series, distinct, (usually green to whitish green, rarely stramineous) ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins and apices (usually green or white, rarely dark-brown
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glandular; usually short-rhizomatous, sometimes stoloniferous. Stems 1–many, prostrate to erect, sometimes rooting at nodes, usually ± green, sometimes
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monoecious], usually glabrous, often resinous; bases woody, rarely rhizomatous). Stems (1–20+) usually erect or ascending, rarely prostrate (usually striate-angled
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pistillate elongated in fruit. Staminate flowers: sepals 3–5, usually green, sometimes reddish green, not petaloid, valvate, distinct; petals 0; nectary absent
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subterranean, usually green and photosynthetic, some without chlorophyll and saprophytic. Roots subterranean or aerial, tuberoid or stolonoid, usually with spongy
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branched (bark typically tan to reddish-brown, becoming gray, twigs usually green to gray or yellowish), glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy (often tomentose)
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circinate in bud, monomorphic or dimorphic. Petiole usually not articulate to stem, scales usually persistent at base, in cross-section with 2–many roundish
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ovary superior, usually green, 3-locular or 6-locular with false septa, 6-lobed; style white to dark green, often thick; stigmas usually 3, sometimes 1
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by ± leaflike bract. Flowers often fragrant, showy; sepals usually persistent, usually green or purplish; petals dark red to purplish, almost black, or
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± foliaceous, bases usually indurate, green zones usually diamond-shaped, sometimes lanceolate or apices foliaceous (faces usually hairy, sometimes glabrous
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5 mm, usually green, rarely purplish; sepals 5, green, sometimes reddish at tips; petals 5 (absent or 1–5 in M. apetala, M. subapetala), usually white
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adnate 1/2–5/6 to ovary, free from ovary 0.7–3 mm, usually green, sometimes purple; sepals 5, green to purple; petals 5, white (sometimes with pink veins
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279. Plants hermaphroditic or unisexual. Leaves usually green to bluish green, sometimes bright green, sometimes glaucous, thin but ± stout (slightly thicker
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(opaque or hyaline, dull or shiny; stereomes usually green, usually sessile-glandular distally), unequal, usually chartaceous toward tips. Receptacles flat
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on page 459. Plants annual; hirsute, hairs papillose-based, usually yellow-green to green, sometimes purplish. Culms 8-100 cm tall, about 1 mm thick, erect
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Shrubs or trees [lianas], evergreen, usually glabrous. Leaves decussate [whorled], estipulate; petiole usually present; blade margins entire; glandular
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Pedicels 5–20 mm. Flowers: sepals usually green, sometimes reddish apically or throughout, ovate, 2–2.8 mm, apex usually acuminate, surfaces puberulent;
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cespitose, green to pale olive when dry, to 4.3 dm, not glaucous; rhizomes scarcely discernable. Stems simple, 0.8–2 mm wide, glabrous, margins usually entire
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not persistent in fibrous tufts. Inflorescences borne singly; spathes usually green, glabrous, keels entire to denticulate; outer 14–55 (–65) mm, 13–16 mm
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pleiochasia (pleiochasial bracts) opposite or whorled, usually wholly green or with paler green, white, pink, or red at base, sometimes wholly white, pink
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Mentioned on page 453. Plants 5–70 cm. Stems erect, green, tan, or reddish to dark-brown, usually glabrous or villous, rarely tomentose. Leaves: basal
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thickened proximally; pedicel usually ascending in fruit, occasionally perpendicular to stem, 3–25 mm, bracts usually green, sometimes white, 5–25 mm. Capsules
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by pedicel bract; sepals usually green [magenta], often less than half size of petals; petals sharply reflexed or not, green or brightly colored, 4–15
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often more developed on sepals, basal, green, usually hidden but occasionally exposed and forming visible green star at adaxial base of perianth; sepals
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revolute), faces bicolor, abaxial usually silvery, tomentose, adaxial usually green, glabrate or glabrous. Heads disciform, usually in terminal clusters (subtended
