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and cauline, alternate or sometimes opposite, rarely whorled, simple or variously compound; stipules present or absent; petioles usually present, often proximally

sori then variously shaped (round, oblong, or elongate); receptacle not or only slightly elevated, with or without indusium, indusium variously linear, falcate

lengthwise into pleats or furrows) ^ - or tent-shaped (reduplicate, splitting along abaxial ridges) or V-shaped (induplicate, splitting along adaxial ridges);

(-6). Fruits: maturation annual or biennial; cup variously shaped (saucer to cup or bowl to goblet-shaped), without indication of valves, covering base of

between enclosing bracteoles. Bracteoles variously shaped, margin entire or toothed, faces smooth or variously tuberculate. Seeds horizontal or more typically

stigmas 2. Fruiting bracteoles enlarged in fruit, of various shapes and variously connate or not, thickened, and appendaged; pericarp free, tightly enclosed

usually alternate, petiolate or sessile; blade variously shaped, margin entire, hastately lobed, or variously dentate. Staminate flowers in axillary glomerules

proximally, lacking spines; vascular-bundles 1–several, roundish or crescent-shaped in cross-section. Blades 1–6-pinnate, without laminar buds. Indument on

rhizomelike. Stems prostrate, erect, ascending, or decumbent, glabrous or variously hairy, sometimes also glandular. Leaves deciduous in shrubby species, rarely

terminal or lateral, racemes, spikes, panicles, or rarely cymose, erect or variously pendent, 1–many-flowered, lax or dense, flowering successively or simultaneously

flattened to nearly terete, margins smooth to variously papillate or scabrous. Inflorescences: scapes variously elongate; spike bracts imbricate, the proximal

lustrous or variously ridged, pitted, alveolate (honeycombed), cancellate (netted, latticed), papillate, or warty; tubercle mostly conic or variously triangular

leaves), dotted with linear or rounded marks formed by cystoliths (variously shaped calcium carbonate crystals inside epidermal-cells). Inflorescences

scapose, glabrous or variously pubescent with simple or compound hairs. Rootstocks rhizomes or stems, thickened, short to variously elongate; roots fibrous

Flowering-stems aerial (or subterranean in Romulea), simple or branched, terete or variously compressed, angled or winged. Leaves basal and cauline, distichous; proximal

are usually V- or M-shaped in cross section. The V-shaped leaves are keeled with a midvein prominent on the abaxial surface and M-shaped leaves have a midvein

with stiff, coarse marginal hairs adjacent to the ligules, glabrous or variously pubescent elsewhere. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes also axillary,

reniform to globose, thick-walled with hundreds of spores, outer walls variously modified. Spores all 1 kind, trilete, thick-walled, surfaces pitted to

1–2 times number of carpels. Fruits usually schizocarps with 5–many wedge-shaped mericarps or folliclelike segments, or capsules with 3–5 cells, rarely berries

thin-walled. Leaves somewhat crowded, spreading when wet, incurved and variously twisted or contorted when dry; costate; apex broadly acute to rounded,

early or variously persistent, pendent to ± erect, at maturity conic or cylindric, sessile or stalked, shedding seed soon after maturity or variously serotinous

Distorted Greek kodon, bell, and phoras, bearing, alluding to capsules with bell-shaped calyptrae Synonyms: Racomitrium subg. Cataractarum Vilhelm Treatment appears

involute, seldom plane; distal laminal cells KOH yellow to red; costa variously with or without differentiated abaxial epidermis; gemmae absent to common

hairy and minutely glandular; orifice with thickened, revolute rim; hoods variously arranged in association with orifices. Phyllodia present or absent. Scapes

prominent lateral nerves (3-nerved). Heads in variously thyrsiform-paniculiform, open to usually congested, cone-shaped, ± secund (to reflexed in S. nemoralis)

lanceolate to linear, plane or margins and/or midribs variously raised and thickened (then H or X-shaped in cross-section), or evidently terete, midribs and

