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Phyllaries may be herbaceous or chartaceous to scarious and are often medially herbaceous with chartaceous to scarious borders and/or apices. The phyllaries “proper”

herbaceous to chartaceous with margins and/or apices sometimes notably scarious, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct or connate, subequal (usually linear

to equal, medially herbaceous to membranous or scarious, margins and/or apices usually notably scarious. Receptacles usually flat to convex, sometimes

often yellowish, whitish, or purplish, orbiculate to lance-linear, subequal, often ± petaloid, margins usually notably membranous or scarious). Receptacles

distinct, unequal, and herbaceous to chartaceous or scarious or margins and/or apices notably scarious, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct, subequal, and

sessile, stipulate; stipules ovate or deltate to lanceolate or bristlelike, scarious; blade subulate or subtriangular to linear and threadlike or spatulate

(paleae usually falling, oblong to linear, herbaceous to chartaceous or scarious, usually conduplicate). Ray-florets usually (1–) 3–40+, sometimes 0, usually

usually in 3–5+ series, distinct, unequal, and wholly scarious or with margins and/or apices notably scarious, sometimes in 1–2 series, distinct, subequal, and

chartaceous (e.g., Lepidospartum), margins and/or apices notably to barely scarious. Receptacles usually flat to convex, sometimes conic, epaleate (sometimes

5–13+ in 2–3+ series, subequal, usually membranous or scarious-margined (often yellowish, whitish, or purplish). Receptacles flat or convex, epaleate (except

linear, unequal to subequal, outer mostly herbaceous, inner membranous to scarious (sometimes indurate in fruit, accrescent and ultimately ovate to elliptic

triangular to lance-oblong or linear, usually shorter than tube, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to obtuse; petals 5, white, pink, scarlet, dusky purple

margins and/or apices seldom notably scarious. Receptacles flat to convex, epaleate [paleate]. Ray-florets 0 (whitish corollas of peripheral pistillate florets

distinct or connate, herbaceous, contrasting with distinct, more membranous to scarious, inner ones, each of the inner often enveloping its subtended ray ovary

Phyllaries persistent, 2–20+ in 4–7 series, distinct, (usually green to whitish green, rarely stramineous) ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins and apices

herbaceous or scarious, often 2-lobed or 3-lobed or toothed). Ray-florets 0, or (3–) 6–21, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow or whitish or pinkish [purplish]

farina lacking. > 10 9 Blades glabrous or sparsely hirsute-pubescent or with whitish farina on abaxial surface, not conspicuously pubescent or scaly. > 11 10

subequal to equal, margins (seldom prickly) and/or apices sometimes notably scarious (phyllaries sometimes enfold and fall with subtended florets or cypselae

red or purple), 1-nerved, ovate to lanceolate, unequal, margins usually scarious, often erose or ciliate, sometimes keeled (midribs evident or not, apices

depressed-elliptic laminae, unequal, stiff, leathery, bases indurate, margins sometimes scarious, (apices herbaceous or achlorophyllous) faces hispid to hispidulous, villous

turning whitish when dry; calluses rounded, glabrous; lemmas thick, herbaceous to membranous, 7 (9) -veined, veins parallel, margins scarious, apices scarious

indurate, elliptic to linear-lanceolate, unequal, margins prominently whitish-scarious, faces strigose to glabrate. Receptacles flat or slightly convex, smooth

stipitate-glandular. Leaves basal or cauline; alternate; petiolate; blades (whitish proximally, green or grayish distally) 1-nerved or 3-nerved (nerves raised

usually 1–8+, rarely 0; corollas whitish (inconspicuous), ± tubular. Functionally staminate florets 3–20+; corollas whitish to pinkish, funnelform, lobes

outer, more scarious, similar to paleae). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae obovate to oblanceolate or spatulate, herbaceous to scarious). Ray-florets

relatively narrow, unequal (proximally papery or membranous; distally ± scarious, often black, brown, castaneous, cream, gray, green, olivaceous, pink,

or denticulate to pectinate, sometimes spiny) and apices seldom notably scarious (apices often spinose or ± expanded into distinct, often fimbriate-fringed

