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uniformly light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces or upper 2 darker adaxially, sometimes white, upper and lateral 2 often darker basally, lowest, seldom

ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 and upper 2 sometimes purple-veined, lateral

light to dark blue-violet to violet on both surfaces, upper 2 and lateral 2 darker basally, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest white basally, dark purple-veined

brown, to 4 cm, narrow, papery, apex acute. Flowers: perianth light to dark blue-violet to white; floral-tube with indistinct ribs, circular, ca. 1 cm; sepals

5–1 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 white basally, lower 3 darker violet-veined, lateral 2 densely

longer than outer, sometimes scarious. Flowers: perianth dark blue-violet to red-purple with darker veins; floral-tube ca. 0.7 cm; sepals 4–6 × 3–5 cm, glabrous

ovate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet, lowest and sometimes lateral 2 purple-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest

apiculate, faces glabrous, eglandular. Ray-florets 20–35; corollas dark blue-violet, seldom white, laminae 8–13 × 1–1.5 mm. Disc-florets (18–) 23–40; corollas

ciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, spur sometimes

tepals spreading at right angle to tube, pink to red [pale blue to white] with dark red [blue-violet] marks at base of lower 3 tepals, ovate to oblong, 9–13

infusion of violet roots before planting to repel insects. Mature plants are often needed for identification of violets. In preparing specimens of violets, care

5–1 mm; petals light to dark blue-violet on both surfaces, lower 3 and sometimes upper 2 white basally, lower 3 darker violet-veined, lateral 2 densely

Cauline leaf-blades oblanceolate to ovate or elliptic. Corollas dark blue or violet, glabrous or sparsely white-villous internally abaxially. Phenology:

is added to a light blue-violet background, the petals remain light blue and the sepals become a very dark violet with light blue margins; this form has

4.5–7.5 × 1.2–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla dark blue to violet or purple, with reddish violet nectar guides, ampliate, 10–15 (–18) mm, yellowish

margins erose, sometimes entire, broadly scarious, glabrous; corolla blue to violet or lavender, rarely pink, with reddish or reddish purple nectar guides

color is usually light to dark blue-violet. In V. sororia forma priceana (the Confederate violet) petals are grayish white with violet veins. Viola septentrionalis

hairy distally or glabrous; corollas usually white, lavender, lilac, blue, violet, purple, ochroleucous, yellow, orange, or crimson, if pink, red, scarlet

minus and S. rosulatum with campanulate bases), ± distinct, bluish violet to light blue, white, lavender to pink, magenta, purple, or yellow, not clawed

perianth epigynous, white, yellow, tan, brown, copper-red, maroon, blue, blue-violet, or purple, often with markings of contrasting colors, differentiated

glandular, glutinous, or puberulent; corolla white to pink, lavender, blue, violet, or purple, bilaterally symmetric, weakly bilabiate to strongly bilabiate

scabrous, glandular, glandular-pubescent, or glutinous; corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple, or pink, rarely white or red, bilaterally symmetric, rarely

triangular-cordate; corolla light to deep blue with lighter or reddish center, violet, lavender, or purple to pink with darker center, or white, bilaterally symmetric

in 4–5+ series in S. frondosum, pistillate, fertile; corollas white, pink, blue, or purple (rays 0, peripheral pistillate florets in 2–5+ series, corollas

retrorsely hairy, puberulent, or glabrous; corolla white to lilac, lavender, blue, violet, purple, red, pink, or magenta, bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly

glandular-pubescent or retrorsely hairy, rarely glabrate; corolla lavender, blue, violet, or purple, rarely scarlet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, not personate

glandular-pubescent; corolla white to pink, rose, red, magenta, yellow, lavender, blue, violet, or purple, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate to strongly bilabiate, not

Philadelphia 1: 190, plate 9. 1817. Michael S. Park Common names: Chinese-houses blue-eyed Mary Etymology: For Zaccheus Collins, 1764–1831, Philadelphia botanist

punctate-glandular. The glands may be colorless (translucent) or yellowish to dark brown or orange and are sometimes more prominent on dried specimens than

ending 0.2–2 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals light blue to usually deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 11–16 mm, apex rounded to slightly

or beaked. > 8 8 Corollas salverform. > 9 9 Corollas purple, blue-purple, blue, violet, rosy, or white; filaments pilose. Buchnera 9 Corollas red, brownish

present); corollas white, cream, yellow, orange, pink, purple, violet, or blue (sometimes dark abaxially), laminae 4-veined, 3-toothed. Disc-florets usually

tubular, lobes narrowly triangular; petals 5, corolla purple, blue-purple, blue, violet, rosy, or white, bilabiate, salverform, pilose within, abaxial

usually extending beyond green apex as 2 lobes. Flowers: tepals blue to bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.8–13 mm, apex rounded to slightly emarginate

triangular-ovate; petals 5, corolla white or purplish or bluish with darker purple, violet, or blue markings, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, cylindric, tube

