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stipitate-glandular, adaxial glabrous. Florets 20–50; corollas golden yellow, 9–18 mm. Cypselae dark to golden reddish or yellowish-brown, fusiform, 3.5–8 mm, tapered

cm × 5–7 mm, herbaceous, margins scarious. Flowers: perianth usually dark golden yellow, cream, pink, lavender, or purple, heavily veined purple or brown;

Capsules spheric, 0.9–1.1 × 0.9–1.1 cm, tardily dehiscent. Seeds solid dark to golden brown, spheric, 10 × 10 mm; caruncle absent. 2n = 44 (Mexico). Phenology:

Corollas: throat dark purple, golden yellow at base with reddish speckling, limb magenta to reddish purple, lateral adaxial lobes each with a dark purple basal

colored to grayish tan, sometimes pale pinkish gray when fresh, tips dark red to dark-brown, larger spines often extensively tipped chestnut, blackish purple

robust, ± weak-stemmed, lax; green, bluish green, green and brown to dark golden brown, often speckled in appearance; found submerged in shallow water

611. Plants small to large, lax to dense, in tufts or mats, dark green, yellow-green, golden green, or orange, sometimes reddish-brown or nearly black,

or tardily dehiscent (D. pictus). Seeds 100–2000, yellow to olive green or dark-brown, ovoid to oblong, flattened, wings absent. x = 8, 9, 10. w United States

stramineous to dark-brown, margins scarious, involute, clasping the paleas; upper paleas indurate, smooth to slightly rugose, stramineous to dark-brown. Caryopses

374, 379, 637. Plants small to large, usually in stiff, loose mats, dark green to golden brown. Stems creeping or ascending, usually regularly 1–3-pinnate

Mentioned on page 590, 617, 622. Plants small to large, pale to dark green or golden. Stems terete-foliate, irregularly pinnate to regularly 2-pinnate

well developed; green, yellowish, light-brown, golden brown, reddish-brown to dark-brown. Stem green to dark-brown, superficial cortex of 0–3 layers of efibrillose

scattered individuals or open to dense turfs or cushions, green, silver, white, golden, or red, often more than one color. Stems sometimes julaceous, unbranched

new growth green to reddish, pubescent or glabrous, 1-year old usually golden green to tan, sometimes deep reddish-brown or gray-brown, older graying;

large, as scattered individuals or colonies, green, reddish, whitish, or golden, often glossy when dry, acrocarpous. Stems short to long, sometimes complanate-foliate

stamens (8–) 10, included; filaments dilated, (usually hairy at base); anthers (dark red), with 2 (recurved), dorsal awns, dehiscent by terminal pores; ovary

creamy white, pink, or lavender, rarely yellow or red (glabrous). Cypselae golden brown to light tan, narrowly subcylindric, or fusiform to oblanceoloid,

very small to large, in loose to dense tufts or mats, green, yellowish, golden, reddish, or brownish, shiny. Stems erect to ascending, rarely creeping

punctate-glandular. The glands may be colorless (translucent) or yellowish to dark brown or orange and are sometimes more prominent on dried specimens than

aboriginum 8 Pistillate scales dark brown to black, mostly exceeding perigynia. Carex idahoa 8 Pistillate scales light to dark brown, shorter than, equaling

petals greenish, white, yellow, pink, red, or purple; nectary disc prominent, dark red, purple, or yellow, relatively thick, or not prominent, greenish. Berries

recurved. Fruits dark-brown, woody to leathery at maturity; peduncle sometimes thickened. Seeds glossy, dark-brown to tawny or golden. x = 13, 14. North

643. Plants small or medium-sized, in soft, dense mats, pale to dark green, sometimes golden or brownish, dull. Stems creeping, freely and irregularly branched

Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants medium to robust, dark green to brownish with age, in loose or rather dense, tall tufts, often in

America Association Bulbs ovoid, 2–3 × 2–2.5 cm, tunic dark-brown. Leaves 2–3 (–4); blade dark green, channeled adaxially, nearly terete, 30–40 cm × 2–4

moderate-sized to robust, capitulum more or less flattopped and large; dark-brown overall with a golden center to the capitulum and a distinctive deep red tinge in

light golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 dark-brown to ± black abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 8–21 mm, spur dark greenish

conic-acute to subrostrate; peristome double; exostome teeth 16, connate at base, dark redbrown, linear-lanceolate, somewhat trabeculate, external surface minutely

speciesOrontium aquaticum Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 324. 1753. Sue A. Thompson Common names: Golden-club IllustratedEndemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Illustrator:

David Whetstone, Christopher F. Nixon† Common names: Gopher-apple ground-oak golden-apple IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Chrysobalanus oblongifolius Michaux Fl

ed. 5, 189. 1754 ,. Craig C. Freeman, Nicholas D. Levsen Common names: Golden-saxifrage dorine Etymology: Greek chrysos, gold, and splenos, spleen, alluding

more than 20, regions not excavate; plants rusty brown to golden brown or occasionally dark green, dull; stems densely branched. Hypnum procerrimum 13

pilose; petals erect-incurved, dark red, base purple-black, margins narrowly white; stamens 10–14, filaments dark red to dark purple-red, white distally,

expanded at apex. Capsules: dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 5–35, light to dark-brown or yellow, ovoid to reniform or oblong, wings absent. x = 7. w North

with fine hairs. Florets 10–40; corollas yellow, 18–22 mm. Cypselae golden or dark-brown, subcylindric, 6–10 mm, apices tapered (not beaked), ribs 10–18

1: 324. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5; 151, 1754. Sue A. Thompson Common names: Golden-club Etymology: ancient Greek name for plant that grew on River Orontes

[–180] dm. Stems 1–25, erect, ascending, spreading to prostrate; bark usually dark gray, smooth; short-shoots present or absent; unarmed; glabrous or tomentose

Leaves 2–3 (–4), widely spaced, more or less declinate, channeled; blade dark green, linear to linearlanceolate, keeled, glabrous; proximal cauline blade

or hairy, 1-year old golden to pale tan, older light gray; thorns on twigs few to numerous, straight to recurved, 2-years old dark blackish brown, shiny

nonrhizomatous, globose, 3.5–5.5 × 3–4.5 cm; basal plate 1–3 cm; neck 1.5–4 cm; tunic dark-brown. Leaves deciduous, 5–12, arching to suberect, 3.5–6 dm × 2–6 cm, noncoriaceous;

Mentioned on page 480, 606. Plants small, in tufts or gregarious; dark green to golden brown or reddish-brown. Stems 1–5 mm, simple or forked; scleroderm

651, 659. Plants small, in open to dense turfs or dense cushions, dark green to golden. Stems 0.5–2 cm, rosulate or sometimes gemmiform, sparsely to strongly

5 mm, rarely glabrous; style glabrous. Capsules glabrous. Seeds brown or dark-brown, angled, angled-elongate, or disciform, 1.8–5.4 mm. North America,

longer than bracts, abaxial lip inflated, lobes 3, rounded, adaxial lip golden yellow, 2–4 mm, equal to abaxial, glandular-puberulent, tip minutely hooked

Camus Chênes 1: 157. 1938. Kevin C. Nixon Common names: Intermediate oaks, golden-cup oaks Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Mentioned on page 468. Trees

weakly to strongly coherent, separating with or without torus attached, golden yellow to red or black, globose to hemispheric or cylindric, 5–20 mm, fleshy

562. Mentioned on page 516, 563, 644. Plants large, in loose mats, dark green to golden, shiny. Stems suberect to ascending, forming fronds, regularly pinnate;

Brown) J. Smith J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 58. 1841. Clifton E. Nauman Common names: Golden polypodies Etymology: Greek phlebos, vein, referring to the prominent venation

compressed, 5–20 × 2.2–3 mm; floral scales (12–) 20–30 (–50), off-white to golden brown, basally 2-keeled, laterally ribless, ovate-deltate, 2–2.3 × 1–1.4

weak-stemmed, lax in submersed forms, ± sprawling in emergent froms; golden brown to dark-brown; capitulum weakly 5-radiate, branches straight to strongly

corolla yellow to golden yellow or orange, tubular-campanulate, 4–10 cm; anther-filaments glabrous; ovary pubescent. Pepos wholly light to dark green, green