8–14 in 2–3 series (erect in flowering, reflexed in fruit, purplish, or whitish, linear to oblanceolate, subequal or unequal, herbaceous to membranous)

lanceolate, oblong, or obovate, usually unequal, sometimes ± equal (margins scarious, hyaline, apices rounded to acute or acuminate sometimes mucronate, faces

sometimes scarious, apices obtuse to acute. Receptacles flat to convex, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 6–50+; corollas yellow, bluish, or whitish. Cypselae

subequal, margins entire, toothed, or glandular-toothed, herbaceous or scarious. Flowers pedicellate or sessile, persistent or disarticulate in fruit;

membranous, margins (of distinct apices) scarious. Receptacles flat to convex, paleate; paleae falling, (whitish with redbrown striae, each ± appressed to

or connate, narrowly oblong to linear (1–5-nerved), subequal, margins ± scarious (apices not black). Receptacles flat to convex, foveolate, epaleate. Ray-florets

to linear-lanceolate, usually strongly unequal (usually stiff), margins scarious (sometimes distally reddish purple), sparsely to densely strigose (hairs

distinct (margins ± interlocking), lanceolate to linear, equal, margins ± scarious (tips green or with minute dark spots). Receptacles flat to convex, ± foveolate

keeled), ovate to lanceolate, unequal, bases white-indurate, margins narrowly scarious, abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely hispidulous or hirtellous. Receptacles

lengths, mostly oblong or ovate to lance-oblong, chartaceous to membranous or scarious (usually striate with brownish nerves, margins usually hyaline). Receptacles

6–0.9 mm; auricles scarious, lobes 0.5 mm; plants of c United States Juncus brachyphyllus 15 Anthers 1.2–1.5 mm; auricles scarious to membranous, 0.2–0

Etymology: Greek hymen, membrane, and thrix, hair, possibly alluding to scarious-aristate pappus scales Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on

186. Mentioned on page 5. Shrubs, 30–60 cm (rounded). Stems erect (bark whitish), intricately branched, becoming leafless and spinescent, branchlets glabrous

dark-brown to gray, flaky to fibrous when older; twigs, mostly ascending, whitish tan to purplish, mostly 1–4 cm), usually hairy, often stipitate-glandular

blackish) subulate or linear to lanceolate or elliptic, equal, margins scarious, apices acute, faces glabrous, tomentulose, hispid, or coarsely setose

± pinnate and unbranched. False indusia appearing inframarginal, scarious, whitish, broad, partly concealing sporangia. Sporangia in marginal, discrete

Seeds (0–) 5–3000+, yellowish, reddish, brown, black, or appearing tan or whitish (dark testa completely covered by pale, tough, glabrous or rarely pubescent

sheaths open, sometimes inflated, especially on bracts, margins clear to scarious, not auriculate; blades flat to keeled, linear, apex obtuse to rounded

inner narrower, more scarious). Receptacles conic to hemispheric, paleate (paleae oblong to lanceolate, membranous to scarious, plane to cucullate). Ray-florets

outer, more scarious, similar to paleae). Receptacles flat to convex, paleate (paleae obovate to oblanceolate or spatulate, herbaceous to scarious). Ray-florets

many in several series, bases appressed, margins scarious, apices obtuse, inner with oblong, scarious appendages, these entire or spiny. Receptacles flat

Phyllaries 8–21+ in ± 2 series (reflexed in fruit), linear, equal, margins often scarious, apices acute (often thickened or bearing keel-like flaps near tips). Receptacles

(bases keeled, margins yellowish, often scarious), apices acute, abaxial faces often densely, blackish or whitish tomentose or setose, sometimes glabrous

pliable, leafy), persistently canescent to glabrescent. Leaves deciduous, whitish gray or green to dark gray-green; blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate

unequal, bases indurate to herbaceous, apices herbaceous, margins sometimes scarious, faces glabrous or moderately to densely hairy, sometimes stipitate-glandular

chartaceous to membranous proximally, membranous or foliaceous distally, margins scarious proximally, faces glabrous or hairy, sometimes stipitate-glandular or gland-dotted

and discs or subtending ± all disc-florets, distinct, phyllary-like, more scarious). Ray-florets 0 or 3–27, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow, cream, white

ovate, subequal, margins and apices (usually colorless, sometimes brownish) scarious. Receptacles flat to hemispheric or conic, epaleate. Ray-florets 0 (peripheral

greenish, lanceolate to awl-shaped, 1.5–4 mm, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex acute to blunt or obtuse; petals absent; nectariferous disc at

Mentioned on page 188. Shrubs, 10–120 cm; with woody, branched caudices, bark whitish tan, becoming gray, flaky and fibrous with age. Stems ascending, green,

