sometimes
11 KB (846 words) - 21:45, 29 July 2020
spirally arranged, green, sometimes whitish veined, glabrous; sheath inflated, enclosing stem, 5–12 mm, scarious; petiole distinct, 3–8 mm; blade lanceolate
11 KB (811 words) - 05:20, 30 July 2020
unequal, margins and apices (usually light to dark-brown, sometimes purple) scarious (abaxial faces glabrous or ± arachnose, glabrescent). Receptacles convex
6 KB (481 words) - 20:44, 29 July 2020
constricted at bases of appendages), midnerves usually inconspicuous, (margins scarious, entire or minutely lacerate) apices acute to acuminate or cuspidate, abaxial
7 KB (601 words) - 22:16, 29 July 2020
glabrous; cauline leaves conspicuously connate basally, forming shallow, scarious cup, blade linear, fleshy, apex apiculate, glabrous; proximal blades 6–15
7 KB (617 words) - 10:22, 30 July 2020
serrate to serrulate or denticulate, rarely entire, abaxial faces densely whitish-tomentose [puberulent or glabrescent], adaxial (green) glabrous or glabrescent
8 KB (503 words) - 20:42, 29 July 2020
obovate, 1.2–2.8 mm (excluding awns), indurate, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex spinose, prominently hooded, awned, hoods projecting inward and
8 KB (521 words) - 10:52, 30 July 2020
pale green, 3.2 dm × 1.5 cm, margins scarious basally, apex acute, proximal 2 semi sheathing, blade 5 cm, scarious; cauline 1–2, sheathing branch and stem
8 KB (784 words) - 06:06, 30 July 2020
subequal to unequal (reflexed in fruit), margins usually little, if at all, scarious, apices obtuse to acute or acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous
26 KB (1,108 words) - 20:14, 29 July 2020
glaucous, white-spotted, triangular-ovate to lanceolate, glabrous, margins whitish, spiny-toothed, teeth ca. 5 mm apart. Inflorescences racemose, maroon to
5 KB (355 words) - 06:10, 30 July 2020
convex), narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, unequal to equal, margins scarious or not, faces hairy or glabrous, sometimes glandular. Receptacles flat
97 KB (2,063 words) - 21:58, 29 July 2020
spreading to ascending or erect. Flowers: calyx lobes: entire or erose, ± scarious, glabrous or sparsely glandular or glandular-pubescent; corolla red, scarlet
12 KB (662 words) - 19:10, 29 July 2020
herbaceous [sometimes fleshy], margins and/or apices sometimes notably scarious (at least inner; sometimes prickly-ciliate). Receptacles flat to conic
10 KB (639 words) - 20:03, 29 July 2020
keels sometimes pronounced in fruit) margins green to yellowish, often scarious, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous, tomentose, or setose
18 KB (964 words) - 20:06, 29 July 2020