Culms 4–37 cm; cataphylls with concave cells. Leaves: basal sheaths golden brown to dark-brown; blades green, eceeding culms, 0.8–4.8 mm wide, herbaceous

bracts setaceous; scales hyaline, usually short-awned. > 3 2 Perigynia pale or dark brown, 5–11-veined adaxially, 3–3.6 × 1.2–1.6 mm; proximal bracts prolonged

or chlorophyllous throughout. Seta dark-brown becoming black with age, fairly stout, 4–9 mm long. Capsule light to dark-brown, obloid to shortly cylindric

upright but weak-stemmed; golden brown to dark-brown; capitulum distinct and often with strongly curved branches. Stems brownish to dark-brown; superficial cortex

inconspicuous or lighter in color and conspicuous, acute. Perigynia ascending, golden or dark-brown, veinless, ovate, 3–4 × 1.5–1.75 mm, apex abruptly beaked, distally

spawling; green, yellow-green to golden brown; capitulum usually large and flat with curved branches; green, yellow-green, or golden brown. Stems pale green to

abaxially glaucous with waxy layer, often obscured by golden brown glandular-hairs, adaxially grayish dark green, scurfy with fasciculate erect and twisting

yellow, tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate (anthers ± dark purple; styles glabrous proximal to branches). Ray cypselae ± obcompressed

allopolyploid A. alpina complex appears to have its origins from the amphimictic, dark-phyllaried, arctic-alpine taxa including A. aromatica (ARO), A. densifolia

ciliate distally, otherwise glabrous. Perigynia green to golden green, usually blotched or dotted with dark red, 2-ribbed and finely 12–15-veined, veins more

quadrangular, 3–5 × 1–1.4 mm; floral scales 1–2 (–4), appressed, stramineous to golden brown, often red-speckled, medially greenish, 9-ribbed, elliptic to ovate

1–0.5 mm wide; beak tip flat, ciliate-serrulate, abaxial suture with golden to dark-brown hyaline margin, distance from beak tip to achene 1.4–2 mm. Achenes

shorter than or about equaling funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate (anthers ± dark purple or yellow to brownish; styles glabrous proximal to branches). Ray

yellow to dark green or blackish; leaves not plicate; rhizoids sparsely branched, never from abaxial costa surface. Hygroamblystegium 7 Plants golden to yellow-green

mm, lobes 0.5–1 mm. Cypselae (stramineous) 2–2.5 mm, 2–6-ridged (ridges golden yellow to redbrown, translucent, clavate), weakly ribbed, faces sparsely

2–0.5 mm; corolla pink to rose, without 2 yellow lines and sometimes with dark-pink spots in abaxial throat, (8–) 10–12 mm, throat pilose externally and

and conspicuous, apex acute. Perigynia ascending, yellow green, golden brown or if dark-brown with yellow margins, veinless, narrowly elliptic, 3.5–4 ×

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants large, dark green or yellow to golden green, slightly glossy. Stems with stipe present, secondary

Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants golden brown to dark-brown; branches strongly laterally curved. Stem-leaves 0.8–1.3 mm

developed, sharp or blunt, glabrous or antrorsely strigose, hairs yellow to golden brown; lemmas coriaceous to indurate, glabrous or pubescent, striate, particularly

or nearly so. Spikelets 6-8 mm long, 0.8-1.2 mm wide, lanceolate, dark-brown to golden brown at maturity. Calluses 1-1.2 mm, blunt, densely bearded; lower

U-shape around achene, glossy metallic sheen; beak white, golden brown, redbrown, brown, or dark-brown, usually white-hyaline at tip, cylindric, unwinged

green, olivaceous, olive, golden, or rufous brown to blackish green distally, brown to blackish brown proximally, sometimes dark blackish green to black

perianth bicolored with floral-tube white to yellow and tepals red, maroon, or dark purple, cylindric, (4.5–) 5–6 mm, sparsely pubescent; tepals connate 1/2

Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants moderately robust, dark-green to brown plants in loose tufts. Stems 1.5–3 (–6) cm high, usually unbranched

534, 545, 581. Plants small, yellowish, golden green, dark green, or brownish. Stems 2–5 cm, yellowish to golden green, usually creeping, regularly to irregularly

Plants moderately robust, capitulum distinct and flattopped; golden brown, brown or dark-brown, less commonly variegated green and brown, without metallic

with distinct capitulum; green, pale green, yellowish, red, tan, brown to dark-brown. Stems green, brown or reddish, outer cortex of 3–4 layers of inflated

plumose. Achenes included in accrescent and usually veiny perianth, tan to dark-brown, unwinged to weakly winged, 3-gonous, sometimes compressed-3-gonous

Association Plants very coarse and stiff, dark green, olive green, or black, all with or without golden green or golden brown mottling. Stems to 8 cm, denuded

obovate, 5–7 (–9) × 3–5 mm; filaments 1.5–2 (–3) mm; styles usually dark red, rarely golden brown. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Aug. Habitat: Rocky slopes, talus

