in the flora). In the key and descriptions that follow, for species with mostly prostrate stems, the side of the stem toward the ground is called the lower
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cauline (gradually or abruptly reduced distally); alternate; petiolate (mostly basal) or sessile; blades pinnately nerved, elliptic, lanceolate, linear
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sometimes stipitate-glandular, rarely eglandular, often resinous. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate; sessile; blades 1-nerved, linear to oblanceolate or
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perennials, mostly 20–120 cm. Stems often decumbent (rooting at proximal nodes), sparsely to densely branched. Leaves cauline; all or mostly opposite; petiolate;
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257, 295, 296, 298, 300, 302, 304. Annuals, 5–250 cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly cauline (at flowering) proximal opposite (often in rosettes), distal alternate;
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page 178. Mentioned on page 176. Perennials, mostly 30–120 cm. Stems erect. Leaves basal and/or cauline; mostly opposite; petiolate, subpetiolate, or sessile
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hemispheric or broader, 6–20 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, mostly 8–16 in 2–3 series (mostly ovate to lanceolate, subequal to unequal, bases pallid, with
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256, 277, 280, 291. Annuals, 10–120 cm. Stems ± erect to prostrate. Leaves mostly cauline (at flowering); proximal opposite (often in winter–spring rosettes)
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Stems ± erect. Leaves mostly cauline; proximal opposite (forming winter–spring rosettes, sometimes present at flowering), mostly alternate; sessile; blades
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cupulate, campanulate, salverform, or funnelform; stamens (2–) 3–5, with 4 mostly connate in pairs, appearing as only (1–) 3 stamens; anthers connate or distinct
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erect, seldom branched (usually white in age). Leaves mostly cauline (proximal scalelike); mostly alternate, sometimes opposite; sessile or nearly so; blades
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30–80 [–250+] cm. Leaves mostly cauline [basal]; mostly alternate (proximal sometimes opposite); petiolate; blades deltate to cordate [ovate to lanceolate]
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opposite; usually sessile; blades mostly linear to elliptic, oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate, margins usually setose-ciliate (mostly near bases), faces glabrous
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sometimes conspicuously ribbed; sepals persistent, 4–8, valvate, usually deltate, sometimes subulate in Lythrum, alternating with segments of epicalyx or
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bracts not appressed, variable, from scalelike and awl-like to leaflike and deltate, lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate (at least at base), 3–10 mm, apex acute
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clambering-straggling. Leaves alternate, petiolate; blade mostly lanceolate, ovate, or deltate. Inflorescences terminal and often axillary spikes or panicles
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shrubs, 4–120 (–150) cm. Stems usually ± erect, rarely decumbent. Leaves mostly cauline (annuals forming winter–spring rosettes, usually withering by flowering);
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than throats, lobes 5, erect or spreading, deltate (lengths 2–2.5+ times widths); style-branch appendages deltate. Cypselae oblong to elliptic or obovate
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“forked”). Leaves cauline; opposite; petiolate or ± sessile; blades mostly elliptic to deltate, rhombic, or ovate, sometimes lyrate, ultimate margins entire
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erect. Leaves mostly cauline (at flowering); proximal opposite (forming winter–spring rosettes, usually withering before flowering), mostly alternate; sessile;
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or strigose. Leaves basal and cauline (mostly cauline at flowering); alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear
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segments shorter to or up to 2 times longer than sepals; sepals 6, narrowly deltate to subulate, obtuse and thickened in L. tribracteatum; petals caducous,
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whitish to pale-yellow, tubular-filiform, lobes 4–5, deltate, erect. Disc-florets (3–) 10–20 (–50+), mostly bisexual and fertile, inner sometimes functionally
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terete, often grooved proximally and winged distally. Blade oblong-linear to deltate, simple and entire or deeply pinnatifid, not pectinate, with fewer than
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branched. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate or opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades usually 3-nerved (from at or near bases), deltate, deltate-ovate, lanceolate