(margins interlocking), lance-linear to lanceolate or oblong, equal, margins ± scarious (abaxial faces usually arachnose, floccose, lanate, tomentose, or villous

keeled), lanceolate to deltate, unequal, pliable to rigid, margins narrowly scarious, dark green zone restricted to narrow bands along midnerves, apices rounded

unequal, margins scarious, apices obtuse to acute. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 30–100+; corollas whitish to yellow or purplish

convex), narrowly elliptic to linear-lanceolate, unequal to equal, margins scarious or not, faces hairy or glabrous, sometimes glandular. Receptacles flat

to elliptic or ovate, often keeled, 1–2.5 mm, herbaceous, margins white, scarious, apex acute, ± hooded, ± awned; petals often fugacious, 5, white, blade

distinct, lanceolate or lance-linear to linear (± navicular), equal, margins ± scarious. Receptacles flat, alveolate (margins of sockets raggedly toothed), epaleate

disc-florets, outer herbaceous, inner scarious). Ray-florets (2–) 3–5 (–8), pistillate, fertile; corollas whitish (nerved with purple abaxially). Disc-florets

lanceolate, spatulate, or ovate, 0.4–4.5 mm, margins translucent to white, scarious or papery, apex defined by a usually prominent adaxial hood, ascending

more herbaceous, the inner often scarious). Receptacles convex to conic, paleate (paleae ± persistent, lance-linear, scarious, weakly conduplicate, often apically

subequal to unequal (reflexed in fruit), margins usually little, if at all, scarious, apices obtuse to acute or acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous

erect, distinct, oblanceolate or lanceolate to lance-linear, equal, margins scarious (apices cucullate, faces glabrous). Receptacles flat (sometimes with central

Cataphylls 1–3. Leaves basal, 1–2 (–3); auricles whitish or purplish tinged, 0.2–0.4 (–0.6) mm, scarious; blade flat, 5–15 cm × 0.5–1.1 mm, margins entire

North America Association Inflorescences 4–13 cm; bracts 5–11 × 2–8 mm, scarious at maturity. Flowers: sepals 1.5–10 × 0.5–4 mm; corolla 5–10 mm, lobes

lanceolate to linear, unequal, herbaceous to ± cartilaginous, margins scarious, apices (slightly spreading to nearly squarrose) some or all bearing a

0. Pistillate florets 5; corollas whitish, tubular, or 0. Functionally staminate florets 5–10 (–20+); corollas whitish, funnelform, lobes 5, erect (filaments

(spreading in age), distinct, lance-linear to linear, equal, margins ± scarious (abaxial faces ± hirsute). Receptacles flat or convex, smooth or ± foveolate

5 herbaceous, inner 0 or scarious to membranous. Receptacles convex, epaleate. Pistillate florets 0 or 3–5; corollas whitish, tubular, or 0. Functionally

subequal, margins and apices (pale to dark-brown or black) narrowly to widely scarious (abaxial faces glabrous). Receptacles convex to conic (± solid), epaleate

8–30 cm; taproots stout, caudices woody. Stems erect (green, becoming whitish tan with age), simple, glabrous or scabridulous, often resin-coated. Leaves

scaly, spineless; scales 1–20 (–34 in some E. johnsonii), broad, margins scarious, axils naked (or minutely hairy in E. johnsonii); stigma lobes red, brown

(apices rounded, obtuse, or acute); inner linear to narrowly oblong, margins scarious, fimbriate (apices acute to acuminate, sometimes reflexed), faces sometimes

umbellate, terminal, bracteate; bracts several, white or greenish white, scarious. Flowers: perianth subrotate, narrowly oblong; tepals 6, spreading, mostly

forms, many-flowered. Flowers bisexual; tepals 3–5, distinct, membranous or scarious, usually glabrous; filaments connate basally into cups; anthers 4-locular;

1–2 series (obovate to oblanceolate, subequal, thin-herbaceous, margins scarious, sometimes purplish). Receptacles concave to convex, knobby or smooth (sometimes

spreading to ascending or erect. Flowers: calyx lobes: entire or erose, ± scarious, glabrous or sparsely glandular or glandular-pubescent; corolla red, scarlet

branches decumbent, bark tan to gray, flaky with age. Stems green, becoming whitish tan, ± ridged from leaf-bases, densely puberulent. Leaves erect or closely

spirally arranged, green, sometimes whitish veined, glabrous; sheath inflated, enclosing stem, 5–12 mm, scarious; petiole distinct, 3–8 mm; blade lanceolate

keels sometimes pronounced in fruit) margins green to yellowish, often scarious, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous, tomentose, or setose

oblong, unequal (herbaceous to scarious, becoming indurate). Receptacles flat, epaleate. Florets 8–14; corollas whitish, throats narrowly cylindric (lengths

