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cm; sepals narrowly oblongelliptic, 2.5–3.5 × 0.4–0.6 cm; petals strongly reflexed, 10–12 cm, tube ca. 4 cm, lobes narrowly oblongelliptic, 6–8 cm × 4–13

mid-blades narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblongelliptic, usually serrate to undulate-serrate, sometimes deeply toothed or laciniate; distal blades narrowly elliptic

proximal bracts frequently greenish throughout, lanceolate to narrowly ovate or narrowly oblongelliptic, 0 (–3) -lobed, proximal wavy-margined; lobes ascending

bright to pale-yellow, obovate to narrowly oblongelliptic, 6–12 mm; stamens persistent, 40–50; ovary 2-merous. Capsules narrowly compressed-ovoid to cylindric-ellipsoid

Leaves 15-24 cm; petiole 2-5 cm. Leaflets (9-) 11-15 (-17), usually narrowly oblongelliptic to lance-elliptic, occasionally lanceolate, symmetric or weakly

spreading and recurved, cleistogamous to chasmogamous; dorsal sepal narrowly oblongelliptic, 8–13 × 3–4.5 mm, apex obtuse; lateral sepals obliquely elliptic

of blade; blade grayish yellow-green, usually obovate to narrowly oblanceolate, oblongelliptic to linear, sometimes ovate or lanceolate, flat, 3–13.5 ×

1–2 mm; blade 1-veined, not pleated, linear to narrowly oblongelliptic, 8–30 × 1–4 (–7) mm, margins narrowly revolute, never touching along midrib, smooth

sepals and petals distinct and free, light green; dorsal sepal narrowly oblongelliptic, slightly concave, 4.8–5.5 × 0.8–1.2 cm, apex obtuse to acute; lateral

internodes 6-lined at first, soon 4-lined, then terete. Leaf-blades narrowly oblongelliptic or oblanceolate to linear, 15–32 (–37) × 1–7 mm, base articulated

disposed; petiole 0.5–2 cm; blade variable, dull green, thick, narrowly oblongelliptic, elliptic-ovate, or oval, conspicuously veined, 2–19 × 0.6–13.5

0.5–1.5 mm (scarious); petiole 0.4–2 (–2.7) cm; leaflet blade narrowly oblongelliptic, 0.8–2.6 × 0.1–0.8 cm, thin, margins entire, apex obtuse to retuse

internodes 4-lined. Leaves ascending to deflexed, sessile; blade narrowly oblongelliptic (proximal) or lanceolate to linearlanceolate, 10–30 × 3–8 mm, mostly

sessile, forming nearly right angle with stem, straight; blade narrowly oblongelliptic to linear-lanceolate, 4–11 (–20) × 0.4–1.2 cm (distal leaf-blades

obconic, 0.6–0.9 × 0.3–0.6 mm, glabrous; glands 4, red to purple, narrowly oblongelliptic, 0.1–0.2 × 0.1–0.5 mm; appendages white or pinkish tinged, semilunate

spreading, sessile or distal subamplexicaul; blade lanceolate to narrowly oblongelliptic or (proximal) oblanceolate, 10–45 × (2–) 6–12 mm, papery to membranous

distally or at petiole-blade junction, glands 1–6; blade usually narrowly elliptic, oblongelliptic, or obovate, sometimes lanceolate, rarely ovate, 2–13.5 × 1

stems: petiole winged, 0.1–1 cm, blade very narrowly oblongelliptic, 3.5–11 × 0.4–1 (–1.7) cm, base very narrowly cuneate or long-attenuate, margins entire

Leaves appressed to ascending, sessile; blade narrowly ovate or lanceolate to narrowly oblongelliptic (or proximal oblanceolate), 4–15 × 1.5–7 mm, subcoriaceous

hypanthium disc-shaped; sepals obscurely 1-veined, narrowly ovate to lanceolate (herbaceous portion narrowly ovate to lanceolate), 2.5–4 mm, not enlarging in

mm, throats narrowly tubular to narrowly funnelform, 2–2.5 mm, lobes ca. 0.7 mm. Cypselae narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblongelliptic, 2.8–3.2 mm

not auriculate, reddish purple to pale-brown; blade elliptic to narrowly oblongelliptic or nearly linear, (15–) 20–40 (–45) × (1.8–) 2.5–8 (–9) mm, base