nodes, sometimes armed with prickles on internodes. Leaves: sheaths variously shaped, margins usually toothed with 1–15 teeth per side, teeth similar in

midvein, other intercostal depressions shallow, indistinct, apices often prow-shaped. Inflorescences usually terminal panicles, rarely reduced and racemelike

micronemata present. Leaves green or yellow-green, rarely black with age, variously crisped or contorted when dry, erect-spreading, usually flat, occasionally

subtending pedicels persistent. Flowers: free portion of hypanthium saucer-shaped, cupshaped, campanulate, or tubular; sepals greenish, white, yellow, pink

lacerate; border entire or, in one case, fimbriate; hyaline cells rhomboid to S-shaped, nonornamented, efibrillose or fibrillose, aporose or in hemiisophyllous

the distal and medial parts, weakly to strongly convex, reniform, crescent-shaped to semiterete abaxially, flat or convex on the adaxial side, in the basal

pinetorum 19 Leaves 2–4, blade sickle-shaped. Fritillaria glauca 19 Leaves usually more than 4, blade not sickle-shaped. > 20 20 Nectaries obscure, forming

the axillary panicles, sometimes on the terminal panicles. Caryopses variously shaped, x = 10. Conn., N.J., N.Y., Md., Va., Wash., W.Va., Mich., Wis., Del

sometimes small, rarely absent, auricles 2, coronal appendages 2, variously shaped or dissected; limb usually exserted and conspicuous, oblanceolate to

mitra turban or headdress and Etymology: ella, diminutive, alluding to cap-shaped fruit Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 108. Mentioned

of limb; lateral petals and sometimes others bearded proximally with variously shaped hairs; style bearded or beardless; spur gibbous or elongated; stamens

naked. Leaves deciduous. Leaf-blade membranous or leathery, glabrous to variously hairy. Inflorescences axillary, on new shoots or from above leaf-scars

disc- to cup-shaped and ranges in size from less than 1 mm to 3 to 4 mm in diameter (measured on the curve if cup-shaped). The cup-shaped hypanthium is

tepals, 1–6.5 × 0.6–10 cm; outer tepals entire or fringed; inner tepals variously colored, never pure red or blue, 4.5–40 × 1–15 mm, often glossy, margins

cauline; sheaths not fibrous; ligules present, rarely absent; blades flat or V-shaped in cross-section, prominently keeled abaxially. Inflorescences terminal

between deepest sinus and base of blade, 5-15 cm wide, segment margins variously cleft and toothed. Inflorescences open racemes or panicles. Flowers commonly

leaves, 50–500+-flowered, spikes, ellipsoid to cylindric, glabrous or variously pubescent; peduncles present; bracts absent; bracteoles present. Pedicels

parallel, cross venation not evident, abaxial surfaces with microhairs and variously shaped silica-bodies, cross-sections non-kranz; first seedling leaves with

monomorphic, base usually asymmetric, rarely symmetric, margins entire or variously toothed, surfaces glabrous or hairy; venation usually palmate or palmate

complex in a broad Mirabilis, variously treating the different morphologic entities as species, infraspecies, or variously combining them into broadly constructed

occasionally tubulose when dry, spreading to spreading-recurved when moist; variously ovate, ligulate, long-oblong, linear, ovate to linear-lanceolate, adaxial

spathe rarely absent, persistent (sometimes only proximally) or deciduous, variously colored; spadix cylindric or ovoid, various parts occasionally naked or

and A. hoffmanii papillose to ciliate proximally); anthers and pollen variously colored; ovary superior, 3-lobed, sometimes crested with processes, 3-locular

glabrous; leaf-scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed, large; pith solid and homogeneous. Bud-scales valvate or imbricate, glabrous or variously pubescent; axillary buds