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants medium-sized, dark green to golden green or nearly black. Stems 4–8 cm, redbrown to nearly black, procumbent

in winter but never flat-topped. Roots diffuse. Stems unsegmented, pale to dark green or bluish green, ovoid, spheric, depressed-spheric, depressed hemispheric

20–40 (–60); corollas pink, purple, lavender, or nearly white. Cypselae golden or yellowish-brown, cylindric or fusiform, tapered to slender beaks, ribs

lemmas glabrous, 5-7-veined, margins entire; upper florets olive, golden brown, or dark-brown. Caryopses 1.6-1.8 mm, brown. 2n = 20, 30, 40. Generated Map

242. 1832 ,. Craig C. Freeman, Nicholas D. Levsen Common names: American golden-saxifrage water-mat or carpet dorine d’Amérique Endemic Treatment appears

or oblong, 5–12 × 3–6 mm; terminal spike gynecandrous. Pistillate scales dark-brown to black to margins or distally hyaline, ovate or lanceolate, shorter

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants densely cespitose. Culms dark maroon at base; flowering-stems 25–60 cm, usually longer than leaves at maturity

glechomaefolium) ,. Craig C. Freeman, Nicholas D. Levsen Common names: Pacific golden-saxifrage Endemic Synonyms: Chrysosplenium oppositifolium var. scouleri Hooker

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems short-creeping; scales golden brown to medium brown, concolored, iridescent, margins entire or occasionally

sinuous in some cultivars; internodes glabrous, usually green, in cultivars golden yellow, or with yellow and green stripes, lustrous; nodal ridges usually

papillate, abaxial-marginal stigmatic lines along proximal 2/5. Cypselae golden brown to dark-brown, 3–4 mm. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Aug–Oct. Habitat: Sandy

sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular (lacking dark or long black setae). Florets 18–30. Cypselae golden brown. 2n = 22, 33. Phenology: Flowering May–Jun

smooth, sometimes scabrous near base. Flowers: perianth straw-colored or golden yellow, or sometimes white-flushed with purple, usually similarly colored

Daniel D. Spaulding, T.A. Atkinson Common names: Siskiyou inside-out flower golden inside-out flower Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Leaves persistent

acrid-tasting; scales concolored to weakly bicolored, uniformly golden brown or slightly darker near apex, lanceolate, contorted distally, margins denticulate

536. Mentioned on page 533, 537. Plants small, light gray-green to golden green or dark green. Stems 3–5 (–10+) cm, reddish-brown, usually creeping, irregularly

buds with outer scales. Leaves: petiole 1.5–3 mm; blade dull olive green, dark green adaxially, (1–) 1.5–5 × 1–1.5 cm, gradually smaller in leafy raceme

to dense tufts, turfs, or mats, green, dark green, brownish green, light green or yellow-green, usually darker proximally, often tinged reddish-brown or

tepals entire; inner tepals ca. 25 per flower, golden yellow (rarely greenish yellow), distally slightly darker, proximally bright red (rarely brownish red

renifolia 25 Petals violet, light to dark blue-violet, lavender-violet, light to deep or dull reddish violet, dark purple-violet or reddish purple, or deep

central spine longest, 12–30 (–38) mm; sheaths white to grayish with yellow to golden tips, baggy to tight-fitting. Glochids in inconspicuous to small adaxial

FNA Volume 23. Plants densely cespitose, short-rhizomatous. Culms brown to dark-brown at base, not more than 1 mm wide distally. Leaves: basal sheaths not

538. Mentioned on page 537. Plants small to medium-sized, pale to dark green to golden brown. Stems 1–3 cm, reclining to suberect, weakly complanate-foliate

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants dark green in deeply shaded sites, orange-golden to rusty in exposed sites. Stems 3–10 cm, usually hooked

or grayish brown with dark longitudinal bands, ovoid, shorter than scales, 3–4 mm, smooth, shining, apex umbonate; hypogynium golden brown, rather broad

fissured. Twigs reddish-brown, slender, glabrous to scaly. Terminal buds golden to rusty brown, ovoid, 3-9 mm, hirsute along margins and densely scaly;

page 546. Mentioned on page 533. Plants large, rusty brown to golden brown or occasionally dark green, dull. Stems 2–8 cm, yellowish to brownish, suberect

pistillate, of similar length; terminal spike gynecandrous. Pistillate scales dark-brown or black to margins, ovate or broadly lanceolate, shorter than and