2–3.5 × 0.8–1.4 mm; anthers ovate, 0.2–0.3 mm. Fruits elliptic to narrowly oblongelliptic, twisted or not, flattened, 3.5–9 × 1.5–2.2 mm; valves usually glabrous

sometimes unlobed or 2-lobed, lobes depressed-ovate, ovate, broadly or narrowly triangular, or obovate to lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblong-lanceolate,

alternate (ascending); petiolate to subsessile; blades 1-nerved, obovate to narrowly elliptic, margins entire, faces glabrous or hirtellous, often resinous

spirally arranged, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, or oblongelliptic, symmetric, weakly concave to keeled; base broad, decurrent, tapered

persistent, narrowly lanceolate, margins usually entire, sometimes 1–2-toothed; petiole present; blade elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblong, oblongelliptic, obovate

mm; dorsal sepal ovate-oblong to oblongelliptic, 2–3 × 1 mm, apex obtuse; lateral sepals ovate-oblong to oblongelliptic, slightly falcate, 2–3 × 0.5–1.5

branches to 10 [–42] cm; bracts narrowly triangular. Flowers resupinate; sepals and petals distinct and free, oblongelliptic, obovate to nearly quadrangular

tardily deciduous, free, subulate to narrowly deltate, margins entire, glandular; petiole present; blade oblongelliptic or oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate

Leaves: petiole 1–3 mm; blade flat or ± folded lengthwise, narrowly elliptic to oblongelliptic or oblanceolate, 5–24 × 3–13 mm, base obtuse to rounded, margins

transversely undulate when moist, elliptic, obovate, oblong, oblong-lingulate, oblongelliptic, or rarely orbicular or diamond-shaped, 1–14 mm; base decurrent or not;

arising from base of pseudobulb, pendent; bracts narrowly triangular. Flowers: petals and sepals oblongelliptic, distinct and free; lip 3-lobed, without nectar

Leaves erect, somewhat falcate to homomallous, imbricate, oblongelliptic; margins narrowly reflexed proximally, erect and serrulate distally; apex obtuse

throats subtubular to narrowly funnelform, 2.5–3.5 mm, lobes 0.7–0.8 mm. Cypselae narrowly oblanceolate to narrow oblongelliptic, 2.6–4 mm, margins notably

Stems 1–25, in open to dense colonies. Leaves: blade oblong to oblongelliptic or narrowly oblong-obovate, (24–) 35–48 (–67) × (12–) 20–27 (–42) mm, base

dorsal sepal oblongelliptic to lanceolate, 15–25 × 3–8 mm; lateral sepals obliquely elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 15–22 × 3–8 mm; petals narrowly elliptic

maroon-purple, yellowish green, or green, pedicellate; dorsal sepal oblongelliptic, linear-oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, margins revolute,

green or greenish white adaxially, not glaucous, ovate, elliptic, or oblongelliptic, 2–10 cm, distinctly coriaceous, base cuneate to rounded or subcordate

persistent fibers; petiole 0.1–2 mm; blade 1-veined, not pleated, linear or narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 8–45 × 2–8 (–12) mm, margins revolute or flat,

and cauline; basal rosette leaves with winged petiole 8–20 mm, blade oblongelliptic to lanceolate, (8–) 20–40 × (1–) 6–9 (–13) mm, glabrous adaxially, villous