[zygomorphic]; perianth-tube funnel-shaped, sometimes obliquely so; tepals spreading, connate into tube, variously colored, sometimes with strongly contrasting

detached (in O. ×columbiana) > 9 9 Spines in most areoles; fruit top-shaped to barrel-shaped, usually less than 2 times longer than wide; lower Snake and Columbia

Inflorescences: spathe convolute basally, 6-16 cm; tube green, sometimes striped or variously marked with purple or white; blade outside green, often with purple or

so macroscopically on abaxial surface; twigs glabrous. > 3 2 Leaf blade variously, conspicuously hairy on 1 or both surfaces at maturity, or abaxially strongly

sheathed or covered, and dory, spear, most likely alluding to the spear-shaped buds enclosed until anthesis within the rhipidial spathes Synonyms: Cardiostigma Baker

brown-black, or reddish-brown; embryo annular or hippocrepiform (horseshoe-shaped), surrounding copious farinaceous perisperm; radicle inferior or centrifugal

may not be effective. All species contain aristolochic acid, which is variously reported as tumor-causing or tumor-inhibiting (J. A. Duke 1985). The leaves

margins entire or erose-fimbriate; glands 1–2, basal, on adaxial surface, V-shaped over midrib or marginal pair; stamens 6, perigynous; filaments distinct

1-2-pinnately compound; leaflets lanceovate to broadly ovate or rhombic, margins variously sharply cleft, incised, or serrate. Inflorescences axillary, many-flowered

androphore club-shaped or funnelform; petals 3, connate at apex of androphore, narrowly campanulate, 3-lobed, lobes low-triangular [to variously elongate];

differentiated in 1–3 layers, central strand usually present. Leaves appressed and variously twisted when dry, erect-spreading to squarrose when moist, obovate, spatulate

redbrown to copper-brown, spots absent, indistinctly ladder-fibrillose, apex U-shaped; blades hypostomic, abaxially papillose. Proximal bract longer than inflorescence

boat-shaped spathes; leaves glabrous; flowers white Tradescantia spathacea 9 Inflorescences mostly sessile in axils of distal leaves; boat-shaped spathes

beyond orifice of staminal column; stigmas capitate to discoid or wedge-shaped (H. striatus). Fruits capsules, 5-valved, ovoid or spheroid, apex usually

internode below to form a wedge-shaped diaspore, sometimes falling with the adjacent internode to form a barrel-shaped diaspore, domesticated taxa usually

dioecious, prostrate or procumbent-decumbent, from fleshy fusiform or variously shaped taproot. Stems many branched, subterete, 1.5–5 dm, white scurfy when

flexed ca. 90° on summit of pedicel to face outward rather than upward, or variously carried on strongly declined pedicels; sepals weakly recurved, green, lanceolate

with several blade-bearing leaves, sometimes all basal; blades flat, V-shaped, M-shaped, rarely terete or involute in cross section, commonly less than 2 cm

(alveolate, foveolate, etc.). The terms tube, throat, and limb have been variously used in descriptions of corollas of composites. Here, in ± actinomorphic

base linear, margins entire, at first flat but inrolling with age, apex variously acute-obtuse; stamens erect, 12–22 mm; filaments dark maroon, 2–4 mm, slender

cm; sheaths soft, base reddish; blade deep green, linear to linear—sword-shaped, flat, not twisted, under 7 mm wide, papillate or smooth, margins smooth

petiolate; cauline leaves alternate. Leaf-blade palmately 3-9-lobed [variously divided], broadly cordate-orbiculate, margins serrate. Inflorescences terminal

by leaf-axil bulbils, bulbils many (more than 25), variously shaped, often obconic or keyhole-shaped, (40–) 50–70 µm, primordia absent or very short and

obviously erose-serrulate; gland 1, basal, dark green or yellowish green, V-shaped; ovary glabrous; pedicel 2–10 mm. Capsules oblong-ovoid, 2–3 cm, glabrous

cm, with short, stout, woody rhizome; roots fibrous. Leaves: leaflets variously lobed and sharply dentate, apex acute, glandular-apiculate; surfaces abaxially

