tomentose. Group B. Leaves deciduous, abaxial surfaces tomentose. Group C. Shrubs or trees, erect; leaves persistent, abaxial surfaces tomentose. Group D. Stems
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to be a member of the unrelated Nitrariaceae (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group). Beier, B.-A. et al. 2004. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the subfamily Zygophylloideae
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“composites,” or “comps”) have long been recognized as a natural group, and circumscription of the group has never been controversial (although some authors have
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(Lessing) R. M. King & H. Robinson)]; revised concepts of this species group (B. L. Turner 1996+, vol. 2) place F. pycnocephala as a related species in
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evidence for a sister-group relationship between Carlquistia and Madia in the strict sense is consistent with x = 8 in both groups (B. G. Baldwin 1996). Carlquistia
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1–18. Koch, M. et al. 1999b. Molecular systematics of Arabidopsis and Arabis. Pl. Biol. (Stuttgart) 1: 529–537. Koch, M., B. Haubold, and T. Mitchell-Olds
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and R.B. Shaw. 1983. Grass Systematics, ed. 2. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. 397 pp. Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001.
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Erigeron, American Conyza, the four genera of the South American Leptostelma group, and the North American Aphanostephus; the cladistically basal and terminal
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Sargent is known to hybridize with B. papyrifera Marshall, producing B. ×winteri Dugle, and with B. glandulosa, producing B. ×uliginosa Dugle. None. None.
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Poaceae tribe Gynerieae, Poaceae tribe Paniceae Link Grass Phylogeny Working Group Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 351. Plants annual
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Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 88:373-457 Jacobs, B.F., J.D. Kingston
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plants of B. goodrichii (= B. retrofracta × B. gracilipes), B. consanguinea (= B. retrofracta × B. fendleri), and B. pinetorum (= B. retrofracta × B. rectissima
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largest genus in Brassicaceae, is a well-defined, monophyletic, and complex group represented by native species on all continents except Australia and Antarctica
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monophyletic groups composing the Leontipes group correspond to traditionally recognized groups (R. J. Bayer 1990; Bayer et al. 1996). The Geyerae group is monotypic
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Molecular, morphological, and chemical data (C. R. Bensel and B. F. Palser 1975, 1975b, 1975c, 1975d; B. A. Bohm et al. 1988; M. L. Haskins and W. J. Hayden 1987;
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Aristidoideae Show Lower Taxa Poaceae tribe Aristideae Caro Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Kelly W. Allred Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 314
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and N. K. B. Robson. 1961. A re-evaluation of the generic status of Ascyrum and Crookea (Guttiferae). Rhodora 63: 10–16. Adams, W. P. 1962b. Studies in
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to Rosaceae, but Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003) indicated instead that in Rosales, Rosaceae is sister to a group of families including Moraceae, Rhamnaceae
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and deserts. Preliminary molecular phylogenetic studies by D. G. Kelch and B. G. Baldwin (2003) indicated that this diversity is the product of a rapid
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pp. 49–77. Morgan, D. R. and B. B. Simpson. 1992. A systematic study of Machaeranthera (Asteraceae) and related groups using restriction site analysis
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recognized families (Malvaceae in the narrow sense) forms a monophyletic group (C. Bayer et al. 1999; W. S. Alverson et al. 1999) and the monophyly of an
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Cornus subg. Thelycrania Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 117. 1753. Zack E. Murrell, Derick B. Poindexter Common names: Dogwood Etymology: Latin cornu, horn, alluding to
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Man. Cult. Trees ed. 2, 363. 1940. James B. Phipps Endemic Basionym: Crataegus sect. Rotundifoliae Eggleston in B. L. Robinson and M. L. Fernald, Manual
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monophyletic group, with Schoenoxiphium as a sister group. The investigations differ in their placement of subg. Vignea; some place it as a sister group to subg
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and evolution of heterostyly. Syst. Bot. 34: 386–405. McDill, J. R. and B. B. Simpson. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics of Linaceae with complete generic
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1997; A. B. Doweld 2001). T. B. Patterson (1998), K. Kubitzki et al. (1990+, vol. 3), W. S. Judd et al. (1999), R. F. Thorne (2000), and T. B. Patterson
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North America this section is represented by B. glandulosa, B. pumila, and B. nana. Birches are a difficult group taxonomically because of their high vegetative