Phyllaries persistent, 10–12+ in 2+ series, distinct, outer 5 herbaceous, inner scarious to membranous. Receptacles hemispheric; paleae spatulate to linear, membranous

persistent, 10–15+ in 2–3 series, distinct, outer 5–7 herbaceous, inner scarious to membranous (± villous). Receptacles convex; paleae spatulate to cuneiform

Leaves mostly basal; sheaths compressed-keeled, closed, glabrous, margins scarious; ligules 1-3.5 mm, membranous, lanceolate; blades 1-12 cm long, 0.7-2 mm

Pistillate scales brown, with green or whitish, 3-veined midrib. Staminate scales brown, ovate-elliptic, margins scarious, apex obtuse or apiculate. Anthers

Pedicels erect. Flowers: sepals connate proximally into tube, 9–17 cm, tube whitish green, 5-veined, cylindric to ovoid, 5-angled or winged, especially in fruit

ascending or erect. Flowers: calyx lobes: margins entire, erose, or lacerate, ± scarious, sometimes herbaceous, glandular-pubescent or glabrous, rarely glabrescent

unequal, margins and apices (usually light to dark-brown, sometimes purple) scarious (abaxial faces glabrous or ± arachnose, glabrescent). Receptacles convex

constricted at bases of appendages), midnerves usually inconspicuous, (margins scarious, entire or minutely lacerate) apices acute to acuminate or cuspidate, abaxial

glabrous; cauline leaves conspicuously connate basally, forming shallow, scarious cup, blade linear, fleshy, apex apiculate, glabrous; proximal blades 6–15

serrate to serrulate or denticulate, rarely entire, abaxial faces densely whitish-tomentose [puberulent or glabrescent], adaxial (green) glabrous or glabrescent

obovate, 1.2–2.8 mm (excluding awns), indurate, herbaceous, margins whitish, scarious, apex spinose, prominently hooded, awned, hoods projecting inward and

herbaceous [sometimes fleshy], margins and/or apices sometimes notably scarious (at least inner; sometimes prickly-ciliate). Receptacles flat to conic

mostly oblong to lanceolate or linear, subequal or equal, margins usually scarious. Receptacles flat to convex, foveolate, epaleate. Ray-florets usually ±

1 series, lance-linear to linear, subequal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices acuminate. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets

pale green, 3.2 dm × 1.5 cm, margins scarious basally, apex acute, proximal 2 semi sheathing, blade 5 cm, scarious; cauline 1–2, sheathing branch and stem

glaucous, white-spotted, triangular-ovate to lanceolate, glabrous, margins whitish, spiny-toothed, teeth ca. 5 mm apart. Inflorescences racemose, maroon to

hairless, spineless; scales numerous, broadly rounded to lanceolate, margins ± scarious, minutely to conspicuously fimbriate or denticulate, obtuse; stigma lobes

1–50+, decumbent to erect (sometimes brown or reddish-brown, sometimes whitish distally, sometimes ± brittle), sparsely to densely hispido-strigose, sparsely

spineless; scales 5–21, broad, margins scarious, minutely fringed; stigma lobes 7–13, reddish to orange or yellowish [or whitish], 4.5 mm. Fruits dehiscent through

elliptic to lanceolate or obovate [linear], unequal, chartaceous, margins scarious (entire or lacerate), (apices acute to obtuse or rounded), faces glabrous

lance-linear (± flat proximally), unequal to subequal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices spine-tipped. Receptacles conic to hemispheric, smooth, glabrous

series, lanceolate-triangular, subequal, thinly herbaceous, flat, margins scarious or not, abaxial faces glabrous or stipitate-glandular, villous, or tomentose

series, ± herbaceous, inner 0–4 (each subtending a pistillate floret), scarious to membranous (accrescent, ultimately ovate to elliptic in fruit). Receptacles

mm, base coherent, imbricate, margins scarious or hyaline, apex acuminate. Flowers not fragrant; tepals whitish to cream, at least outer ones with red

distinct, ovate, obovate, or oblong, subequal, margins scarious (tips greenish or gray to whitish, not black). Receptacles flat, foveolate (sometimes hairy)

