Stems usually 1, usually erect, (terete or 4-angled, often striate or sulcate) branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves usually cauline; usually opposite
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lanceoloid or terete, 5–20 × 3–5 mm; scales pale to dark redbrown, midribs usually stramineous, smooth; proximal 1 or 2 scales often resembling involucral-bracts
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glabrous or sparsely stipitate-glandular to densely hirsute; pappi usually stramineous, rarely tawny, bristles barbellate to ± subplumose. 2n = 38, 57, 76
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linear to linear-lanceolate, glabrous to loosely cobwebby, inner usually stramineous (sometimes purplish), margins with minute spreading or reflexed hairs
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often present) and/or cauline; mostly opposite (usually 1–10 pairs, distalmost sometimes alternate and usually smaller); petiolate or sessile; blades mostly
16 KB (834 words) - 23:57, 29 July 2020
large, occasionally quite small, in loose to moderately dense mats, usually pale stramineous, occasionally light green, very rarely deep green. Stems to 10
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cuneate, margins usually entire, usually plane, slightly undulate, or crispate, rarely undulate-erose, apex acute, obtuse, or emarginate, usually mucronulate
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to ovatelanceolate, 4–9.2 × 2–4 mm (equal); petals (abaxial pair) usually stramineous to yellowish green, rarely pale-purple, (adaxial pair) purple, (slightly
8 KB (879 words) - 11:59, 30 July 2020
3-18 mm wide, linear, spreading. Panicles 13-50 cm long, 7-24 cm wide, usually more than 1/2 as long as the plants, included at the base or exserted at
8 KB (1,228 words) - 04:06, 30 July 2020
cymiform, or paniculiform arrays. Calyculi usually of 3–8 (–21+) bractlets or bracts (usually ± herbaceous, usually shorter than phyllaries and/or reflexed
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in the sheaths in some species; branch axes flattened, usually narrowly to broadly winged, usually terminating in a spikelet, sometimes extending beyond
22 KB (1,167 words) - 04:18, 30 July 2020
stamens 1–3; styles linear, 2–3-fid, base (tubercle) usually persistent, usually enlarged, usually different in appearance from achene. Achenes biconvex
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species with erect capsules usually straight. Seta redbrown, usually dark redbrown with age, rarely cherry red or orangish, usually long (5–20 times capsule
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perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 3–350 cm (usually, rarely not, aromatic). Stems 1–10+, usually erect, usually branched, glabrous or hairy (hairs basi or
14 KB (1,396 words) - 20:45, 29 July 2020
constitute an involucre, usually number 5–21(–50+), usually are unequal (outermost usually shorter than the inner), and usually are arranged ± imbricately
275 KB (5,940 words) - 15:30, 15 December 2020
(apices usually acute, sometimes apiculate or spinulose), faces glabrous or hairy, sometimes gland-dotted, often resinous. Heads discoid (usually short-pedunculate)
12 KB (864 words) - 21:46, 29 July 2020
hairy (usually arachnose to tomentose, often glabrescent). Heads (sometimes nodding) usually radiate or discoid (rarely quasi-disciform), usually in corymbiform
30 KB (1,295 words) - 21:10, 29 July 2020
proximally stramineous (to reddish), distally stramineous or green with a tooth usually present on some or all culms. Culms with their spikelets usually fruiting
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sometimes woody, branched; stolons produced in some taxa). Stems usually 1, usually erect, usually branched distally, sometimes throughout, sometimes scapiform
26 KB (1,108 words) - 20:14, 29 July 2020
strongly reflexed, usually lanceolate, sometimes ovate to triangular; petals 5, usually white, sometimes pink to rose-veined or cream, usually narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic
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disintegrating, closely sheathing, thinly membranous to sometimes papery, apex usually acute to acuminate. Spikelets terete or laterally compressed in some species
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Stems 1–15 (usually from basal rosettes), usually erect, sometimes ± prostrate, usually branched (scapiform in M. californica), usually glabrous (sometimes
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persistent or readily falling, usually of outer setae or scales (0.1–0.4 mm), sometimes connate, plus 5–40 (–50), stramineous, barbellate bristles, sometimes
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triangular; style-branch appendages triangular. Cypselae (stramineous) obconic, compressed, usually smooth or shallowly 1–10-ribbed, sometimes 2–10-ridged
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Seeds 1.8–2.6 mm, including tails; stamens usually 6. > 3 2 Seeds 0.7–1.9 mm, including tails; stamens usually 3. > 4 3 Stems and leaves scabrous; auricles
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in 3–5 series, 1-nerved (usually raised; keeled proximally), lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, usually strongly unequal (usually stiff), margins scarious
25 KB (1,511 words) - 21:54, 29 July 2020
leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally red (to stramineous), distally green to stramineous, usually inflated, often callose, membranous to papery, apex
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apices spreading to erect, usually spine-tipped, innermost usually with erect, flat, often twisted, entire or dentate, usually spineless apices (distal portion
60 KB (2,205 words) - 13:43, 10 February 2021
trees, or vines. Leaves usually cauline, sometimes mostly basal or basal and cauline; usually alternate [opposite]; usually petiolate (rarely peltate)
23 KB (1,021 words) - 21:10, 29 July 2020
linear (bases usually clasping), margins usually serrate to dentate, sometimes entire, crenate, or pinnatifid (especially proximal), faces usually glabrous
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anatropous or campylotropous, bitegmic, usually crassinucellate, rarely tenuinucellate. Fruits usually capsular, usually 2-valved ((3 or) 4 (–6) in Rorippa
107 KB (3,718 words) - 12:07, 30 July 2020
faces usually strigose to strigillose, sometimes glabrate, glabrous, glandular-puberulent, piloso-strigose, pilose, or villous. Receptacles usually flat
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appressed to the branch axes, elliptic to obovate to ovate to orbicular, stramineous or brown. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous
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Eleocharis sect. Parvulae), terminating rhizomes or among culm bases. Culms usually spongy with incomplete transverse septa, seldom hollow with complete transverse
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tufted or openly rhizomatous. Stems 1–20+, ± erect, green, reddish, or stramineous. Leaves marcescent or winter-persistent, primarily basal, cauline 0–4
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splitting, proximally red (to stramineous), distally red or stramineous or green, not callose, membranous, apex usually pale-red, broadly obtuse to narrowly
12 KB (1,208 words) - 01:22, 30 July 2020
(sap usually milky). Leaves basal and/or cauline; alternate (proximal opposite in Shinnersoseris) [opposite]; petiolate or sessile; margins usually dentate
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or throughout, usually glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular (mostly distally). Leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline; basal usually petiolate (petioles
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or filiform. Utricles included in tepals, stramineous, ovoid or oblong, somewhat compressed, membranous, usually indehiscent. Seeds 1, lenticular, subglobose
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leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally red or stramineous, distally green, membranous, apex usually reddish, subtruncate to obtuse, not callose, tooth
8 KB (656 words) - 01:26, 30 July 2020
vines), perennial, deciduous or evergreen, usually autotrophic, sometimes mycotrophic (subfam. Monotropoideae), usually chlorophyllous and autotrophic, sometimes
33 KB (1,383 words) - 13:10, 30 July 2020
3. Shrubs or trees, rarely subshrubs, dioecious. Stems usually single, wood dense. Leaves usually persistent, cauline, alternate, imparipinnately compound;
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than more distal cells, walls usually moderately incrassate, region opaque or pellucid across base. Branch leaves usually smaller and narrower; apex more
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in G. wrightii; hairs white, usually arising primarily from between ribs, appearing to occur in longitudinal lines, usually obscuring faces, apices acute
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erect to spreading (tomentose to pannose or glabrous, often spiny). Leaves (usually with fascicles of secondary leaves in axils of the primary; primaries sometimes
10 KB (537 words) - 21:25, 29 July 2020
perennial; usually rhizomatous, often cespitose, sometimes mat-forming, rarely stoloniferous. Culms 2-300 cm, erect, geniculate, or decumbent, usually herbaceous
42 KB (1,621 words) - 04:38, 30 July 2020
1–3+ series; corollas usually present, usually yellow, sometimes white, ochroleucous, or reddish to cyanic. Disc (inner) florets usually bisexual and fertile
79 KB (1,886 words) - 20:55, 29 July 2020
leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally dark red, distally red to stramineous or green, often callose, thinly papery (to membranous), apex dark redbrown
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markedly expanded, apices obtuse to acuminate, usually stiffly, often markedly bristle-tipped, faces usually hairy, often stipitate-glandular. Receptacles:
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distally, usually as in bracts, contrasting with bracts in a few species, radially or bilaterally symmetric, tubular, lobed distally in usually diagnostic
79 KB (2,746 words) - 18:50, 29 July 2020
commonly entirely stramineous, apex rounded to subacute. Flowers: perianth bristles 6, stramineous, fairly stout to slender, usually equaling achene to
7 KB (780 words) - 01:30, 30 July 2020
distal usually sessile; blades oblong, elliptic, or ovate to lanceolate or linear, margins entire or dentate to pinnately lobed (faces usually glabrous
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abaxial sinus usually ± deeper than others). Cypselae (dark redbrown or stramineous) outer often arcuate, shorter, inner more columnar, usually some or all
