Seed-cones 2–3 × 1.3–1.6cm, on curved stalks 2.5–4.5 × 3.5–5mm; scales 45–55, margins entire, adaxial surface pubescent; bracts tipped by awn to 3mm, exceeding
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4-100 mm × 0.3-45 mm; margins entire; apex rounded, acute, or apiculate; veins anastomosing, main areoles to 15 × 4mm, but mostly less than 5 × 3 mm. Sporophores
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pedicel ascending-spreading, 1-3 (-5) cm, ± puberulent; bracteoles not touching sepals, 4-20mm from flower, ± linear, 1-3mm, ± puberulent. Flowers: sepals
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usually less than 10 mm; nut 1 per cupule, ovate-conic, 7-21 × 7-19 mm, round in cross-section, not flattened, beak less than 3mm excluding styles. Phenology:
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interlocking, densely or sparsely covered in simple hairs; nuts 1-3 per cupule, planoconvex, or if 3, then central nut often reduced and flattened, or if solitary
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to 1mm, hidden by mature scales, at first dark red to violet, later turning yellowbrown. Pollen 53–65µm diam. Seeds with bodies 2–3mm, wings 4–6mm. 2n
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Association Roots yellow to tan, to 15 per plant, 0.3-1 mm diam., producing proliferations. Stem upright, to 2 cm, 3mm diam., 1 leaf per stem. Trophophore stalk
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cylindric, 7–12 × 3–4.5cm, olive-green, sessile, apex round; scales ca. 2.5–3 × 3–3.5cm, pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 8–12 × 3mm, body tan; wing about
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pubescent; bracts included or exserted and reflexed over scales. Seeds 3–6 × 2–3mm, body brown; wing about twice as long as body, brown-purple; cotyledons
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fan-shaped, broadest near rounded apex, 10–16 × 9–13mm, flexuous, margin at apex ± entire, apex extending 0.5–3mm beyond seed-wing impression. 2n =24. Habitat:
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78–93µm diam. Seeds yellow to purple, body 3mm, wing 6mm. Habitat: Subalpine talus slopes Elevation: 1800–2400m Generated Map Legacy Map Alta., B.C., Idaho
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Epirotes Prantl Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 9: 266. 1888 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Plants glabrous or sometimes pilose or pubescent. Stems erect, not bulbous-based
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darker brown, sessile, apex round; scales ca. 2.5–3 × 2.8–3.8cm, pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 8–12 × 3mm, body dull brown; wing about twice as long as
7 KB (521 words) - 00:30, 30 July 2020
light-brown, thinly covered with short, dark hairs. Buds oblong, 2–3mm. Leaves 10–20mm, mostly spreading in all directions from twigs, flat but slightly
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not pendent, rather slender, yellowbrown, pubescent. Buds gray-brown, ca. 3mm, apex acute. Leaves 0.6–1.5 (–2) cm, 4-angled in cross-section, rigid, pale
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glabrous, not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 2.5–6cm × 3mm, 2-ranked to spiraled, stiff; cross-section flat, with raised vein abaxially
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plant, 0.8-1.3 mm diam., producing proliferations. Stem upright, 0.3-1 cm, 1.5-2.5mm diam., 2-3 leaves per stem. Trophophore stalk 0-3mm, 0-0.1 times length
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not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves (0.7–) 1–2.5cm × 1–3mm, mostly 2-ranked, flexible, ± concealing the adaxial surface of the twigs
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diverge at or just distal to bases of blades. Such leaves are described as 3-nerved, 3(–5)-nerved, 5-nerved, etc., and, as appropriate, the phrases “from bases”
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3-ternate; leaflets 3-8 × 2-10 cm. Inflorescences with 5-70 flowers. Flowers: bracteoles 1-3 mm; sepals yellow, purple, green, 3-6 2-3 mm, apically revolute; petals
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(sometimes whorled) or alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades (pinnately nerved or 3-nerved or 5-nerved from at or near bases) mostly rhombic, deltate, ovate, or
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acuminate or awned. Perigynia ascending, inflated, (3–) 5–7-veined on abaxial face, veinless or 3–7-veined on adaxial face, stipitate or sessile, broadly
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bracts exserted and reflexed over cone-scales. Seeds 4–5 × 2–3mm, body brown; wing about as long as body, purple; cotyledons ca. 5.2n =24. Habitat: Mountain
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apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 2–3.7cm × 2mm, mostly 1-ranked, flexible, the proximal portion often appressed to twig for 2–3mm (best seen on abaxial surface
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filaments 0.9–1.3mm; anthers ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm. Fruits silicles or siliques, curved, ovoid to pyriform, 2–8 (–8.8) × (0.5–) 1–2.5 mm; valves glabrous; ovules