13 or 21 in (1–) 2 series, erect, distinct, ± linear, subequal, margins scarious (tips green to brown or reddish, not blackened). Receptacles flat, foveolate

sometimes each ± enfolding its subtended floret), equal, margins often scarious, apices acute. Receptacles flat to convex, ± pitted, glabrous, epaleate

or throughout, outer sometimes herbaceous or herbaceous-tipped, margins scarious (entire, lacerate to fimbriate), (apices acute to rounded [acuminate])

± oblong, 0.5–0.7 mm, leathery to rigid, margins whitish to translucent, 0.1–0.2 mm wide, scarious, apex terminated by crest or mucro, hood broadly rounded

scales brown to reddish-brown, with green or whitish midrib. Staminate scales brown, ovate-elliptic, margins scarious, apex obtuse or mucronate. Anthers 1.5–2

lanceolate, unequal, mostly completely whitish indurate, outer sometimes faintly green at tips, margins scarious, abaxial faces glabrous. Receptacles flat

acuminate. Leaves: basal 1–2, cauline 1–2; auricles 1–7.5 mm, apex rounded, scarious; blade terete, 4–25 cm × 1–1.8 mm, scabrous. Inflorescences panicles of

enfolding subtended ovary or cypsela), subequal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices acuminate. Receptacles flat, ± pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets

series, lanceolate to linear, subequal to equal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices acute. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets (10–)

(–2) series (reflexed in fruit), linear, equal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices rounded. Receptacles flat to convex, weakly pitted, glabrous, epaleate

sometimes keeled abaxially), subequal to equal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices filiform, faces ± arachnose. Receptacles flat, pitted, glabrous

lanceovate to lanceolate or linear, unequal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices obtuse to acute. Receptacles flat, pitted, ± hispid, usually epaleate

10–20 mm. Phyllaries 20–30, narrowly lanceolate, 3–20 mm, unequal, margins scarious, green to darkened, faces glabrous or sparsely hirsute medially. Florets

oblong-lanceolate to linear (inner), bases indurate 1/3–3/4, margins narrowly scarious to apices, erose, hyaline, ciliate, green zones lanceolate, apices acute

lanceolate, unequal, margins scarious, apices acute. Receptacles slightly convex, slightly pitted, glabrous, paleate (paleae scarious, acuminate). Florets (10–)

acuminate, entire or serrate to erose, unawned; paleas subequal to the lemmas, scarious or membranous distally, 2-veined, veins terminating at or beyond midlength;

(paleae in rings between rays and discs, distinct or proximally connate, scarious). Ray-florets 5, pistillate, fertile; corollas yellow (often nerved with

sepals 3, connivent forming club-shaped flower, nearly distinct, spatulate, scarious, apex with club-shaped hairs, surface glabrous or sparsely hairy; petals

narrowly oblanceolate, subequal or outer sometimes longer, bases scarious, margins narrowly scarious proximally (outer), scabrous, green zones foliaceous (outer

Association Shrubs, 80–120 cm. Stems single, greenish when young, becoming whitish to gray, fastigiately branched distal to middle (angled from leaf-bases)

(outer) to linear (inner), unequal, bases indurate, margins entire, narrowly scarious, ciliate, green zones obovate to elliptic, apices obtuse, mucronulate,

grading to linear scales. Phyllaries in 3–4 series, linear, unequal, margins scarious, faces sparsely to densely short to long-pilose, sparsely glandular. Ray-florets

prominent, lanceolate-oblong, 1.5–2 mm, leathery, margins whitish to translucent, 0.1–0.2 mm wide, scarious, apex terminated by awn, hood ± obscure, narrowly rounded

rounded. Leaves: basal 1, cauline 2–3; auricles 1–1.2 mm, apex rounded, scarious; blade terete, 7–22 cm × 1.2–3 mm. Inflorescences panicles or racemes of

abruptly acuminate, short-ciliate or not, scarious in fruit; petals white to pale lilac, drying pinkish or whitish, or faded, veins not darker, 3–4.5 (–5)

erect appendages decurrent on distal phyllary margins, dark-brown or black, scarious, fringed with slender teeth. Florets 30–40; corollas pink to purple (white)