Stems dark red to reddish-brown or rarely black when old; micronemata absent. Leaves reddish, reddish-brown, or sometimes yellow-green or with golden hue

of 18–20 dark green, triangular to lanceolate bractlets 2–5 mm, coarsely setose. Involucres campanulate, 12–16 × 7–14 mm. Phyllaries 9–15, dark green to

m diam. Stems ± prostrate, radiating from plant base, sparsely branched, dark green, not noticeably slender, ultimate branches densely short-stipitate

compact; green, brownish green, golden brown to dark-brown; capitulum flattopped and not especially 5-radiate. Stems green to dark-brown; superficial cortex

lavender to magenta-purple, adaxial throat very dark purple, abaxial lip or at least central lobe golden yellow, abaxial lip base and palate ridges sparsely

whitish. Corollas: throat whitish to dark magenta, not golden yellow at base, lobes magenta, without markings or with dark magenta dots and, sometimes, some

(in either form, the abaxial sinus usually ± deeper than others). Cypselae (dark redbrown or stramineous) outer often arcuate, shorter, inner more columnar

forming extensive colonies, 3–40 dm, not rhizomatous; twigs yellow-green or golden brown, glaucous, usually terete, sometimes somewhat angled, glabrous, sometimes

diam. Phyllaries 30–125 (–150) in 2–5 series, 1-nerved or 3-nerved (nerves golden-resinous; usually flat, rarely broadly keeled to convex), narrowly elliptic

tip abruptly recurved, bifurcate, distal 4–6 mm densely villous, hairs golden yellow, to 2 mm; style 9–15 mm. Capsules 9–12 × 7–9 mm. Generated Map Legacy

ovate, adaxially elongated into short areolar grooves; areolar glands golden, darker with age, cylindric or peglike; cortex and pith firm, not mucilaginous

dense to few; styles 2-fid, rarely 3-fid. Achenes stramineous to green or dark-brown, biconvex, rarely trigonous, obovoid to obpryiform, 0.4–1.1 × 0.3–0

moderate-sized to robust; upright, prostrate, or aquatic; green, pale-yellow, golden brown, dark-brown, tinged with red in exposed sites and purplish in aquatic forms;

rhizomes, loosely cespitose forming small clumps. Culms reddish-brown to dark maroon at base; flowering-stems 30–60 cm, much longer than leaves at maturity

hispidulo-strigillose, sometimes sparsely stipitate-glandular. Leaves (green to dark green) firm, margins entire, faces sparsely to moderately strigoso-scabrous

finely scabrous within inflorescence. Leaves: sheaths glabrous, basal ones dark chestnut, grading to light-brown and green on back, all bearing blades, sometimes

stiff, rarely soft, olive green, often yellow, or dull yellowish green with golden mottling. Stems to 12 cm, often denuded from base or bearing persistent

distal pairs; inflorescences cymes or flowers solitary; sepals 5; drupes dark red, becoming black, stones 3. Rhamnus alaternus 2 Leaf blade secondary veins

parallel [to candelabra-shaped or solitary]. Roots diffuse. Stems unsegmented, dark green or green to blue-green or glaucous gray-green, thick columnar, often

particularly conspicuous members of vernal-pool floras. The characteristic rich, golden yellow color of Lasthenia gracilis can be seen to cover thousands of hectares

included to long-exserted, branches ± papillose knobs). Cypselae (blackish or dark-brown) cylindric to narrowly clavate, ribbed or angled, puberulent to pilose;

coarse-textured, base acute to rounded, apex rounded. Pistillate scales dark gold or redbrown to dark-brown, usually with pale or green midstripe, ovate, 2.2–3.7 (–4

surface ± punctate-sculptured, margins raised-thickened and ± undulate, golden yellow to silvery. Cucurbita moschata 8 Peduncles in fruit slightly expanded

15 15 Mature leaves 9–12 cm wide, margins typically unarmed, apical spine dark brown, 2–2.5 cm; flowers 5.5–6.5 cm; s Florida. Agave sisalana 15 Mature

lowest lemmas 2.3-3 mm, ovate, medium to dark-brown at maturity, lateral-veins and keels with slightly spreading, golden to tawny hairs, hairs to 0.7 mm, apices

on page 619, 620, 622. Plants medium-sized, brownish green, dark green, pale green to golden green, occasionally bronze brown, dull to extremely glossy

small; strongly reddish to golden brown, glossy when dry; flattopped capitulum with moderately differentiated terminal bud. Stems dark-brown; superficial cortex