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and, as postulated by V. Bittrich (1993), the two may form a monophyletic group. Results from preliminary molecular studies by M. Nepokroeff et al. (2002)
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al. 2001b; Simmons 2004; Zhang L. B. and Simmons 2006). Including Parnassiaceae within Celastraceae follows APGIII (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009). Glossopetalon
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traditional infrageneric groups, in many cases correlated with geographic distribution. A seventh clade, represented by the type group and based on P. vulgaris
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Keener 1981). A. G. Jones (1980) treated the group as a subgenus within Aster in a broad sense. G. L. Nesom (1994b) proposed subgeneric status for the virguloid
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Subsecunda Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 1106. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 487. 1754 ,. Cyrus B. McQueen†, Richard E. Andrus Etymology: Greek sphagnos, an unknown plant Treatment
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analyses, it was included in the Malpighiales in 1998 (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998, 2003, 2009). The Malpighiales clade was first identified by M. W. Chase
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(including n Mexico) Species ca. 250 (224 in the flora). Eriogonum is the basal group of subfam. Eriogonoideae. Like all of its related genera, Eriogonum is a
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and a small group of species of uncertain placement. Among the North American species, C. pringlei and C. wrightii belong to the latter group, and C. arizonica
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×vailiae Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 475. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 213. 1754. James B. Phipps Common names: Hawthorn aubépine Etymology: Greek Krataigon, thorn,
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is of critical diagnostic importance. Four primary hair groups are recognized by B. Eriksen and B. A. Jurtzev (1999): straight (or curved), crispate (short
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lineage within the Pooideae (Soreng and Davis 1998; Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001) that is more closely related to the Meliceae than the core pooid tribes
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Show Lower Taxa Poaceae tribe Arundineae Burmeist. Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Kelly W. Allred Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 6
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treatment follows those by B. Maguire (1947, 1951) and M. F. Baad (1969) of Arenaria sect. Eremogone. The Eremogone “group” is morphologically distinctive
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flora). Lellinger, D. B. 1985. A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-allies of the United States & Canada. Washington. Mickel, J. T. 1979b. The fern genus Cheilanthes
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arranged according to their known or presumed chromosome group designation. Because the BB group includes not only the majority of species of sect. Epilobium
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taxonomic revision of the Castilleja viscidula group. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 21: 1–63. Pennell, F. W. 1934b. Castilleja in Alaska and northwestern Canada
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limit of the group being in southern Central America. The other dioecious group, sect. Berisia, is primarily Eurasian. The remaining groups all have some
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smaller adaxial cells, a weak or strong abaxial stereid band, and sometimes a group of hydroids, but no abaxial epidermis of larger cells; basal-cells abruptly
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usually overlapping by 50–100% of their length, or 2–4 in group, separated by small gap from next group and with distal fruits overlapping, pale tan, narrowly
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are essential in defining species of sect. Niveae are summarized by B. Eriksen and B. A. Jurtzev (1999), modified for the current treatment as discussed
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that Cyperaceae and Poaceae are not closely related (M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b; G. M. Plunkett et al. 1995); they do support the concept of close relationship
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(1920b, 1921, 1935, 1940), D. D. Keck (1932, 1936b, 1937, 1937b, 1938, 1940b, 1945), Keck and A. Cronquist (1957), and F. S. Crosswhite (1965, 1965b, 1965c
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Brachytheciastrum was recognized as an infrageneric group within Brachythecium, as the velutinum group or sect. Velutina De Notaris, until M. S. Ignatov
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372–395. Floderus, B. G. O. 1923. Om Grönlands salices. (On the Salicaceae of Greenland.) Meddel. Grønland 63: 61–204. Judd, W. S. 1997b. The Flacourtiaceae
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the other two groups. Spartina spartinae is the only species of his first group to grow in the Flora region. Like other members of the group, it has hard
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the palms as the sister group to the Commelinanae clade (M. W. Chase et al. 1993; J. I. Davis 1995; M. R. Duvall et al. 1993b), with which they share