Leaves: basal 1–3, cauline 1–2; auricles 0.5–3 mm, apex rounded to truncate, scarious; blade terete, 1.5–25 cm × 0.5–2.5 mm. Inflorescences terminal panicles

subequal, outer sometimes foliaceous, bases usually indurate, margins usually scarious, erose, hyaline or not, (apices usually with a well-defined green zone

0.3-22 mm long. > 29 29 Lemma margins involute, not scarious Vulpia 29 Lemma margins flat, scarious Rostraria 24 Spikelets with 1 bisexual floret, sometimes

pubescence dense, whitish-tomentose, eglandular on both surfaces. Inflorescences lax, 3–13-flowered cymes; bracts lanceolate, margins scarious, pubescent. Pedicels

Sheaths glabrous at the apices and on the upper margins; ligules 0.4-0.6 mm, scarious, glabrous; blades (4) 15-20 (25) cm long, 1.5-6 mm wide, flat, sometimes

bearing rosettes. Leaves alternate, erect, sessile; blade green, appearing whitish because of pruinose covering, margins green, not white, strongly pruinose

surface somewhat flattened, 4–20 (–25) × 1–20 mm, base scarcely spurred, not scarious, apex obtuse or rounded, (surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy). Flowering

broadly obovate, semiterete, 2.5–3.5 (–5) × 2–2.5 mm, base not spurred, not scarious, apex rounded to acute. Flowering shoots erect, simple or branched, 2–4

ascending, infrequently procumbent, unbranched to few branched, elongate, often whitish, viscid-puberulent to glandular-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–4.5 cm; blade

9–17 × 4–7 mm. Phyllaries 6–10, lanceolate, 12–15 mm (margins yellowish, scarious), apices acute, abaxial faces tomentulose and coarsely green-setose, adaxial

acute. Leaves: basal 1–3, cauline 1–2; auricles 0.6–1.5 mm, apex rounded, scarious; blade terete to compressed, 0.2–12 cm × 0.5–2 mm. Inflorescences panicles

herbaceous to indurate, without distinct herbaceous apical zones, margins scarious or not, glabrous or hirsuto-strigose, hirtellous, or loosely strigillose

stramineous, sometimes purplish, hyaline, often shiny, distally chartaceous to scarious, eglandular. Receptacles flat (concave in fruit), glabrous, epaleate. Pistillate

tepals with greenish to purple with brownish midstripes, pink, purple, or whitish margins, larger ones oblanceolate, 10–18 × 4–7.5 mm, margins membranous

oblanceolate to linear, slightly unequal, bases indurate 1/3–1/2, margins narrowly scarious, hyaline, sparsely and remotely ciliolate, green zones lanceolate to linear

outer tepals greenish to purple with brownish midstripes, pink, purple or whitish at margins, oblanceolate, 7–16 × 2–6 (–7) mm, mucronate, marginally membranous

lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, unequal (outer lengths 1/4–1/3 inner), scarious, faces sparsely to moderately strigose, sparsely stipitate-glandular. Ray-florets

(innermost), unequal (rarely subequal), bases indurate 1/2–3/5, margins hyaline, scarious, erose, ± ciliolate distally, green zones lanceolate to lance-rhombic,

purplish, scarious, apices caudate to acuminate, ± strongly horned, callous, or occasionally some (rarely all) hornless, tips obtuse to rounded, scarious, erose

somewhat flattened to terete, 4–9 × 1–2 mm, base widened, short-spurred, not scarious, apex obtuse, (surfaces smooth or papillose). Flowering shoots erect, simple

10–12 × 4–7 mm. Phyllaries 8–13, lanceolate, 10–12 mm (margins yellow, scarious, eciliate), apices acute, abaxial faces usually tomentulose, sometimes

glabrous; cauline leaves conspicuously connate basally, forming shallow, scarious cup, blade linear, fleshy, apex apiculate, glabrous or rarely pubescent;

Stems 1–75, ascending to erect (proximaly sometimes reddish-brown, often whitish due to pubescence, sometimes brittle), often short-branched in distal 1/2

(inner) or linear (innermost), unequal, bases indurate 1/2–3/4, margins scarious, erose, hyaline, sparsely ciliolate or not, green zones lanceolate, apices

bases indurate 1/10–1/5 (outer) to 4/5+ (inner), margins hyaline, narrowly scarious, erose (indurate portion), sparsely ciliolate (foliaceous portion), green

linear, unequal or sometimes subequal, outer often foliaceous, bases (mid) scarious, margins silky, green zones restricted to expanded distal 1/2–2/3 (obscured

herbaceous, bases not indurate, margins herbaceous (outer) to narrowly scarious and erose proximally (inner), strongly purple, villoso-ciliate in green