(bark corky, twigs smooth). Leaves: petiole 1–3 cm; leaflets 3, blade oblongelliptic, 1.5–4.5 × 0.4–1.3 cm, margins serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse, surfaces

series, (1–) 3 (–5) parallel-nerved (nerves orange-resinous; flat), oblongelliptic to lanceolate, unequal, margins hyaline (apices rounded to lanceolate)

subpersistent, linearlanceolate to lanceolate; blade ovate or broadly ovate to oblongelliptic, lanceolate-elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, rhombic-ovate, or suborbiculate

pink or rarely white or bluish, gaping, showy; sepals oblong, oblongelliptic, or narrowly lanceolate, 14–23 × 3–7 mm; petals elliptic to lance-obovate,

hypanthium disc-shaped; sepals 1–3-veined, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or ovate (herbaceous portion narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or ovate), 3–6

falcatum falcate-secund wet or dry), ovatelanceolate to lanceolate to oblongelliptic; apex flat or cucullate, acute, obtuse, or apiculate, the margins subentire

resupinate, green; dorsal sepal oblongelliptic, 1.1–1.9 (–2.2) × 0.5–1 mm, apex acuminate; lateral sepals oblongelliptic, 1.1–1.9 (–2.2) × 0.5–1 mm, apex

margins. Inflorescences cylindric to narrowly pyramidal, 1–35-flowered. Flowers: sepals ovate to lanceolate or oblongelliptic, subequal or equal, 8–13 × 4–8

glandular-hairs. Leaves petiolate; stipules deciduous, foliaceous, narrowly dimidiate-lanceolate or narrowly dimidiate-ovate, triangular, margins simple-bristled; blade

margins dentate, apex acute; petiole 0.1–1 mm; blade lanceolate or oblongelliptic, 2–6 × 0.5–1.5 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse to acute. Pedicels 0.5–2

lobes oblongelliptic, obtuse, apiculate. Inflorescences terminal, racemose or paniculate, 1-8-flowered on each axis; bracts inconspicuous, narrowly elliptic

red. Samaras gray-tan, often reddish tinged, lanceolate to oblongelliptic, ca. 8 mm, narrowly winged, margins ciliate, cilia white, 1-2 mm. Seeds slightly

when dry, spreading when moist, commonly spathulate or ligulate, ovate, oblongelliptic, usually constricted at the base; distal lamina broadly channeled, occasionally

mm diam. Stems: pseudobulbs ovoid, 2–4 cm diam. Leaves: blade linear to narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 20–100 × 1–5 cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescences 25–170

to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-20 × 3.5-6 cm, leathery, base acute, margins narrowly revolute, apex acute to acuminate; surfaces silky-pubescent when young

sterile-stem leaves elliptic or oblongelliptic to obovate, 2–18 × 0.5–3 mm, blades of fertile-stem leaves linear to narrowly elliptic, 7–34 × (0.5–) 1–3.1

reddish-pink, broadly oblongelliptic to oblanceolate, 4–6.5 mm, 0.9–1.1 times as long as sepals, apex rounded; nectaries narrowly longitudinally rectangular

obovate, or suborbiculate, margins dentate; petiole present; blade oblongelliptic, 5–55 cm (basal blades largest, cauline reduced distally), herbaceous

sepal concave, ovate-oblong to oblongelliptic, 4–7 × 2–3 mm, apex obtuse; lateral sepals oblique, ovate-oblong to oblongelliptic, 4–6 × 2–3 mm, apex obtuse

yellowish green, narrowly tubular, 6–20 mm, glabrous; sepals not overlapping, spreading, usually not reflexed, golden yellow, oblongelliptic, 3–8 mm; petals

when dry, flat when moist, ovate, elliptic, oblongelliptic, or rarely obovate, (3–) 4–6 (–10) mm; base narrowly long-decurrent; margins toothed to near base

slightly curled or twisted around stem, not contorted or crisped when dry, narrowly lanceolate-oblong to lanceolate, 1.4–2.2 mm; base oblong; margins ±recurved

split along midveins in age). Receptacles flat, paleate (paleae linear to narrowly oblong, hirsute-ciliate at tips). Ray-florets 8–9 (each subtended by an