found in California as a garden escape. A glabrous perennial with glaucous, blue-gray stem and leaves, and glossy, yellow petals, it bears an overall resemblance

campanulate, lobes linear to lanceolate, glabrous; corolla lilac to violet [blue, white], bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate and personate, tubular, tube

floral-tube pale violet, filiform, 2.5–6.5 cm, expanding somewhat distally to 2.5–4 cm diam.; sepals widely spreading, blue to violet with yellow or orange

capsule, ape× acuminate; corolla violet, banner pale violet to white, base yellow with dark orange spot, wings and keel violet, 10–15 mm, keel glabrous or sparsely

corolla white on tube and lobes proximally, blue to violet or lavender on lobes distally, with dark violet spots internally near bases of adaxial and lateral

unless otherwise indicated. Descriptions of ray color as “blue” should be read as lavender-blue. Artificial distinctions are used in the key to groups of

flowers solitary. Flowers broadly cylindric to urn-shaped; sepals very dark violet-blue or rarely pink or white, oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-4.5 cm, margins narrowly

lobes lanceolate [linear], villous; corolla yellow [white], often tinged blue to violet [red], bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate and personate, tubular, tube

pale-bluish-violet on both surfaces, dark purple-veined, lateral 2 longer than sepals, bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white to blue-violet, gibbous, 1–1

scarious. Flowers often very fragrant; perianth light blue-violet to mauve-purple, one form with blue pigment limited as stipples or stitches along margin

distinct, lanceolate, calyx radially symmetric, campanulate; corolla blue to violet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, tubular, tube base not spurred or

stenophyllus), glandular-pubescent or glabrous; corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple, red, or scarlet, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, not personate

mucronate or tipped by awn to 1mm, hidden by mature scales, at first dark red to violet, later turning yellowbrown. Pollen 53–65µm diam. Seeds with bodies

8-many, spirally arranged or wholly or partially whorled, showy, white, pink, blue, or yellow, broadly lanceolate or ovate to obovate, grading into stamens;

petals violet to soft blue-violet on both surfaces, whitish basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest 14–23 mm, spur blue-violet

membranaceous. Flowers: perianth pale blue or blue-violet; floral-tube 0.2–0.3 cm; sepals pale violet, veined deep violet basally, ovate, 4–5 × 1.3–2 cm, base

reddish violet to blue-violet on both surfaces, 3 lower whitish basally, dark violet-veined, lateral 2 densely bearded, lowest 11–17 mm, spur violet, gibbous

anthesis, pale to deep blue or bluish violet, each 3-veined, sometimes 5-veined in inner whorls, 15–30 × 3–5 mm; anthers dark bluish violet to brown, 2.5–4 mm;

short, toothlike; stamens 6, epitepalous, in 2 rows, included; anthers dark blue, dorsifixed, globose; ovary superior, green, 3-locular, inner sepal nectaries

distinct, lanceolate, calyx bilaterally symmetric, campanulate; corolla blue to violet, pink, or red, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate and personate, tubular

white-margined, linear-lanceolate, 2-6 (-8) mm, puberulent. Flowers: sepals violet to white, ± puberulent, lateral sepals spreading to forward pointing, 7-10

staminate; petals all blue (rarely all lavender), proximal petal smaller; medial stamen anther connective usually with transverse band of violet; staminodes 2–3;

6 cm × 10 mm. Flowers: perianth blue-violet; floral-tube with brown striations, funnelform, 2–2.5 cm; sepals blue-violet with deeper veins, with yellow-white

auricles 2–3 mm; petals usually blue to gray-violet on both surfaces, rarely white, white basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest

ending 0.2–1.3 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals light blue to dark bluish violet or rarely purplish or white, bases yellow; outer tepals often

Flowers: perianth blue to blue-violet (white in forma albispiritis); floral-tube funnelform, 1.2–1.5 cm; sepals blue or pale violet with flecks of white

20–40 mm, herbaceous, margins and apex scarious. Flowers: perianth pale blue-violet or nearly white, with lilac-purple veins; floral-tube funnelform, 0.5–1

upper 2 ± violet, lower 3 with yellow basal area, often violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, ± equaling or shorter than sepals, lowest with dark yellow area

Flowers: sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals blue to pale violet on both surfaces with yellow area basally, lower 3 purple-veined,

occasionally, exceeding it by up to 0.5 mm. Flowers: tepals light blue or bluish violet to purple or occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 6.3–11

inner, thickly chartaceous to scarious, margins shiny, darker in color. Flowers: perianth violet-blue to rarely white; floral-tube funnelform, constricted

inner similar or scarious at apex. Flowers: perianth deep to pale blue or blue-violet; floral-tube 0.5–0.75 cm; sepals broadly rounded, 2.5–4 cm wide, base

acute, ending 0.2–0.7 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to violet, occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.7–12.5 mm, apex rounded

ending 0.3–7.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.1–12.3 mm, apex rounded or emarginate

margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals light to dark blue or dark purple-violet or reddish purple, lowest and sometimes lateral 2 purple-veined