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rachises hispid and villous; bristles 1-3, 5-10 mm, antrorsely scabrous, usually green, rarely purple. Spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm. Lower glumes about as long as the
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North America Association Stems usually green, sometimes purple or black, sparsely pubescent. Leaf-blades green to light green, surfaces sparsely pubescent
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves: blades usually green, epidermal gas pockets usually absent; basal leaf-rosettes suberect to flattened, 2–30
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ferruginous; juvenile blade (usually yellowish green), hairs usually white, rarely ferruginous. Catkins flowering as leaves emerge, usually from lateral buds (sometimes
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Panicles 10–60-flowered. Sepals abaxially cream to greenish, adaxially usually green and marked with red, rarely mostly red, forming perianths 10–16 × 13–16
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stem branch points; root hairs to 1 cm, emerging from root cap. Stems usually not green, with extensive subdichotomous branching, prostrate and reniform or
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dissimilar, abaxial usually green, sometimes silvery white, cottony hairs absent, adaxial green, not glaucous, long hairs usually ± stiff, sometimes weak
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Inflorescences terminal, drooping or nodding, usually red, purple, or white, less commonly green, silvery green, or yellow, usually much-branched at base, leafless at
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Inflorescences borne singly; spathes usually green or bronze, rarely with purplish margins, glabrous, keels usually denticulate; outer 36–76 mm, 12–46 mm
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54–130+, apex usually acuminate to acute, rarely obtuse, abaxial surface pale green, puberulent, especially on veins, adaxial surface dark green, dull, puberulent
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autotrophic, at least partly green. Rhizomes absent. Roots filiform. Stems usually unbranched, green. Leaves cauline, sometimes basal, green, purplish, or pale,
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white to cream, greenish white, or yellowish green, or yellowish, usually green-throated and faintly green-lined, oblong-ovate to ovatelanceolate, 3–7 mm
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0.5–3 cm. Stems ascending or prostrate, branched. Leaves usually green, sometimes reddish green; stipules ovatelanceolate, 1 mm, margins irregularly toothed
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Annuals (sometimes persisting, usually monocarpic) [perennials], mostly 20–100 cm (taprooted; often glaucous). Stems usually 1, erect or lax (branched throughout
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5–10 cm. Stems ascending or prostrate, branched. Leaves usually green, sometimes reddish green; stipules triangular, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins entire, apex acute;
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pistillate clusters, erect or with reflexed or nodding tips, usually green to silvery green. Bracts of pistillate flowers lanceolate to ovatelanceolate
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acute, abaxial surface usually pale green, sometimes gray-green, sometimes glaucous, glabrate to hirtellous, adaxial surface dark green, villosulous, especially
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rarely obtuse, abaxial surfaces pale green, glabrous, rarely pubescent, eglandular or glandular, adaxial usually green, dull, rarely slightly lustrous, glabrous
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Treatment on page 483. Mentioned on page 482. Leaf-blades pale green abaxially, usually deep green adaxially, abaxial surface densely puberulent with scattered
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Leaves: petiole spreading-hairy; leaflet blade usually dark green to slightly bluish green, sometimes bright green, not glaucous, terminal leaflets oblong-ovate
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spreading; twigs ± straight, new growth green to reddish, pubescent or glabrous, 1-year old usually golden green to tan, sometimes deep reddish-brown or
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FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 259. Mentioned on page 590. Plants usually large, green to golden. Stems creeping, slender, inconspicuous, sympodial, secondary
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mm wide. Inflorescences usually less than 15 cm, proximal internodes usually less than 100 mm; peduncles of lateral spikes usually included or exserted less
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mm wide. Flowers: sepals usually 5, green, yellow, or red (rarely white or abaxially green to green-yellow and adaxially green or yellow and tinged red)
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campanulate. Phyllaries usually green, sometimes medially rose-purple, often purple-black spotted and/or tipped, faces usually glabrous, sometimes proximally
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