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Leaves: largest blades deltate to ± ovate [broadly elliptic], (2–) 3–4-pinnately lobed, not glanddotted. Heads discoid (mostly 3–20+ per stem). Peduncles
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220. Perennials, 5–30 cm (often ± succulent). Leaves mostly cauline; opposite; sessile; blades mostly linear, margins entire, faces glabrous. Heads radiate
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± petiolate; blades elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, rounded-deltate, or suborbiculate, 6–25 × 1–6 cm, bases ± tapered or truncate to cordate
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spreading, branched from bases or throughout. Leaves mostly cauline; all or mostly opposite or all or mostly alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades usually
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in G. glaciale), erect to erect-spreading, reflexed or not, deltate, deltate-ovate, or deltate-lanceolate; petals 5 (–9 in G. glaciale), white to yellow
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Annuals, 5–120 cm (mostly self-incompatible). Stems erect to spreading (unbranched or branched). Leaves basal and cauline (at least basal mostly withering before
13 KB (911 words) - 23:39, 29 July 2020
Stems decumbent or erect, branched from bases or throughout. Leaves mostly cauline; mostly alternate (proximal opposite); petiolate or sessile; blades either
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rock. Stems ± compact, short-creeping, ascending at tip, branched; scales mostly dark-brown, often with very narrow margin of lighter color, lanceolate,
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in spring, dying the following spring, present during winter, deltate, 2–4-pinnate, mostly 5–25 cm wide when mature, herbaceous or leathery. Leaf primordia
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stoloniferous. Leaves mostly basal or mostly cauline at flowering; sessile or petiolate, petioles ± winged (often clasping at bases); blades mostly elliptic, ovate
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stellate). Leaves basal and/or cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly obovate to spatulate, usually 1–3-pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire
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2–6 mm, rhizome internodes mostly 2–10 mm) 1–10+, stramineous to reddish-brown, glabrous or hairy. Leaf-blades ovate to deltate-lanceolate, 6–12 (–15) ×
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glabrous or hairy (sometimes hispid to setose). Leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline (at flowering); sessile or petiolate; blades orbiculate, ovate,
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distally finely, loosely tomentose, sometimes stipitate-glandular. Leaves mostly basal (persistent rosettes), cauline reduced; alternate; sessile; blades
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subshrubs, or shrubs [perennials], mostly 10–80 (–200) cm. Stems erect, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves cauline; mostly opposite (distal sometimes alternate);
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rarely 3, all usually ca. equal size or adaxial slightly longer, mostly triangular to deltate, rarely reduced and barely evident; petals 5, corolla deciduous
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slender, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves: stipules falling early. Leaf-blade deltate to ovate to oblong-lanceolate, base oblique or cuneate to rounded, margins
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vascular-bundles more than 3, arranged in an arc, ± round in cross-section. Blade deltate-ovate to lanceolate, 1–3-pinnate-pinnatifid, gradually reduced distally
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not viviparous, [0.2–] 2.5 [–6] dm, glabrous [pubescent]. Stems erect, mostly branching, succulent; floral stems annual, from leaf-axil, overtopping rosette
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than or about equaling the funnelform to campanulate throats, lobes 5, deltate; anther thecae pale; stigmatic papillae in 2 lines. Cypselae cylindric to
7 KB (473 words) - 23:35, 29 July 2020
scales, narrowly deltate at very base, grading into hairs distally. Blade highly variable and typically irregularly shaped, narrowly deltate to lanceolate
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branched from bases or throughout. Leaves cauline; mostly alternate (1–4 proximal pairs opposite); blades mostly 1-pinnately lobed (lobes usually 3–11, bristle-tipped)
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3–11 × 0.8–3 (–5) mm. Involucral gland appendages absent or lanceolate-deltate, entire, crenate, or deeply cleft, 0–1 × 0–0.9 mm. 2n = 52. Phenology: Flowering
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3–7, terminal: petiolule 0.5–4 mm, blade oval, suborbiculate, obovate, or deltate, 6–18 × 4–13 mm, abaxial surfaces usually pubescent or tomentulose, rarely
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subsessile; blades ± 3-nerved, usually ± deltate to orbiculate, sometimes ovate, 15–50 (–70) × 15–40 (–60) mm (lengths mostly 1–2 times widths), bases broadly