Corollas: throat magenta to dark purple, inside with longitudinal gold markings basally, adaxial lip magenta, palate ridges golden yellow, tube-throat (15–)

corollas golden yellow, laminae 10–22 × 4–8 mm. Disc-florets 10–20+; corollas pale brown-yellow (lobes dull yellow), 3.5–4 mm, glabrous. Cypselae dark-brown

forming raised reticulum, floccose or tomentose with erect, golden hairs, soon glabrate, adaxially dark or light green, glossy, floccose or tomentose when immature

often wiry; green, yellowbrown or golden brown; capitulum small with terminal bud absent. Stems light-brown to dark-brown; superficial cortex of 1 layer

Mentioned on page 63, 72, 77, 80. Plants robust and weak-stemmed; green, golden brown to dark-brown; capitulum often flattopped and with a visible terminal bud;

428. Plants large, rigid, in moderately dense mats, green to often rich golden and brownish yellow. Stems to 12 cm, creeping to ascending or erect in dense

631. Mentioned on page 630, 632, 635. Plants small, in thick, dense mats, dark green to rusty brown. Stems to 3.5 (–5) cm, 0.8–1.5 mm thick when dry, poorly

persisting on branches 2-3 years old; stipules often persistent, to 15 mm, golden-silky; petiole 15-25 mm. Leaf-blade obovate or elliptic, 70-140 × 35-80

mm; petals golden yellow adaxially, upper 2 reddish-brown abaxially, lower 3 dark brown-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 10–20 mm, spur dark reddish-brown

one to two pendent branches; plants green or variegated green and brown or golden brown, sporophytes usually not present > 9 9 Surface cells of the stem predominately

Sporangiasters bearing glandular hairs more than 40 per sorus; stem scales golden brown, nearly concolored; blades typically elongate-deltate, widest at or

1–3 per mm of rachilla, stramineous to pale-brown, usually with pale to dark-brown submarginal band, midrib region sometimes greenish, obovate to broadly

bright green, often with golden brown to deep metallic red mottling, usually with satinlike sheen, infrequently becoming dark red, reddish-brown, or brown

Seeds distinctly tailed, tail at least 1/2 length of seed body; capsules golden tan Juncus vaseyi 8 Seeds not tailed; capsules chestnut brown or paler.

greenish white, tan, pink, reddish, dark purple, or yellowish, tubules yellowish brown, orange, pink, reddish, or dark purple > 4 4 Calyx lobes ovate, ovate-oblong

then central spines tan, stramineous, golden yellow, pale chalky pink, pale purplish gray, or pinkish brown (rarely dark-brown), palest when fresh, weathering

America Association Plants moderate-sized, weak-stemmed, lax; yellowish to golden brown; forming loose carpets; branches loosely imbricate. Stems yellow to

calyx lobes triangular, lanceolate, or triangular-subulate, not keeled; seeds dark brown. Agalinis purpurea 1 Bracts shorter than, sometimes equal to, pedicels

or rough proximally and smooth near capsule. Capsule horizontal, brown, dark redbrown with age, elongate, to 1.5 mm; endostome basal membrane 1/3–1/2

were applied to the taxa with dimorphic cypselae, while “goldenaster” or “golden aster” was applied to the taxa with monomorphic cypselae (i.e., those that

1 Leaflets 3–11. > 2 2 Leaves basal; plants acaulous. > 3 3 Petals deep golden yellow. Oxalis pes-caprae 3 Petals white to pink, salmon, red, lavender

stipitate-glandular and with large dark or black setae). Heads 15–30. Peduncles stipitate-glandular. Phyllaries 7–8, stipitate-glandular and with dark or black, glandular-setae