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arisen from within the Conyzinae, apparently as the sister group to the E. bellioides de Candolle group of Erigeron. Elisens, W. J., R. D. Boyd, and A. D. Wolfe
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66 species in the flora with 64 natives and 2 naturalized). Burns, R.M. and B.H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America. 1.Conifers. Washington. [Agric
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molecular phylogenies (Yang F. S. et al. 2003; R. H. Ree 2005; B. W. Robart et al. 2015; Yu W. B. et al. 2015) indicate inconsistencies even in the treatment
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Mex., Ala., Ark., Ga., Ind., Mich., Minn., Ohio, W.Va., Alta., B.C., Greenland, Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que.,
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Madiinae). Additional information may be found in B. G. Baldwin et al. (2002), H. Robinson (1981), and B. Nordenstam (1977[1978]). Senecionid shrubs with
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(sect. Coccineae) ser. Virides Loudon Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 816. 1838. James B. Phipps Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 525. Mentioned
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species in the flora). The North American pitcher plants are a fascinating group of carnivorous plants with leaves modified into tubular pitfall traps that
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S. Williams) H. A. Crum & L. E. Anderson Bryologist 63: 43. 1960. Wilfred B. Schofield† EndemicIllustrated Basionym: Sematophyllum smallii R. S. Williams
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of branching, bearing bracts that are modified as scales and/or spines (see B. S. Fey and P. K. Endress 1983). None. Castanea, Chrysolepis, Fagus, Lithocarpus
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Fernald, M. L. 1919. The unity of the genus Arenaria. Rhodora 21: 1–7. Maguire, B. 1951. Studies in the Caryophyllaceae. V. Arenaria in America north of Mexico
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introduced). There is little agreement on the treatment of Agavaceae. The group containing Agave, Yucca, Furcraea, Hesperaloe, and Manfreda generally has
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classification accurately reflects the phylogeny and taxonomic complexity of the group and have proposed recognizing the sections of Beck as separate genera. More
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utahensis Medikus Philos. Bot. 1: 135, 155. 1789. Christopher S. Campbell, Michael B. Burgess, Kevin R. Cushman, Eric T. Doucette, Alison C. Dibble, Christopher
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viride Lindberg Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 19: 134. 1862,. Cyrus B. McQueen†, Richard E. Andrus Synonyms: Sphagnum sect. Mollusca A. Casares-Gil
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each 1-loculed; style and stigma 1 per carpel; stigma terminal. Fruits: group of thin-walled, lenticular achenes. Seed 1 per carpel. North America, Eurasia
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calyptra, whereas in Meesiaceae the capsule is curved with a cucullate calyptra (B. Goffinet et al. 2004). None. Aplodon, Splachnum, Tayloria, Tetraplodon, Voitia
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1976. Debra K. Trock Common names: Ragwort Etymology: For John G. Packer, b. 1929, Canadian botanist Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page
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placed it in Theales or Cornales (B. Ståhl 2004b). The recent ordinal classifications of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998, 2003) assigned it to the more
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(A. Liston 2003) and can be readily intergrafted. B. Bremer et al. (2002) and Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003) united them in Garryaceae on the basis of
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squarrosa Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 508. 175. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 225. 1754. Gerald B. Ownbey Common names: Prickly-poppy Etymology: a poppylike herb mentioned by
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specimens; group III a rather homomorphic group of specimens with secund spikes and relatively long awns; and group IV a relatively homomorphic group of unawned
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more of Boerhavia coulteri, B. torreyana, and B. watsoni as synonymous with B. spicata. Even when those taxa are removed, B. spicata remains a variable
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entire-leaved C. padifolia among the glabrous group and the diminutive C. nananixonii among the hairy group. None. Crataegus biltmoreana, Crataegus buckleyi
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subfam. Phyllanthoideae Beilschmied. Molecular data (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003; K. Wurdack et al. 2004; C. C. Davis et al. 2005; Wurdack and Davis
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279–353. Nyananyo, B. L. 1986. Taxonomic significance of the stomatal complex in the Portulacaceae. Feddes Repert. 97: 763–766. Nyananyo, B. L. 1990. Tribal
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included within Styrax (B. Wallnöfer 1997; Fritsch 1999, 2001). The fossil record of the Styracaceae extends back to the early Eocene (B. H. Tiffney 1985).