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± throughout). Leaves (sometimes ± fleshy) basal and cauline; alternate; mostly sessile; blades pinnately nerved, linear (or pinnately divided into 2–15
7 KB (438 words) - 21:26, 29 July 2020
broader, 5–13 [–20] mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, mostly 21–35+ in 3–5 series, distinct, deltate to lanceolate, oblong, or elliptic, unequal, margins
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Leaves mostly cauline; opposite (proximal) and/or alternate (distal); petiolate or ± sessile; blades often 3-nerved (from at or near bases), deltate, deltate-ovate
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usually 1, erect to ascending, usually branched distally, glabrous. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades obovate to oblong (bases
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glabrous, hirsute, or puberulent. Leaves mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 1–7 cm; blades deltate-ovate, lanceovate, or ovate, 2.5–14 × 1.8–13
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Mentioned on page 415, 416. Perennials, mostly 5–8+ cm. Stems erect, branched mostly from bases. Leaves mostly basal; alternate; obscurely petiolate; blades
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linear to oblong, 4–10 mm; apex mostly notched. Veins free, not conspicuous. Sori mostly 1 per segment, 1–3 mm. Spores mostly abortive, some viable. 2n = 144
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spreading, branched ± throughout. Leaves cauline; all or mostly opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly ternately lobed (blades or lobes lanceolate to lance-linear)
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sometimes glabrescent or glabrous. Stems erect or spreading. Leaves mostly opposite; blades mostly pinnately lobed, 6–28+ mm overall, lobes 3–11 linear to filiform
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Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Treatment on page 198. Plants perennial, mostly terrestrial, rarely epiphytic, generally in mesic, forested habitats. Stems
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or mostly cauline; opposite; petiolate (petioles often ± winged, often with connate-perfoliate basal appendages); blades (pinnately nerved) deltate or
7 KB (541 words) - 23:45, 29 July 2020
cauline; mostly alternate (distal sometimes opposite); petiolate (proximal) or sessile; blades mostly lanceolate, oblanceolate, or ovate, bases mostly cuneate
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Annuals, mostly 5–25 cm. Stems erect to spreading, branched from bases. Leaves mostly basal; subopposite or alternate; petiolate; blades ± deltate to elliptic
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singly. Calyculi 0. Involucres cylindric to urceolate, mostly 3–8+ mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, mostly 13 or 21 in (1–) 2 series, erect, distinct, ± linear
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usually branched, glabrous or ± strigillose to villous (hairs mostly basifixed). Leaves usually mostly cauline [basal]; alternate [opposite]; petiolate or sessile;
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linear to oblong, elliptic or rhombic, to lanceolate, ovate, triangular, deltate, round, or reniform, lobed or unlobed, base attenuate or cuneate to truncate
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or white, tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, erect, short-deltate; style-branch appendages linear-lanceolate. Cypselae (light tan to purplish
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Leaves clustered or scattered, erect to arching, ovate to lanceolate to deltate, 0.4–3 m. Petiole glabrous to pubescent, usually without prickles, often
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spreading, branched. Leaves mostly cauline; mostly opposite, distal sometimes alternate; petiolate; blades (3-nerved) usually deltate-hastate basally, sometimes
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(prostrate in L. chrysanthemoides and L. platyglossa of coastal bluffs). Leaves mostly cauline; proximal opposite, most alternate; sessile; blades ovate, lanceolate
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branched. Leaves cauline; opposite (proximal) or alternate (mostly); sessile; blades mostly linear, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire,
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spongy, margin united only at base; seeds mostly less than 2.5 mm wide, usually distinctly dimorphic, mostly small and glossy black, but also some larger
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elliptic, lanceolate, linear, lyrate, oblanceolate, obovate, ovate, rounded-deltate, spatulate, sometimes (1–) 2-pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or
10 KB (645 words) - 23:10, 29 July 2020
usually 1, erect or ascending, branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite; petiolate or sessile; blades usually 1–3-pinnately lobed