Flowers: sepals violet to dark blue, ± puberulent, lower sepal 5-7 × 2-3.5 mm, lateral sepals 5-8 × 3-5 mm, spur 7-10 mm; petals blue to white, lateral

shorter. Flowers: perianth pale powder blue to lavender or violet, often frilled and veined in violet or darker blue; floral-tube funnelform, 0.7–1 cm; sepals

lavender to violet, rarely white; floral-tube constricted above ovary, 1–2 cm; sepals spreading and arched, pale blue to purple with darker blue or purple

green, exceeding inner; inner partly scarious. Flowers: perianth rich blue or blue-violet; floral-tube funnelform, 1–2 cm; sepals ovate, 7.5–9 × 2.5–3 cm, base

basally and along keel, apex acuminate. Flowers: perianth blue to lavender to white, veined deeper violet; floral-tube green with purple veins in line with midrib

ciliate, apex obtuse or acuminate, eglandular-hairy; corolla sky blue or blue-violet, sometimes white, rotate, 2.5–5.5 mm diam.; stamens 2–2.3 mm; style

clauseniana was originally thought to be closely related to the acaulescent blue violets, most notably V. nephrophylla (S. L. Welsh et al. 1987; L. E. McKinney

2–2 mm in flower, 6–10 × 1.5–2 mm in fruit, apex acute. Corollas violet, blue-violet, reddish purple, or pink, rarely white, with yellow, white, or lilac

substrate. Roots taproots. Stems unsegmented, usually gray-green or blue-green to dark green [yellow-green in L. diffusa of Mexico], usually flat-topped

lobes 2–3 mm, apex acute to obtuse, finely glandular-hairy; corolla deep blue-violet, rarely white, rotate, (8–) 10–13 mm diam.; stamens 4–8 mm; style (5–)

flecked with short dark lines, faintly to obscurely veined, lines of insertion on receptacle not prominent; petals 8-27, pale violet to nearly white; stamens

keeled at midrib, 4.5 cm, ± equal, margins scarious. Flowers: perianth sky blue; floral-tube dull yellow, funnelform, 1–2 cm, dilated upward to 4–5 mm diam

involucre; perianth white, pink, or deep red-violet, 0.8–1.5 cm. Fruits brown to dark-brown with pale tan, brown, or dark-brown ribs, obovoid to narrowly obovate

to 1 mm proximal to aristate green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.3–12.8 mm, apex rounded to emarginate

mm shorter to 0.4 mm longer than green apex. Flowers: tepals blue to light bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8–15 mm, apex rounded to occasionally

acute, ending 0.5–3.2 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals dark blue or bluish violet, occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–12.5 mm, apex

margins eciliate, auricles 1–1.5 mm; petals blue to violet on both surfaces, white at base, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 9–16 mm

mm; petals cream, 2.6–3.8 mm. Drupes pale blue, violet plumbeous, or blue-violet, often turning whitish blue to white, globose or oblate-ellipsoid, 5–6

eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals deep bluish violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and darker violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, upper 2 sometimes

lilac, pale blue, or pale violet on both surfaces, sometimes nearly white and tinged with lilac, lowest and sometimes lateral 2 dark violet-veined, lateral

apiculate, faces glabrous. Ray-florets (13–) 20–28 (–34); corollas usually blue-violet, rarely white, laminae (7–) 9–15 (–19) × 0.6–2.1 mm. Disc-florets (28–)

veined, apex obtuse, surfaces glabrous; corolla tubular; petals erect, blue-violet, ligulate, to 3 cm; stamens exserted; stigma exserted, conduplicate-spiral

Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 20: 351. 1920. Craig C. Freeman Common names: Dark blue beardtongue Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page

lanceolate, 5–8 × 1.2–2.5 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to dark blue, purple, or violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, bilabiate, not personate

5–5.5 × 0.8–1.4 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to violet or purple, with or without dark blue nectar guides, funnelform, 15–20 (–24) mm, glandular-pubescent

± densely so distally. Leaves (abaxially pale or grayish green, adaxially dark green) initially ± firm or membranous, becoming thicker, margins crenate-serrate

lanceolate, 6–8 (–9) × 1.5–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to lavender, with dark violet nectar guides, bilabiate, tubular-funnelform, 10–13 mm, sparsely

distals puberulent-glandular. > 19 19 Corollas pale yellow, palate dark yellow, drying blue-green; s Arizona, New Mexico. Erythranthe unimaculata 19 Corollas

hyaline, often purplish distally, scarious. Ray-florets 12–35; corollas blue or violet, (8–) 10–15 × 1.2–2 mm. Disc-florets 48–55; corollas yellow, 9–10 mm

mirabilis 6 Phyllaries 36–50, ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate; rays 7–15, blue or violet; disc florets 20–25 Eurybia jonesiae 7 Leaf faces abaxially scabrous

to 7 mm), strongly unequal, bases indurate, keeled or rounded adaxially, dark green zones wide, 1/3–1/2 distal portion (rarely to base in outer) to less