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is good molecular support (Chiang T. Y. and B. A. Schaal 2000, 2000b) for placing Thelia in Hylocomiaceae. B. Goffinet and W. R. Buck (2004) and Goffinet
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, Ohio, Tex., Wis., Colo., Calif., Alaska, Utah, Nev., Alta., B.C., Greenland, Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.
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sense. G. L. Nesom (1994b), in his review of North American asters, showed that Aster in a broad sense does not form a natural group and proposed splitting
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gradient. B. A. Fowler and B. L. Turner (1977) recognized this variation at the varietal level, establishing Selinocarpus lanceolatus var. megaphyllus B. A.
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poisonous plants (e.g., K. F. Lampe and M. A. McCann 1985; G. A. Mulligan and D. B. Munro 1990; K. D. Perkins and W. W. Payne 1978). Despite the toxic effects
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Brachythecium albicans is similar to B. erythrorrhizon in its dioicous sexual condition, subentire leaf margins, extensive group of alar cells, and conspicuous
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Ebenaceae (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003); A. Cronquist (1981) and the original APG classification (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998) kept it separate. The
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F. W. Case and R. B. Case (1997), works best with fresh, live material. Many species hybridize, especially within the T. erectum group. Hybrids and the
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Dak., Nebr., S.Dak., Utah, Okla., Calif., Nev., Va., Colo., Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., N.W.T., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon, Ala
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urban, many of the endemics are more or less threatened: M. W. Skinner and B. M. Pavlik (1994) listed 27 species and subspecies of Dudleya as to some degree
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placentation are closely related. The group that includes Turneraceae is embedded within Malpighiales (V. Savolainen et al. 2000b; D. E. Soltis et al. 2000; O.
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Haloragaceae, a family now included in Saxifragales (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016), and in the monogeneric Callitrichaceae, which is nested within Plantaginaceae
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Sphagnum warnstorfii, Sphagnum wilfii Wilson Bryol. Brit., 20. 1855,. Cyrus B. McQueen†, Richard E. Andrus Synonyms: Sphagnum sect. Acisphagnum A. L. Andrews
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and nomenclatural distinctions. B. L. Turner et al. (2003, vol. 1) treated var. hookerianum as including var. graniticum. B chromosomes sometimes are present
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pruinosa, Crataegus suborbiculata Man. Cult. Trees ed. 2, 363. 1940. James B. Phipps Common names: Frosted thorns Endemic Basionym: Pruinosae Sargent Silva
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North America: Identification and membership. Amer. J. Bot. 72:767-776 Baum, B.R., C. Yen, and J.-L. Yang. 1991. Roegneria: Its generic limits and justification
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variation in the Mutisieae (Asteraceae). Syst. Bot. 27: 598–609. Simpson, B. B. and C. E. Anderson. 1978. Mutisieae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+
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American species, B. macrocarpum and B. mexicanum, are probably not closely related to the type section of Brachymenium. H. Ochi (1980) placed B. macrocarpum
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D. D. Keck 1957; R. L. Hartman 1990; L. H. Shinners 1950b; B. L. Turner 1987b; Turner and D. B. Horne 1964). Arida was recognized as a section of Machaeranthera
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uncertain grounds) considered to be an honorific for Ptolemy Philadelphus, 309–246 B.C.E., King of Ptolemaic Egypt Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment
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Va., Del., D.C, Wis., W.Va., Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Md., Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Mass., Maine, N.H., R.I., Vt., Fla
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