25–0.45 mm wide, smooth; beak golden to dark-brown tinged at tip, flat, ciliate-serrulate, abaxial suture with golden to dark-brown hyaline margin, distance

surface, whitish to golden distally; panicles usually pyramidal or ovate, sometimes narrowly elongate, 0.5-30 cm wide, appearing bronze to dark purple (D. cespitosa

entire or pinnate. Flowers: petals golden yellow, 13–18.5 × 3.7–6.1 mm, apex acute, glabrous abaxially; stamens golden yellow, 5 outermost petaloid, filaments

midribs scabridulous or glabrous. Inflorescences: spikes 3–6 (–12), grayish to golden brown, loosely cylindric, (6–) 10–20 (–24) cm × (5–) 8–11 mm; rays 0 or

pubescent. Pepos green to gray-green with cream stripes or mottling, golden yellow to orange, dark purplish green or bluish, blackish purple, or white to grayish

compressed; calluses 0.6-1.9 mm, blunt to acute, strigose; lemmas golden brown to dark-brown at maturity, shiny or not, smooth to spiny-tuberculate distally

puberulent at base; ovary pubescent. Pepos evenly light or dark green or cream-speckled to evenly light or dark-brown, speckled or not, or wholly white, globose

ascending (slender), 1–3 cm. Flowers: sepals (5–) 6–10 × 1.5–2.5 mm; petals golden or creamy to pale-yellow, broadly obovate, 10–16 × (5–) 6–9 (–10) mm, claw

sometimes golden yellow. Capsules seldom produced, brown, ovoid, 2.5–3 cm, apex rounded or beaked, glabrous. Seeds (rarely produced in cultivation), dark-brown

mm; sheaths grayish, tipped brown or yellow to golden Glochids in small adaxial tuft or crescent, dark yellow, to 1 mm. Flowers: inner tepals yellow-green

(Chinese-evergreen), Anthurium, Caladium, Dieffenbachia (dumbcane), Epipremnum (golden pothos), Philodendron, Spathiphyllum, Syngonium, and Zantedeschia (calla-lily)

or greenish midstripe, apex long-acuminate. Perigynia dark tinged at tip, otherwise pale or golden-brown, contrasting with pistillate scales and beaks,

Flowers: perianth pale-yellow to golden, 12–15 mm, tube funnelform, rather broad, 4–6 mm, lobes spreading, never rotate, with dark midvein, 6–9 mm; stamens attached

stems compressed-filiform, without spots, to 50 cm; glands green, golden brown to dark-brown, 0.2–0.6 mm diam. Turions terminal or lateral, uncommon, 3

Calyculi of 5–10 (dark green or blackish), lanceolate, glabrous bractlets 2–3 mm. Involucres cylindric, 8–13 × 3–4 mm. Phyllaries 8–10, (dark green or purple

compressed; calluses 0.5-0.6 mm, blunt, hairs white to golden tan; lemmas shiny, glabrous, striate, dark-brown to black at maturity, wholly smooth to conspicuously

curving down near base; radial spines 9–11 per areole, pale to golden yellow, aging darker colored or black, 12–15 mm; central spines 1 (–5) per areole,

26 Plants evergreen, leaves persistent on stems 2-3 years old; stipules golden-silky, persistent around buds; California, Oregon. Quercus sadleriana 26

5–20 mm; rachilla persistent, wingless. Spikelets 5–24, greenish yellow to golden brown, oblong to linear-lanceoloid, quadrangular, strongly compressed, 7–20

3–9 mm, densely scaly, golden brown to rusty; leaflets 3–7, margins coarsely serrate, surfaces abaxially without small round, dark brown peltate scales;

hairs, sometimes intermixed with the golden-brown hairs; upper lemmas 3.2-4.5 mm, narrowly ovate, brown when immature, dark-brown at maturity, acuminate; anthers

(–1.8) mm. Cypselae fusiform to narrowly obconic, 3–5 mm, ribs 5–8, golden brown, darker than intercostal portions, thin, glabrous; pappi 4–5 mm (sometimes

short hairs absent or sparse on stems and pedicels; styles usually dark red, rarely golden brown. Drymocallis pseudorupestris var. crumiana

(10) 30-50 mm wide, fully exerted from the leaf-sheaths, erect, golden-yellow to dark purple; rachises terete, pubescent. Fascicles 30-40 per cm, disarticulating

paniculiform arrays. Involucres campanulate, 11–12 × 4–7 mm. Calyculi of 8, dark green to purple, narrowly triangular-subulate bractlets 2–4 mm, coarsely

stellate; green to golden brown, unshaded plants often reddish purple, plants with metallic sheen when dry. Stems yellowish to dark-brown; superficial

Copyright: Utah State University Culms 20-40 cm, prostrate to ascending; nodes 2, dark, glabrous. Sheaths glabrous, smooth; ligules 0.5-2.5 mm, obtuse, membranous

6–8 (–9) × 1.5–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to lavender, with dark violet nectar guides, bilabiate, tubular-funnelform, 10–13 mm, sparsely to