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throats, or stout, much shorter than narrowly cylindric throats, lobes 5, deltate to lanceolate (often unequal). Cypselae cylindric to fusiform, hirtellous
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gland-dotted), throats ± campanulate, lobes (2–) 5, deltate (without resin sacs). Cypselae mostly columnar to obovoid or fusiform, outer sometimes 3-angled
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puberulent, or villous to strigoso-sericeous (hairs basifixed). Leaves mostly cauline (at flowering); alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades oblong,
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Arachniodes 18 Stems long-creeping; blades deltate to pentagonal, proximal pinnae by far the largest; petioles mostly 1/3-3 times length of blades. > 19 18
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Subshrubs or shrubs, 5–40+ cm (fleshy). Stems mostly erect, branched from bases. Leaves cauline, mostly alternate (proximal opposite); sessile; blades
6 KB (438 words) - 23:36, 29 July 2020
10–20+ cm across). Stems mostly subterranean (caudices relatively thick, branched; aerial stems essentially peduncles). Leaves mostly basal; alternate; petiolate;
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elongate, elevated; sepals deciduous, 3 (-4), nearly distinct, triangular to deltate-ovate, valvate in bud; petals in 2 unequal whorls, each of 3-4 equal members
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base narrowed. Pinnae oblong to lanceolate to falcate, proximal pinnae ± deltate, rarely overlapping, in 1 plane, 0.5–3 cm, base truncate to oblique, acroscopic
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1–5+. Calyculi 0 or of 1–5+ usually lance-deltate to linear, sometimes foliaceous, bractlets (lengths mostly 1/5–1/2 phyllaries). Phyllaries (± 8) ± 13
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reduced distally, usually linear to lanceolate, oblong, or obovate, rarely deltate, with 1 [or 2] ± conspicuous submarginal vein [s], margins entire, serrulate
30 KB (1,654 words) - 21:01, 7 June 2022
254, 255, 259, 263, 294. Annuals, 8–100 (–150) cm. Stems ± erect. Leaves mostly cauline; proximal opposite, most alternate; ± sessile; blades narrowly elliptic
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simple or branched, glabrous or strigillose to villous [piloso-hispid] (hairs mostly basifixed). Leaves basal or basal and cauline; alternate; sessile or petiolate
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acute, or apiculate; veins anastomosing, main areoles to 15 × 4mm, but mostly less than 5 × 3 mm. Sporophores 1 per leaf, simple, stalked, borne from
9 KB (450 words) - 00:29, 30 July 2020
single or loosely clustered, erect. Leaves basal and cauline (sometimes mostly basal, distal usually smaller, bractlike); alternate; petiolate (petioles
7 KB (473 words) - 21:23, 29 July 2020
funnelform throats, lobes 5, erect, triangular; style-branch appendages deltate. Cypselae dimorphic (brownish); ray ± triquetrous, margins arrowly winged
9 KB (535 words) - 22:17, 29 July 2020
spreading, threadlike, densely glandular, scabrous to shaggy-hairy). Leaves mostly cauline; alternate; sessile; blades linear, margins entire, faces hispidulous
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filiform, pliable (blades mostly not lobed in var. wrightii). Peduncles 30–80 mm, glabrous or hirtellous. Calyculi of 3–8 deltate to subulate bractlets, lengths
6 KB (600 words) - 23:34, 29 July 2020
yellow, tubes shorter than campanulate throats, lobes 5, ± deltate (anthers black, appendages deltate, obtuse; styles not branched). Cypselae obcompressed or
7 KB (580 words) - 23:04, 29 July 2020
taprooted; usually aromatic). Stems 1 (–4+, clustered), usually erect, branched mostly distally, glabrous or sparsely to densely lanate (hairs usually basifixed)
10 KB (752 words) - 20:44, 29 July 2020
Mentioned on page 186. Annuals or perennials. Leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline, opposite; blades simple or ± pinnately or pedately lobed (with
8 KB (577 words) - 23:24, 29 July 2020
sheath, often sessile; blade 1-veined, linear or lanceolate to ovate or deltate, succulent (S. crassifolia [gemmae], S. fontinalis, S. humifusa, and S.
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Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate flowers in same cyme; bracts deltate to linear. Staminate flowers: tepals 4; stamens 4; pistillode conic. Pistillate
7 KB (277 words) - 08:22, 30 July 2020
erect (glabrous or arachnose and glabrescent [tomentose to lanate]). Leaves mostly cauline (at flowering); alternate; petiolate; blades pinnati-palmately [pinnately
8 KB (563 words) - 21:24, 29 July 2020
usually 1, procumbent to erect, usually branched, glabrous [hairy]. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades ± obovate [oblong to lanceolate
8 KB (533 words) - 20:53, 29 July 2020
Subshrubs or shrubs [annuals, perennials], 10–50 (–100) [–250] cm. Stems mostly erect, branched from bases and/or throughout. Leaves cauline; opposite;
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branched. Leaves cauline; mostly alternate (proximal 2–6 sometimes opposite); petiolate; blades lanceolate, linear, ovate, rounded-deltate, or suborbiculate,
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