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apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 1–3 (–3.5) cm × 1.5–2mm, 1-ranked, flexible, proximal portion often appressed to twig for 2–3mm (best seen on abaxial surface
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pubescent; bracts included. Seeds 5–7 × 2–3mm, body brown; wing about 1.5 times as long as body, grayish brown; cotyledons 3–6. Habitat: Continental, subalpine
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usually more than 10 mm; nut 1 per cupule, oval-conic, 9-19 × 8-14 mm, round in cross-section, not flattened, beak less than 3mm excluding styles. Phenology:
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Kobresia; perianth absent or with (1–) 3–6 (–30) bristles and/or scales, usually falling off with fruit; stamens usually (1–) 3, rarely more, usually distinct;
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open only at apex; perianth absent; stamens 1–3; styles deciduous or variously persistent, linear, 2–3 (–4) -fid. Achenes biconvex, planoconvex, or trigonous
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capsular, usually 2-valved ((3 or) 4 (–6) in Rorippa barbareifolia, (2 or) 4 in Tropidocarpum capparideum), termed siliques if length 3+ times width, or silicles
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glumes and beneath the florets, sometimes below the glumes. Spikelets 0.7-50 mm, laterally compressed, sometimes weakly so, sometimes viviparous, usually
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hirsute, trichomes to 1.3 mm); petals (barely exserted), creamy white (with brownish purple veins), 7–10 mm, blade 2–3 × 1–2 mm, margins not crisped (channeled)
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exceeding the distal florets; lemmas 1-3-veined or 7-13-veined, rarely 5-veined, if with 7-13 veins, the veins often in 3 groups; lodicules 2, or absent, x
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the major veins; lodicules (0) 2-3, inconspicuous, usually without veins, bases swelling at anthesis; stamens usually 3, sometimes 1 (2) or 6+, filaments
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present on pedicels, bracts, or leaf-sheaths; stamens usually 1–2 (–3, if 3 the 3d modified into sterile staminode), all on side opposite lip, fully or
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apical; paleas usually well-developed, sometimes reduced or absent; lodicules 2 (3), usually lanceolate and broadly membranous distally, rarely truncate and fleshy
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Brouillet, John L. Strother Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 3. Mentioned on page 20, 23, 39, 78, 102, 108, 257. Annuals, biennials, perennials
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arrays. Involucres turbinate to hemispheric, 5–35 mm diam. Phyllaries 30–125 (–150) in 2–5 series, 1-nerved or 3-nerved (nerves golden-resinous; usually flat
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papillate, or denticulate; staminode included to exserted, if included, length 3/4+ times corolla throat. Seeds angled or rounded, rarely angled-elongate, reniform
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Common names: Pink Family Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 3. Mentioned on page 4, 29, 71, 117, 148. Herbs [small trees, shrubs, or vines]
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glabrous, occasionally lanate or glandular, rarely scabrellous; bracts usually 3, connate basally, usually scalelike, sometimes semileaflike or leaflike. Peduncles
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of 3, or those of outer whorl narrower, greener, more sepaloid; tepal nectaries often present; stamens 6, rarely 3 or 4, sometimes 3 fertile and 3 staminodial
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hemispheric, or obconic, (2–)3–7(–25) mm diam.; phyllaries (5–)8–45(–65+) in (1–)2–8+ series; florets (3–)10–125(–200+). > 3 2 Subshrubs or shrubs; phyllaries
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styles 2–3 (–4), distinct or connate (Saxifragopsis); stigmas 2–3 (–4), capitate. Fruits capsular, sometimes folliclelike (Cascadia, Micranthes), 2–3 (–4)
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joined to tip, often with contrasting colors on margins, abaxial lip with 3 highly variable lobes, consisting of either greatly reduced, ± incurved, usually
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5 teeth at apex of staminal column; gynoecium syncarpous, ovary superior, 3–40-carpellate; styles 1, branched or unbranched; stigmas truncate, capitate
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1-locular; placentas parietal, 3–14 [–20+]; style 1; nectary usually forming chamber around base of style; stigma lobes 3–14 [–20+], 1 per placenta. Fruits
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inexpectata 4 Petals 2-3.5 × 0.7-1.4 mm; fruits 1.5-2.5 mm wide > 5 4 Petals 3.5-6 × 1.5-2.5 mm; fruits 2-3.5 mm wide > 6 5 Cauline leaves 1-3(-6); fruits usually
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second-order heads]. Calyculi 0 or of 1–15+ bractlets in 1–3+ series. Phyllaries usually persistent, usually in 3–5+ series, distinct, and unequal, sometimes in 1–2
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