(inner), strongly unequal, bases indurate 1/2–5/6, abaxially rounded, margins scarious, erose, hyaline, sparsely ciliolate distally, green zones oblanceolate

long as wide), bases outer indurate less than 1/2 (some foliaceous), inner scarious, margins entire, sometimes ciliate, green zones obovate to elliptic, apices

Involucres hemispheric, 4–5 × 2.5–4 mm. Phyllaries 28–34 in 4–6 series, mostly whitish tan, midnerves mostly obscure, outer ± thickened distally, convex, ovate

lanceolate, 10–13 mm, margins scarious, minutely ciliate, apices acute, faces glabrous. Florets 7–9 (–13); corollas whitish to pale-pink, lavender or red

3.4–5 mm, margins narrowly hyaline, scarious, apices abruptly acuminate to caudate, strongly horned, tip ± scarious, erose. Involucres dark green to bluish

apex acute. Leaves: basal 1, cauline 1–3; auricles 0.5–1 mm, apex rounded, scarious; blade terete, 4.5–15 cm × 1–2 mm. Inflorescences panicles or racemes of

ca. 0.1 mm wide, scarious, apex terminated by awn, hood broadly rounded, awn erect, 0.5–0.7 mm, conic in proximal 1/6 with whitish, smooth spine; staminodes

non-indurate bases, glume bodies linear-lanceolate to obovate, margins hyaline, scarious, or chartaceous; lemmas awned or unawned [for opposite lead, see p. 292]

linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, unequal, bases indurate 1/2–3/4, margins scarious, erose, hyaline, sparsely ciliolate, green zones lanceolate to ± diamond-shaped

Leaves: proximal cauline petiolate to subsessile, blades (whitish when fresh, drying grayish to whitish green) narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, 15–45 × 5–8

white, 0.05–0.1 mm wide, scarious to papery, apex terminated by minute cusp, hood narrowly rounded, cusp light green to whitish, straight, short-conic,

page 179. Shrubs, 25–70 cm. Stems single, greenish when young, becoming whitish to gray, fastigiately branched distal to middle (angled from leaf-bases)

elliptic to lanceolate, 0.8–6 × 0.7–1.2 mm, unequal, margins narrowly scarious, entire, apices acute to acuminate, outer often subapically thickened and

glandular-pubescent. Flowers: calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × 1.2–1.8 mm, scarious-margined, glandular-pubescent, hairs pointed; corolla lavender to violet

lanceolate-oblong, 1.7–2 mm, leathery to rigid, margins whitish to translucent, 0.05–0.1 mm wide, scarious, apex terminated by awn, hood prominent, rounded-triangular

evident, oblong, 1.2–1.3 mm, leathery to rigid, margins whitish to translucent, 0.05–0.1 mm wide, scarious, apex terminated by awn, hood ± obscure, narrowly

evident, oblong, 0.8–1.1 mm, leathery to rigid, margins whitish to translucent, 0.05–0.1 mm wide, scarious, apex terminated by awn, hood present, broadly rounded

absent, oblong, 1.3–1.8 mm, leathery to rigid, margins whitish to translucent, 0.05–0.1 mm wide, scarious, apex terminated by awn, broadly rounded, awn widely

staminate 4–7 mm, pistillate 5–9 mm. Phyllaries lanceolate, 2–6 mm, margins scarious, medians green or reddish, apices greenish or purplish, often erose-ciliate

to linear-lanceolate (inner), unequal, bases indurate 1/3–1/2+, margins scarious, hyaline, erose, sparsely ciliolate (mostly distally), green zones linear-lanceolate

the internodes, somewhat inflated, smooth or scabrous, keeled, margins scarious, not flattened, papery, or spirally coiled when old; ligules 1.4-2.5 mm

urceolate, slightly ventricose basally, 3–4 mm, slightly corrugate, without scarious or membranous margins, thinly to densely pubescent; teeth erect to spreading

guides, funnelform, 11–17 mm, glandular-pubescent externally, moderately whitish lanate internally abaxially, tube 3–4 mm, throat gradually inflated, 4–6