(–24) × (0.8–) 1.1–1.4 (–1.8) mm; floral scales persistent, (4–) 6–8 (–14), golden brown, off-white to stramineous, densely red-glandular punctate, green medially

Flowers: calyx lobes lanceolate, 3–4 × 0.8–1.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla dark blue, sometimes whitish, without nectar guides, funnelform, 9–12 mm, glandular-pubescent

corolla yellow to golden yellow or orange, tubular-campanulate, 4–10 cm; anther-filaments glabrous; ovary villous. Pepos wholly light to dark green, green with

or not with distalmost pistillate head. Flowers: tepals without subapical dark spot, erose; stigmas 1, ovate. Fruits brown or yellowish, dull, subsessile

individual spines with broad zones of different colors: whitish or grayish, dull golden-yellow, or reddish-brown to nearly black; radial spines 6–14 per areole

pale greenish white, 9–10 mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. Cypselae light golden brown with darker brown veins, 6–9 mm; pappi 4–6 mm. 2n = 20. Phenology: Flowering

Anomodon thraustus 5 Plants dark green to rusty brown; leaves incurved-contorted when dry; bases auriculate; costae golden yellow to rusty brown; pseudoparaphyllia

Shrubs or trees, usually multistemmed, 50–70 dm. Stems: twigs: new growth golden brown, appressed-pubescent, 1-year old brown to grayish brown, 2-years old

inflorescences 2–10(–20)-flowered. Potentilla glaucophylla 7 Leaflets not glaucous, dark green to grayish, rarely whitish, incised on distal (1/4–)1/2 to nearly whole

sometimes, maculate, dull and light green to purplish abaxially, shiny and dark green, sometimes with white tissue bordering larger veins adaxially, ovate

Stems: twigs: new growth golden green to strongly reddish tinged, sparsely pubescent or glabrous, 1-year old usually shiny, dark-brown, older gray; thorns

Treatment on page 370. Mentioned on page 367, 368, 375. Plants in dense, 1–3 cm, dark green mats, usually reddish tomentose below. Leaves 5–7 mm, erect-patent

Sphagnum papillosum is often easily field-identifiable by its rich golden brown to dark brown color and short, blunt branches. Nearly all specimens have

heads of spikelets loosely globose-ovoid, light greenish white to golden brown; rachilla dark red with stramineous scale scars; and scale apices acute. Cyperus

lance-linear, 5-8 (-13) mm, glabrous to glandular-puberulent. Flowers: sepals dark bluish purple, nearly glabrous, lateral sepals spreading, 9-11 × 4-5 mm,

gynecandrous or rarely distal spike staminate; base of culms usually covered with dark maroon bladeless sheaths (often missing or very short in C. prasina). > 5

growth golden green, glabrous, 1-year old reddish-brown, 2-years old gray; thorns on twigs usually recurved, 2-years old shiny reddish-brown or darker, ± slender

Allan D. Zimmerman, Bruce D. Parfitt Common names: Nichol’s hedgehog cactus golden hedgehog cactus Basionym: Echinocereus engelmannii var. nicholii L. D. Benson

axillary. Fruits usually 1, axillary, or 3–5 on racemoid branches, orange to golden brown, short ellipsoid-cylindric, 1.5–2 cm; peduncle 8–15 (–30) mm. Seeds

Plants 200-800 cm tall; midculm leaves (4)12-40 mm wide; panicles golden-yellow or dark purple; rachises with 30-40 fascicles per cm Pennisetum purpureum

Alaska, Colo., Idaho, Mont., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo. The conspicuous golden glands, dark green color, and relatively broad leaflets make Potentilla brunnescens

30–70 dm. Stems: twigs: new growth golden green to strongly reddish tinged, glabrous, 1-year old usually shiny, dark-brown, older gray; thorns on twigs

to 7 mm), strongly unequal, bases indurate, keeled or rounded adaxially, dark green zones wide, 1/3–1/2 distal portion (rarely to base in outer) to less

stigmas are dark maroon. The pollen is bright yellow; on herbarium specimens, the anthers are golden yellow to orangish yellow, drying darker. In some flowers

yellowish to golden green. In contrast, the specimens collected in Illinois, Mississippi (in part), and Arkansas are more slender and dark green, resembling

in calcareous fens or marl pools, dark reddish brown; leaf apices obtuse. Scorpidium 59 Plants in other habitats, golden to green; leaf apices acute to acuminate