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lemma; upper florets usually bisexual; lemmas hyaline to coriaceous, lacking uncinate hairs, often terminally awned; awns single; paleas of bisexual florets

distal florets, lower or both glumes occasionally missing; lemmas lacking uncinate hairs, sometimes awned, awns single or, if multiple, the bases not fused

lower glumes sometimes absent, rarely both glumes absent; lemmas without uncinate hairs, awned or not, awns single, basal to apical; paleas usually well-developed

florets below the functional floret. Glumes absent or 2; lemmas without uncinate hairs, sometimes terminally awned, awns single; paleas well-developed,

of tepals; deserts, s California Chorizanthe spinosa 3 Involucral awns uncinate; perianths pubescent abaxially; filaments adnate near top of floral tube;

bodies smooth or ribbed (glabrous or ± hirsutulous, hairs straight-tipped, uncinate, or glochidiform, faces sometimes glandular as well); pappi [sometimes

cylindric or prismatic and awn-tipped typically with at least some awns uncinate or curved, rarely turbinate or urceolate to campanulate and then with 5

to coriaceous, 3-9-veined, rounded across the back, glabrous or with non-uncinate hairs, these sometimes in tufts or fringes, lemma apices shortly to deeply

glabrous, puberulent, canescent, villous, or hirsute, shorter hairs often uncinate and longer hairs straight or irregularly twisted. Leaves opposite; stipules

unisexual, with 1 to many florets. Glumes absent or 1-2+; lemmas without uncinate hairs, sometimes awned, awns single; paleas well developed; lodicules (0)

the functional florets. Glumes shorter than the lemmas; lemmas lacking uncinate hairs, usually 5-9-veined, unawned or with single, terminal awns; paleas

heads ca. 3 mm (borne in glomerules), phyllaries ovate to lanceolate, inner uncinate, florets 5 (outer 4 pistillate, inner bisexual), cypselae 0.8–1 mm, epappose

panicles, rachises and branches sometimes disarticulating, hairy, hairs uncinate. Spikelets unisexual, with 1 floret, mostly in staminate-pistillate pairs

1 Capsules glabrous or hairy, without uncinate spines. Corchorus 1 Capsules glabrous or hairy, with uncinate spines. Triumfetta

abaxial). Heads radiate, borne singly (from forks of branches, peduncles often uncinate). Involucres mostly hemispheric (sometimes ± cupulate), [4–] 5–20 (–30+)

bearing uncinate hairs, none, some,or all in each head winged) Sanvitalia 3 Leaves sessile; cypselae 3-angled or flattened (none with uncinate hairs, none

open; rachises terminating in a staminate spikelet or naked; branches with uncinate hairs, spikelets appressed. Spikelets unisexual, dimorphic, sexes paired

divergent veins; spikelets unisexual and dimorphic, the pistillate lemmas with uncinate hairs (Pharoideae; FNA 24:11) Phareae 1 Leaf blades with parallel veins;

glabrous, abaxial lobes 2, triangular, 0.1–0.5 mm, adaxial 3, subulate-uncinate and indurate in fruit, 2–3 mm; corolla glabrous externally, puberulent

surpassing pistillate paleae; bodies lanceolate or spatulate (apices incurved to uncinate). Pistillate florets 5–11. Functionally staminate florets 3–6; corolla

teeth, corrugate, villous abaxially; teeth spreading, equal, 0.5–2 mm; awns uncinate or straight with longer ones 2–3 mm and anterior one mostly 2.5–3 mm, these

4-8° angle. Panicles 10-40 cm, sparsely flowered; branches solitary, with uncinate hairs, usually tipped with a staminate spikelet. Staminate spikelets 2

0.8–1.5 (–2) mm; awns uncinate, (0.5–) 1–2 (–2.5) mm. Involucral-bracts erect, linear, 0.3–1 (–1.2) cm × 0.3–1 mm; awns uncinate, 0.5–2 mm. Flowers: perianth

bilaterally symmetric, narrowly campanulate, lobes triangular or subulate-uncinate; petals 5, corolla lavender to purple to white, bilaterally symmetric,

to compressed or flattened (all usually tuberculate and usually bearing uncinate hairs; none, some, or all in each head winged); pappi persistent, of 3–4

exceeding the florets, 5-7-veined, with 5-7 longitudinal rows of straight or uncinate spinelike projections; lemmas 3-veined; paleas 2-veined, hyaline, membranous

weakly compressed, 7–9+ mm, 5–7-ribbed, lacking terminal spines, prickles ± uncinate, mostly along ribs. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering year round, mostly Jul–Aug