Leaf-blade oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, 15-30 cm, membranous, base narrowly cuneate, margins scarcely or not revolute, apex acute to acuminate; surfaces

4–16 (–26) mm; blade usually bicolor, sometimes green or yellow-green, oblongelliptic or oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or linear, (2.2–) 3–11 (–15)

filaments 1.7–2.2 mm; anthers oblong, 0.3–0.5 mm. Fruits oval-elliptic, oblongelliptic, oblong, or oblong-lanceoloid, sometimes slightly torulose, (straight

subulate or lanceolate (outermost) to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, unequal, bases indurate 1/4–3/4, margins narrowly scarious proximally, hyaline, ciliate

sparsely villosulous. Leaves: petiole 2–6 mm; blade flat, narrowly elliptic to oblongelliptic, 13–35 × 6–15 mm, base cuneate to rounded, margins serrulate

Treatment on page 328. Mentioned on page 329. Plants 1–9.5 cm. Leaf-blades oblongelliptic to lanceolate, 4–16 (–25) × 1–6 (–10) mm, base usually cuneate, sometimes

stellate-pubescent, conspicuously glandular. Leaves: stipule dimidiate-narrowly ovate or dimidiate-narrowly lanceolate, 2.5–5 × 0.5–2 mm, adaxially with simple, not

moderately villous to pilose; blade oblong-ovate to ovate-elliptic or oblongelliptic, 4–18 × 2.5–8 mm, base strongly asymmetric, one side angled and other

short-sericeous to sericeous or villous; blade oblong-ovate to ovate-elliptic or oblongelliptic, 4–18 × 2.5–8 mm, base strongly asymmetric, one side usually angled

Mentioned on page 328, 330. Plants 2–18 cm. Leaf-blades obovate or oblongelliptic to narrowly oblong, 4.5–39 × 2–19 mm, base usually cuneate, sometimes truncate

white, membranous; blade oblong, oblongelliptic, or obovate-lanceolate, (5–) 8–30 × 2–8 (–12) cm, base cuneate or narrowly cuneate, margins entire, flat or

green or yellowish green; dorsal sepal oblongelliptic, 1.4–2 × 0.6–1 mm, apex acuminate; lateral sepals oblongelliptic, 1.4–2 × 0.6–1 mm, apex acuminate; petals

Leaf-blades unlobed (older leaves often split to midrib), oblong or oblongelliptic, [0.6–] 2–3 × 0.3–0.6 m. Inflorescences pendent [erect]; pistillate

contorted when dry, flat when moist, broadly elliptic, ovate, orbicular, or oblongelliptic, (1–) 2–6 (–8) mm; base not decurrent or rarely short-decurrent; margins

page 329. Mentioned on page 328. Plants 1.5–9 cm. Leaf-blades usually oblongelliptic to lanceolate, sometimes ovate, 4–16 (–25) × 1–6 (–10) mm, base usually

farinose. Leaves nonaromatic; petiole 0.4–1 cm; blade linear to narrowly lanceolate, or oblongelliptic, (1-veined or) 3-veined, 1.5–4.2 (–6) × 0.4–1 (–1.4) cm

5–1.5 mm. Ray-florets 8–12; corollas white, laminae broadly oblong or oblongelliptic to subspatulate, 3–7 × 2–3 mm. Disc-florets 30–40; corollas yellow,

alternate distally, 4–10 cm, usually shorter than inflorescence; blade narrowly to broadly lanceolate; distal leaves usually ± equaling proximalmost leaf

mm. Involucres turbinate. Phyllaries in 4–5-series, ovate-elliptic to oblongelliptic, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely short-strigose. Ray-florets 14–52;

(–3) mm; petiole (1–) 2–5 (-9) mm; blade narrowly oblanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate, oblongelliptic, narrowly obovate to obovate, sometimes ovate, (3–)

pseudobulbs, ovoid to subglobose, 2–5 cm diam. Leaves: blade narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, 25–75 × 1.5–4 cm, apex acuminate. Inflorescences

Stems: internodes 4-lined. Leaf-blades broadly to narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate to oblongelliptic, 11–35 × 3–13 mm, base not articulated, cuneate to

tomentulose. Leaves: petiole 1–3 mm; blade cupped to flat, linear, narrowly oblong, or oblongelliptic, 12–50 × 6–15 mm, base obtuse to rounded, margins minutely

spreading-erect, sessile; blade pea green, not glaucous, linear-oblong or oblongelliptic, terete or subterete, ca. 6 × 2 mm, base not spurred, not scarious,

blade, apex narrower than base of blade; blade gray-green, narrowly obovate to oblongelliptic, flat, (2.5–) 3.5–9 (–10.5) × (1–) 1.3–3.2 (–4) mm, margins

reddish-brown, ovoid, ca. 1 mm. Leaves: petiole 2-3.5 mm. Leaf-blade oblongelliptic or lanceolate, 15-25 (-30) × (6-) 8-12 (-15) mm, base obtuse or cuneate

Leaves: blade yellowish green, flat, elliptic to broadly elliptic, oblongelliptic, or elliptic-ovate, (2.5–) 3–5.5 × (1–) 1.5–3 cm, length 1.2–2.5 times

than base of blade; blade gray-green, usually narrowly obovate or obovate to elliptic or oblongelliptic, sometimes orbiculate, flat, 2–7 × 1–3 mm, margins

alternate; stipules narrowly ovate to narrowly lan­ceolate, 0.2–0.3 × 0.1–0.2 mm; stolons: petiole narrowly attenuate, 0.05–0.5 cm, blade narrowly obovate or oblanceolate

base and margin ciliate, (trichomes simple, 0.6–2 mm); blade oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, (0.5–) 1–2.2 (–4.5) cm × 2–5 mm, margins entire, surfaces

scales reddish-brown, brownish, or blackish, ovate or narrowly ovate to oblongovate or oblongelliptic, 1.1–2.2 mm, apex apiculate or short-mucronate, apiculus

Pseudobulbs 4–10 mm diam. Leaves 1–2 (–3), subopposite, yellow-green, oblongelliptic, base sheathing stem, apex acute; blade 2–10 × 0.5–4.1 cm. Inflorescences:

palmately veined, elliptic to oblongelliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or broadly lanceolate, 60–125 × 25–46 mm, base narrowly auriculate, clasping to subclasping

3–13 (–24), (largest cluster with 7 or more), spikelets sessile, ovoid or narrowly ovoid, 2–6 × 1–3 mm; scales black with green midribs, ovate or broadly

dense clusters of 12–130 (largest cluster with 40–50+), spikelets sessile, narrowly ovoid, 4–5 × 1.8–2.3 mm; scales black or brownish black with pale midribs

pedicels stout, 3–5 mm. Flowers 10–40, greenish purple; dorsal sepal oblongelliptic to linear-oblong, 5–8 × 1.8–4 mm, margins strongly revolute, apex broadly

oblanceolate, rarely obovate, (35–) 55–120 (–150) × 15–20 (–30) mm, bases narrowly attenuate-cuneate, margins entire or apically serrate-denticulate, faces

wider, 6–9 mm, pubescent, stipitate-glandular. Flowers: hypanthium pink, narrowly tubular-urceolate, 5–8 mm, stipitate-glandular abaxially, villous-pubescent

sepal oblong-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 4.5–6 × 1–2 mm, apex obtuse to acute; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 4.5–5.5 × 1–2

page 129. Mentioned on page 128. Shrubs 0.6–1.5 m. Leaves: blade oblongelliptic to narrowly obovate, 3–5 × 1.5–2 mm, length 2–2.5 times width, rigid, base

glabrous or puberulent. Leaves: petiole 2-8 (-12) mm. Leaf-blade oblongelliptic to narrowly ovate or lanceolate, sometimes obovate, ± planar, (10-) 35-90

internodes 2–4-lined. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong to linear, 30–70 × 3–15 mm, base not articulated, narrowly cuneate to linear, margins plane

contracted to open, greenish-tan to purplish; primary branches 3-13 cm, narrowly ascending or diverging up to 60° from the rachises, stiff, spikelet-bearing

-veined, orbicular to broadly elliptic-ovate or oblongelliptic, cauline becoming broadly ovate to narrowly reniform, basal and mid cauline 15–30 (–50) mm

soft-hairy. Leaves: petiole 3–8 mm; blade gray, glaucous, dull, narrowly obovate or oblongelliptic, 1.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, plane,

short-soft-hairy. Leaves: petiole 1–3 mm; blade gray-glaucous, dull, elliptic to oblongelliptic, 1–2 × 0.8–1.5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, margins entire, plane, surfaces

Leaves erect; petiole 5–8 mm; blade gray-glaucous, dull, narrowly elliptic or oblongelliptic to ovate, 2–3 × 1–2 cm, base rounded or truncate, margins

shortly winged-petiolate, distal cauline sessile, clasping; blades oblongelliptic to narrowly obovate, margins ± subentire or 1–2-pinnately lobed, lobes lanceolate

stem, gradually reduced to bracts distally; blade lanceolate, elliptic, oblongelliptic, or oblance-oblong, 7–27 × 1.2–5 cm. Spikes lax to dense. Flowers resupinate

hypanthium dish-shaped; sepals (1-veined or) 3-veined, narrowly lanceolate (herbaceous portion narrowly lanceolate), 5–6 mm, not enlarging in fruit, apex often

Leavesopposite, petiolate; petiole (2–) 5–15 (–20) mm; blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 20–50 × 6–20 mm, base attenuate. Racemes leafy. Pedicels

fleshy, rigid; sepals narrowly oblanceolate, 7–9 × 1.3–2 cm, margins straight, apex obtuse to acute, spreading; petals obliquely narrowly oblanceolate, abaxially

lanceolate, (herbaceous portion narrowly lanceolate to linear-oblong), 3.5–4.8 mm, not enlarging in fruit, apex green to purple, narrowly acute to acuminate, not

and cauline, 1.5–8 × 0.2–0.6 (–1.5) cm, blade very narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or oblongelliptic, margins entire or weakly sinuate-dentate. Flowers

usually spreading, rarely erect, sessile or (proximal) subpetiolate; blade oblongelliptic or elliptic to triangular-ovate or (proximal) obovate, 12–28 (–32) ×

cm long, 2-7 cm wide; primary branches 12-60 mm, occasionally capillary, narrowly ascending or diverging up to 70° from the rachises; pedicels 2-7 mm, usually

scabridulous abaxially, villous adaxially. Panicles 14-24 cm long, 3-7 cm wide, narrowly pyramidal, open; primary branches 2-7 cm, ascending, diverging less than

± glabrate; branches 0–4, ascending. Leaves: blades oblanceolate to oblongelliptic, 20–30 × 3–8 cm, spinulose and otherwise entire or coarsely dentate

Leaves (main-stem) ascending to spreading, sessile; blade lanceolate to oblongelliptic or obovate, 10–30 (–50) × 3–8 (–12) mm, on main-stem, longer than internodes

strongly 3 (–5) -veined, lance-linear to lanceolate (herbaceous portion narrowly lanceolate to lance-oblong), 3.2–5.5 mm, not enlarging in fruit, apex green

along stem, gradually reduced to bracts distally; blade lanceolate, oblongelliptic, or oblong-obovate, 5–22 × 1.5–7 cm. Spikes lax to very dense. Flowers

septate trichomes; branches 0–few, distal, ascending. Leaves: blades oblongelliptic to oblanceolate, 5–30 × 1–5 cm, shallowly to deeply pinnatifid, lobes

red, greenish or light-brown medially, 3–6-ribbed laterally, narrowly ovate to oblongelliptic, 2.6–3.9 × 1.6–2 mm, apex rounded to ± acute, entire, mucronulate;