sheath fronts white-hyaline to brown-hyaline, rarely membranous; blades M-shaped in cross-section when young, adaxial side with 2 lateral-veins more prominent

rounded-hexagonal, chlorophyllose, frequently obscured by numerous, dense, C-shaped papillae on both surfaces. Specialized asexual reproduction at the stem

brown, turning gray with age, 1-2 mm diam., tomentose to tomentulose, variously glabrate or persistently pubescent. Buds brown, ovoid, 2-4 mm, apex obtuse

or glabrate. Buds brown or reddish-brown, ovoid or globose, 1-1.5 mm, variously short stellate-pubescent, tomentose, or glabrate. Leaves: petiole (2-)

those with laminae is sometimes arbitrary. Ray laminae are considered strap-shaped and spreading unless otherwise indicated. Descriptions of ray color as “blue”

valves; carpophore absent. Seeds 4–36, brown to black, reniform to snail-shell-shaped, laterally compressed, tuberculate, marginal wing absent, appendages absent;

> 12 11 Ultimate segments sparsely villous on abaxial costae; rachises variously pubescent; pinnae or costae not decurrent on rachis (obscurely so in Pellaea

Association Trees, deciduous, to 30 m. Bark dark gray or brown, hard, with deep V-shaped furrows. Twigs light-brown, 2-3 (-4) mm diam., glabrous. Buds light-brown

with loose, scarious to herbaceous sheath 0.1–0.5 mm; blade straight to variously curved, green, flat, prominently 1-veined abaxially, linear, 2–20 × 0.5–1

accumbent. Arabidopsis 22 Flowers cup-shaped; petals white with purple tips. Pennellia 22 Flowers not cup-shaped; petals white, pink, lavender, purple

proximally, with loose, scarious sheath 0.3–0.7 mm; blade straight to variously curved or coiled, green or purple, concave, 1–3 veined, linear, 5–40 ×

proximally, with loose, scarious sheath 0.4–0.8 mm; blade straight to variously curved, green, flat, 1-veined, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, (5–)

divergent, green, lanceolate, 16–25 × 4–8 mm, margins entire, flat, apex variously obtuse to rounded; petals long-lasting, erect to erect-spreading, ± connivent

appressed to inflorescence at flowering; flowers more than 1 cm apart, variously fragrant, opening nearly simultaneously to sequentially. > 3 3 Petals lanceolate

temperate, Arctic. Drepanocladus polygamus 3 Stem leaf insertions deeply U-shaped; bases erect, subclasping; acumina usually sharply differentiated, furrowed

5 times longer than wide at maturity; branches diverging; spikelets variously shaped, less than 3 times longer than wide. > 29 29 Spikelets 2.1-4 mm long

along veins, never marginal, usually with linear indusium. > 25 24 Sori variously shaped, often round, sometimes marginal, or sporangia covering surfaces, if

proximally, with ± loose, scarious sheath 0.2–0.7 mm; blade ascending to variously curved, green, commonly purplish, flat, prominently 1-veined abaxially

narrowing gradually or abruptly to the lanceolate distal lamina; margins variously plane, erect, to incurved, infrequently undulate in some leaves, apex fragile

Lilies were equally versatile as medicine, and the mashed bulbs were variously employed in the treatment of spider bites, cuts and bruises, fever, coughs

Alar cells many, quadrate; capsules erect. Entodon 71 Alar cells few, variously shaped; capsules usually inclined. > 72 72 Plants on vertical substrates,

be a single round stele or vascular trace, or the trace may be U-shaped or omega-shaped, or there may be 2--10 or more separate traces. The patterns are

The Typhales (Typhaceae and the closely related Sparganiaceae) have been variously disposed in different schemes. They are here included in the Commelinidae

regional flora by a North American botanist, species and species concepts were shaped by contemporary European botanists. As specimens poured into eastern herbaria