3-valved, valves recurving; endocarp 6-valved, valves erect. Seeds many, uncinate to arcuate, small, estrophiolate; seed-coat granulate, pellicle absent

Treatment on page 180. Mentioned on page 174. Stems terete, uncinate-hairy. Leaves not pungent, uncinate-hairy; stipules ovatelanceolate, falcate, 2–7 × 1–4 mm

globose to ovoid-globose, 2.5–3 mm, surface densely tomentose-pilose; spines uncinate, glabrate, sparsely and minutely stipitate-glandular. 2n = 32. Phenology:

or more, margins involute or utriculate, partly or wholly covered with uncinate hairs, not terminating in a branched awn; paleas 2-veined; lodicules absent;

thinly pubescent abaxially; teeth spreading, equal, 0.3–0.8 (–1) mm; awns uncinate with longer ones 0.7–1.3 mm and anterior one mostly 1–1.3 mm, these alternating

shorter ones 1–2 mm, anterior tooth not leaflike; awns of prominent teeth uncinate and 1.5–3 mm, those of shorter teeth straight and 1–2 mm. Flowers 1, included

corrugate, villous abaxially; teeth spreading, equal, 0.5–1.5 mm; awns uncinate with longer ones 2–3 mm and alternating with shorter (1–1.5 mm) ones. Flowers

each usually wholly enveloping a ray ovary, abaxially hirsute, hair tips ± uncinate). Receptacles flat to convex, glabrous or setulose, paleate (paleae falling

3–5 mm, not corrugate, thinly strigose; teeth divergent, 0.4–1.2 mm; awns uncinate, 0.2–0.5 mm. Flowers included; perianth greenish white to white or pale

mottled with dark spots or uniformly dark when mature, glabrous or with non-uncinate hairs, unawned; paleas usually shorter than and enclosed by the lemmas;

homomallous-falcate, oblong-lanceolate, from a clasping base tapering to a long, subulate uncinate point, 2–3.5 mm, margins plane, erect distally, intermarginal bands absent

scabrellous or strigose to strigillose, ± sericeous, often with finer, uncinate hairs as well], usually glanddotted. Heads radiate (discoid), borne singly

Capsules globose to ovoid-globose or ovoid, 2–3 [–6] -valved, spiny, spines uncinate [straight], glabrous or hairy, indehiscent [dehiscence loculicidal]. Seeds

widely spreading to divergent or recurved, equal, 0.5–1.5 mm or 1–3 mm; awns uncinate or straight, unequal, alternating 0.5–1.5 mm and 0.2–0.5 mm. Flowers slightly

3-ribbed, terminal spines 2, divergent, 2–3 (–4) mm, often 1 ± uncinate, prickles ± uncinate, mostly along 2 ribs and around apices. Phenology: Flowering

ribbed, terminal spines 2, divergent, 3–4 mm, often 1 ± uncinate, prickles seldom notably uncinate, ± scattered. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering year round

paleae 5, broadly lanceolate, 2.7–4.1 mm, surpassing pistillate; apices uncinate, terete, acuminate, cartilaginous, spinose. Staminate corollas actinomorphic

narrowly lanceolate, 2–6 mm anterior tooth, others linear, 1–2 mm; awn uncinate, 0.4–0.8 (–1) mm. Flowers 1, included to slightly exserted; perianth yellow

with mucro 0.3–0.5 mm; sterile terminal scale involute, 0.4–0.6 mm wide, uncinate; distal floral scales with cusp 0.6–1.9. Flowers: anthers 0.5–1.3 mm; styles

North America Association Plants gregarious or tufted, brownish green, uncinate-curved at tips when dry, to ca. 10 mm but mostly shorter. Leaves dimorphic;

Association Plants gregarious or tufted, dark-green to yellowish-brown, uncinate-curved at tips when dry, to 10 mm. Leaves dimorphic, the vegetative 3–4

3 longer ones more erect than 3 shorter and less-prominent ones; awns uncinate, 0.5–1 mm. Flowers long-exserted; perianth rose to red, infrequently with

corrugate, strigose; teeth erect to spreading, unequal, 1–2 mm; awns mostly uncinate, 0.5–2 mm, with longer anterior one straight, mostly 2 mm. Flowers exserted;

unequal, 1–3 mm; awns straight or uncinate with longer anterior one straight or slightly curved, mostly 2 mm, others uncinate, 0.5–1.5 mm. Flowers exserted;

very sparsely hairy, hairs appressed, uncinate, 0.1–0.2 mm. Stipules glabrous or sparsely hairy with appressed uncinate hairs; petiole glabrous or sparsely

hairs uncinate or irregularly twisted, 0.2–0.5 mm. Stipules villous with uncinate or irregularly twisted hairs; petiole villous with uncinate or irregularly

tomentose to floccose or glabrate with age, greenish to brownish; teeth 6; awns uncinate, 0.7–1.5 mm. Flowers 1 (–2), slightly exserted; perianth white to rose