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3; anthers dark yellow to stramineous, 1.5–2.2 mm; styles 2-fid, very rarely some 3-fid. Achenes not persistent, stramineous or dark-brown, biconvex, angles
16 KB (1,681 words) - 02:17, 30 July 2020
groups); staminate usually of 10–20+ (usually ± clavate, sometimes capillary, barbellate to barbellulate) bristles; pistillate usually of 12–20+ (capillary
38 KB (2,648 words) - 20:30, 29 July 2020
sometimes red-tipped, usually actinomorphic, lobes usually (4–) 5, usually ± deltate, rarely lanceovate to lanceolate; anther bases usually ± tailed [not tailed]
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annulus usually absent; operculum hemispheric to bluntly conic; peristome single; exostome teeth 16, at first ± coherent in 4’s, later in 2’s, usually reflexed
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papery, apex usually redbrown, often callose, subtruncate to obtuse, tooth usually present on some or all culms, to 0.9 mm. Spikelets usually ovoid or ellipsoid
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tapered, 5–10-ribbed (ribs usually muricate, prickly, or scaly), faces usually glabrous, sometimes scaley or muricate; pappi (usually borne on discs at tips
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15–30, 6 per mm of rachilla, orangebrown or often stramineous or colorless, midrib region stramineous or greenish, ovatelanceolate, (2.2–) 2.7–3.2 × 1.5
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glabrous or ± tomentose or villous, often unevenly glabrescent). Stems usually 1, usually erect. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile;
9 KB (611 words) - 21:21, 29 July 2020
not, smooth, glabrous. Culms terete. Leaves all basal; sheaths green to stramineous, sometimes reddish proximally; ligules absent; blades rudimentary to exceeding
6 KB (368 words) - 01:32, 30 July 2020
absent, stramineous to whitish, slender to stout, often unequal, rudimentary to slightly exceeding tubercle; stamens 3; anthers yellow to stramineous, 1.1–2
9 KB (749 words) - 01:25, 30 July 2020
proximally bulbous. Leaves: distal leaf-sheaths stramineous to brown or reddish proximally, green to stramineous distally, subtruncate to obtuse, membranous
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Leaf-blades serrate or dentate, entire or rarely pinnatifid, teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucres depressed-hemispheric
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persistent, not splitting, proximally red, distally green to stramineous, papery, apex usually redbrown, broadly obtuse to subtruncate, callose, tooth absent
12 KB (1,007 words) - 01:27, 30 July 2020
narrowly campanulate, 7–15 mm. Phyllaries 22–26 in 4–6 series, green to stramineous, sometimes purple-tinged, 3–7-striate, unequal, margins scarious (often
8 KB (566 words) - 22:49, 29 July 2020
tomentose, or subpannose. Heads disciform, usually in glomerules borne in continuous or interrupted, usually spiciform, sometimes paniculiform, arrays (reduced
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than achene; stamens 3; anthers stramineous, 0.9–1.5 mm; styles 2-fid. Achenes not persistent, yellow maturing to stramineous, biconvex, angles obscure, obovoid
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sessile; blades (usually 1-nerved, sometimes obscurely 3-nerved or 5-nerved) elliptic, linear, oblanceolate, obovate, or ovate (usually coriaceous or succulent)
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5–400 cm; taproots. Stems usually 1, thinly to densely gray or white-tomentose, sometimes ± glabrate; branches few–many, usually from above mid or near base
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narrow glutinous ridge, apices usually stiffly ascending to spreading, linear-acicular, tapering to spines 7–35 mm; outer usually pinnately spiny, sometimes
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smooth or obscurely papillose or rugulose at 20X. Tubercles stramineous, pyramidal, trigonous, usually acute, proximally trilobed, the lobes decurrent on achene
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Mentioned on page 270, 315, 317. Perennials, 7–75 cm; taprooted (taproots usually not collected, often weakly developed), roots and caudices woody, branches
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branches 2–15 cm, or leafy stems arising directly from roots; single plants usually bowl-shaped, with up to a 65 cm lateral spread. Stems erect or ascending
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[lanceolate to ovate]), ultimate margins entire, faces usually glabrous, rarely hairy [pilose]. Heads usually radiate, sometimes discoid, in open, corymbiform
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5-ribbed or 10-ribbed, glabrous or hairy; pappi persistent, usually of 40–60, white or stramineous, barbellulate bristles (in 1–2 series), sometimes 0 in ray-florets
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Annuals or perennials, 5–80 cm (usually fibrous-rooted, sometimes rhizomatous, usually stoloniferous). Stems usually 1, erect. Leaves basal and cauline
7 KB (481 words) - 20:37, 29 July 2020
ascending or spreading; twigs hairy, lepidote. Leaves persistent; blade usually oblong to elliptic, rarely obovate, coriaceous, margins entire or denticulate-crenulate
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to 2-pinnatifid proximally, mid serrate, distal ± entire, teeth or lobes usually with apiculate callosities or cilia, not bristle-tipped. Heads radiate.
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papery-fibrous scales). Leaves: distal leaf-sheaths stramineous to brown or reddish proximally, green to stramineous or brown distally, membranous to papery, apex
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Phyllaries 11–29 in 3–5 series, 1-nerved (flat), linear to ovate, bases often stramineous or pale, margins chartaceous or weakly cartilaginous, not scarious (apices
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spikes usually with 1–3 (–5) staminate and (7–) 9–13 (–16) pistillate flowers, 6.8–13 × 3.8–8.1 mm. Pistillate scales with colorless or stramineous margins
8 KB (702 words) - 01:53, 30 July 2020
(fugaceous) and not evident, proximally green or stramineous, brown, reddish, or purple, distally stramineous to green or colorless, papery to membranous,
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(–5), light-brown to stramineous, stout, usually unequal, rudimentary to equaling achene; stamens 3; anthers dark yellow to stramineous, 1.2–2 mm; styles
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brown, stout, slightly to usually greatly exceeding tubercle; stamens usually 3; anthers brown to yellow, 0.3–0.6 mm; styles usually 3-fid and 2-fid in same
8 KB (871 words) - 01:30, 30 July 2020
not at all, gland-dotted. Heads usually in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays, rarely borne singly. Involucres usually campanulate to obconic, sometimes
8 KB (732 words) - 15:30, 15 December 2020
nodes. Culms 20-210 cm, stout, not woody; nodes puberulent; internodes usually with papillose-based hairs, sometimes nearly glabrous, not succulent. Leaves
9 KB (1,274 words) - 04:05, 30 July 2020
divergently branched from the lower and middle nodes, usually succulent, slightly compressed, glabrous; nodes usually swollen, sometimes constricted on robust plants
11 KB (1,351 words) - 04:07, 30 July 2020
ligules 1.5-3.5 mm, of hairs; blades 3-30 cm long, 3-30 mm wide, flat, usually hirsute or sparsely pubescent, hairs papillose-based, sometimes glabrous
9 KB (1,188 words) - 04:06, 30 July 2020
enlarged. Spikelets 1.7-3.3 (3.5) mm, silvery-green to stramineous or purplish; rachillas usually not prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret, sometimes
8 KB (933 words) - 03:27, 30 July 2020
spikelike. Spikelets pedicellate or sessile, 2.5-10 mm, laterally compressed, stramineous to brown at maturity, with 3 florets, lowest 2 florets staminate or reduced
14 KB (1,372 words) - 02:40, 30 July 2020
of hairs; upper lemmas usually more or less rigid and chartaceous-indurate, usually shiny, glabrous or (rarely) pubescent, usually smooth, sometimes verrucose
26 KB (1,480 words) - 04:05, 30 July 2020
to fibers, 5–10 mm, papery, finely to coarsely fibrous. Culms terete or usually with 4 or 5 (–6) angles, often sulcate; 5–90 cm × 0.2–0.5 (–0.8) mm, firm
14 KB (1,270 words) - 01:27, 30 July 2020
Annuals (sometimes persisting, usually monocarpic) [perennials], mostly 20–100 cm (taprooted; often glaucous). Stems usually 1, erect or lax (branched throughout
9 KB (629 words) - 21:21, 29 July 2020
villous, glabrate. Leaves sessile; blade rhombic-ovate, oval, or obovate, usually longer than broad, 0.5–2.5 × 0.3–1.5 cm, apex rounded, apiculate, sparsely
6 KB (366 words) - 09:42, 30 July 2020
Mentioned on page 30, 485, 488. Annuals, 10–30 (–80+) cm. Stems usually 1, erect to ascending, usually branched distally, glabrous. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate;
7 KB (498 words) - 20:54, 29 July 2020
glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent. Leaves usually all basal; petiolate (petioles narrowly attenuate, usually scurfy-puberulent, especially proximally);
9 KB (632 words) - 20:25, 29 July 2020
485, 487. Subshrubs or shrubs, 10–80+ [–150] cm. Stems usually 1, procumbent to erect, usually branched, glabrous [hairy]. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate;
8 KB (533 words) - 20:53, 29 July 2020
bristles sometimes present. Achenes lemon yellow, stramineous, or yellow-green, finely rugulose and usually finely cancellate at 10–20X, with 8–12 (often obscure)
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