Involucres 1 per node, tubular, cylindric, 6-angled; teeth 6, awn-tipped, awns uncinate. Flowers 3 per involucre; perianth white to pink, campanulate when open

lanceolate (sometimes navicular at bases) to subulate or acerose (tips sometimes uncinate) > 4 3 Wings on burs mostly around middles, 2–3 × 1–2 mm; flowering (May–)Aug–Nov

5 or 3–6 mm; awns straight or uncinate, unequal, with longer anterior one straight, 2.5–5.5 mm, others spreading, uncinate, 0.3–0.5 mm. Flowers included

spreading, unequal, 1–3 mm; awns straight or uncinate with longer anterior one straight, mostly 2 mm, others uncinate, 0.5–1 mm. Flowers exserted; perianth bicolored

spreading, unequal, 1–2 mm; awns straight or uncinate with longer anterior one straight, mostly 1 mm, others uncinate, 0.5–1 mm. Flowers exserted; perianth bicolored

unequal, 1–2 mm; awns straight or uncinate, unequal, with longer anterior one straight, mostly 1.5–2.5 mm, others uncinate, 0.3–0.6 mm. Flowers exserted;

stipitate-glandular, spines 60–80+, scattered, subulate, 4–6 mm, tips uncinate. 2n = 36. Phenology: Flowering Mar–May. Habitat: Sandy soils, washes, banks

page 662. Plants gregarious or tufted, green to brownish, often somewhat uncinate-curved at tips when dry, to 5 mm. Leaves dimorphic, the vegetative 2–3

stipitate-glandular, spines 40–50+, scattered, subulate, 4–6 mm, tips straight or ± uncinate. 2n = 36. Phenology: Flowering Jan–Apr. Habitat: Sandy washes, benches

with slender, curly hairs; teeth erect to spreading, unequal, 1–2 mm; awns uncinate, 0.5–1 mm with longer anterior one mostly 1 mm. Flowers exserted; perianth

others, these alternating with 3 shorter and less-prominent ones; awns uncinate, 0.5–1 mm. Flowers mostly included; perianth rose to red, cylindric, 3–4

appressed uncinate hairs in E. deltoidea). > 68 68 Stems prostrate; stems and leaf blades glabrous or sparsely hairy with appressed uncinate hairs; s Florida

0.8–2 mm, faintly corrugate, pubescent; teeth 3, equal, 1.8–2 mm; awns uncinate, 0.6–1 mm. Flowers 1, included to slightly exserted; perianth yellow, cylindric

markedly transverse corrugate, glabrate; teeth 3, equal, 2–4.5 mm; awns uncinate, 0.6–1 mm. Flowers 1, included to slightly exserted; perianth white, cylindric

fewer than 15 spikelets per branch. > 14 14 Upper glumes with straight or uncinate spinelike projections; spikelets crowded, the branches condensed into burs

base width). Flowers: petals 4–4.8 mm; style 1–1.2 mm, straight (sometimes uncinate or S-shaped when dry); gynophore (stipe) 0.5–0.8 mm. Phenology: Flowering

2-locular. Capsules ovoid, 2.5–3 mm, surface densely tomentose; spines uncinate, densely hirsute on 1 side. Phenology: Flowering Aug–Sep. Habitat: Disturbed

corrugate, villous-hirsute; teeth spreading to divergent, equal, 0.5–1 mm, awns uncinate with longer ones 1–2 mm, anterior one mostly 2 mm, alternating with shorter

corrugate, villous abaxially; teeth spreading, equal, 0.5–1.5 (–2) mm; awns uncinate with longer ones 1.5–2.5 mm and anterior one mostly 2–2.5 mm, these alternating

teeth widely spreading to divergent, unequal, 0.3–0.6 mm or 3–6 mm; awns uncinate, unequal, with longer anterior one 1.5–2.5 mm, others spreading, 0.3–0

longest ones more erect than 3 other shorter and less-prominent ones, awns uncinate, 0.5–1 mm. Flowers long-exserted; perianth rose to red, infrequently with

basally, unequal, 1–2 mm or 2.5–5 mm with hyaline margins between teeth; awns uncinate, 0.2–0.5 mm. Flowers exserted; perianth yellow or sometimes white, cylindric

with 3 longer ones more erect than 3 shorter and less-prominent ones; awns uncinate, 0.3–0.5 mm. Flowers exserted; perianth white or rose or red with white

with 3 longer ones more erect than 3 shorter and less-prominent ones; awns uncinate, 0.3–0.6 mm. Flowers exserted; perianth white to rose or red, usually with

1-stratose, 1–3 cells wide, toothed nearly to the shoulders with multicellular, uncinate teeth (rarely serrulate, but never entire), the teeth broadly triangular

Involucres 1–2 mm, with or without pinkish, thin, scarious margins, awns uncinate apically. Flowers 2–2.5 mm. Achenes 2–2.5 mm. Phenology: Flowering Apr–Jul

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 461. Involucral awns uncinate. Phenology: Flowering May–Jun. Habitat: Sandy soil on flats and foothills

spines (1–) 5–12+, mostly distal, stoutly conic to subulate, 0.5–1 mm, tips uncinate. 2n = 72, 108. Phenology: Flowering (May–)Sep–Dec. Habitat: Waste places

8–20+, scattered, ± subulate (basally navicular), 1–2 mm, tips straight or uncinate. Phenology: Flowering Mar–Apr. Habitat: Sandy washes, benches Elevation:

(the proximal basally flattened), 1–3 mm, tips usually straight, sometimes uncinate. 2n = 36. Phenology: Flowering Feb–May. Habitat: Sandy washes, benches

sparsely and inconspicuously glandular with minute viscid hairs; spines uncinate, retrorsely barbed. 2n = 32. Phenology: Flowering May–Dec. Habitat: Hammocks

1/2, ± subulate (the proximal basally flattened), 2–3 mm, tips usually uncinate, sometimes straight. 2n = 72. Phenology: Flowering Mar–Apr. Habitat: Clays

(–13+), scattered or mostly distal, subulate, (0.8–) 1–1.5 mm, tips usually uncinate. Phenology: Flowering Jul. Habitat: Seasonally wet, sandy soils Elevation:

Involucres depressed-globose, 4–7 mm. Phyllaries pilose to hispid (hairs uncinate) and glandular-pubescent, glands yellowish or purple, apices ± erect or

(sometimes basally flattened or navicular), 2–4 (–5) mm, tips straight or uncinate. 2n = 36. Phenology: Flowering (Apr–)Jul–Nov. Habitat: Canyons, sandy flats

mm, without scarious margins, awns straight, rarely curved or with 1 awn uncinate. Flowers 2.5–3 mm. Achenes 2.5–3 mm. 2n = 38, 40, 42. Phenology: Flowering

Grimmia unicolor 28 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, homomallous-falcate, subulate, uncinate; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular; endemic to

pubescent; glume projections 6-11, in (5) 6-7 rows, (0.2) 0.6-1.3 mm, usually uncinate; lemmas 3.2-4 mm, sparsely pubescent on the back, midveins occasionally

pubescent, 7-veined; glume projections 6-9, in 7 rows, 0.1-0.6 (1) mm, uncinate; lemmas (2) 2.3-2.7 mm, sparsely pubescent on the back; paleas 2.1-2.3

to the midvein; glume projections (4) 6-14, in 5 rows, (0.2) 0.3-1 mm, uncinate; lemmas (1.5) 1.8-3.1 mm, sparsely pubescent on the back, midveins occasionally

minutely pubescent, 5-veined; glume projections 7-10, in 5 rows, 0.2-0.8 mm, uncinate; lemmas 2.4-2.6 mm, sparsely pubescent on the back, midveins sometimes

sterile terminal scale of spikelet only 0.4–0.6 mm wide, involute, frequently uncinate. Flowers: anthers (0.3–) 0.4–0.6 mm; styles 0.4–0.5 mm; stigmas 0.5–0.9

slender, elongate rhizomelike primary stems bearing widely spaced, short, uncinate branches are very different in appearance from more robust plants with

the leaf tips tend to be involute-cucullate and often falcate or somewhat uncinate. None. None. "broad" is not a number.window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus"

blade length; southernmost Texas. Passiflora filipes 15 Stems and leaves uncinate-hairy. Passiflora bryonioides 16 Stipules linear-subulate or linear-setaceous

paleae 5(–7), ± spreading proximally, enlarged in fruit (apices incurved to uncinate); pistillate paleae with 3, ± parallel (promi- nent) nerves; cypselae: