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submersed and floating. Floating leaves have well-developed epidermis abaxially and adaxially, and well-developed cuticle at least adaxially. Floating leaves

prostrate or decumbent for much of their length, occasionally climbing, rarely floating; nodes prominent, sometimes concealed by the leaf-sheaths; internodes hollow

stellate-pubescent; sap milky. Roots septate or not septate. Leaves basal, submersed, floating, or emersed, sessile or petiolate, sheathing proximally; blade with translucent

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Plants perennial, rarely annual, submersed, floating-leaved, or emersed, glabrous to sparsely pubescent; rhizomes often present

sepals; tori enlarged and spongy at maturity; horizontal stems sometimes floating, wetland habitats. Comarum 9 Petals yellow to white, rarely pink or red

present. Leaves alternate or nearly opposite, submersed or both submersed and floating, sessile or petiolate; sheath not persisting longer than blade, not leaving

page 22, 23. Herbs, annual or perennial, aquatic, rooted in mud or free-floating. Stems of 2 types, vegetative and flowering; vegetative stems indeterminate

or monoecious. Culms annual, 20-500 cm tall, aerenchymatous, sometimes floating. Leaves aerenchymatous; auricles present or absent; ligules membranous

sometimes bearing stolons. Leaves arising directly from rhizome, alternate, floating, submersed, or emersed; stipules present or absent; petioles long. Leaf-blade

clonal or not. Stems erect, decumbent, lax, spreading, creeping, trailing, floating, or submerged, young ones often 4-angled. Leaves deciduous, usually opposite

tart drupes; it has naturalized in south Florida. The floating aquatic herb P. fluitans (floating spurge or red root floater), is increasingly popular for

stem, glabrous or pubescent, entirely submersed, with both submersed and floating leaves, or with submersed stolons and emergent leaves, in fresh, brackish

unbranched, erect or repent; elongate stolons present or absent. Leaves mostly floating (vernal leaves submersed; blades sessile, broad). Leaf-blade orbiculate

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Herbs, erect or floating, or sometimes with some leaves floating and some emergent. Leaves flat, planoconvex, or abaxially

appears in FNA Volume 3. Rhizomes branched, repent; stolons absent. Leaves floating, submersed, or emersed. Leaf-blade orbiculate to linear, basal lobes divergent

Herbs, perennial, aquatic or paludal, emergent or leaves and inflorescence floating, rhizomatous, caulescent in flower, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline

heteromorphic, floating leaves averaging larger than land leaves. Petiole filiform, stiffly erect or procumbent in land leaves, lax in floating leaves. Blade

erect to spreading or pros­trate and then often rooting at nodes, sometimes floating, submerged parts, when present, sometimes swollen with spongy aerenchyma

rooting at nodes or floating in water, then rootless. > 10 9 Leafy stems erect or if decumbent rooting only at base, never floating. > 14 10 Leaves 3-foliolate

Nauman Common names: Floating Fern or Water Spangle Family Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Treatment on page 336. Plants small, floating aquatics. Stems

128. Herbs, perennial, wetland or terrestrial, occasionally emergent or floating, [often epiphytic or climbing], usually with milky or watery latex, rarely

Leaves arising from erect stems with shortened internodes, submersed and floating; stipules absent. Leaf-blade: laticifers commonly present. Submersed leaves

John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants aquatic, floating on placid water, occasionally stranded, subsisting on mud; plants heterosporous

annual or perennial. Stems prostrate, decumbent, ascending, erect, or floating, indumentum of simple trichomes. Leaves opposite, sessile or petiolate;

perennial (L.emna aequinoctialis and L. perpusilla also annual), aquatic, floating or submersed, reduced to small green bodies called fronds corresponding

rhizomatous or stoloniferous; monoecious. Culms to 5 m, erect and emergent or floating. Leaves concentrated on the lower portion of the stem or evenly distributed;

appears in FNA Volume 22. Treatment on page 146. Roots 1 per frond. Fronds floating or submersed, 1 or 2–20 or more, coherent in groups or forming chains,

or floating, capillary; filiform, submersed leaves often formed before flowering; inflorescences with 1–9 heads. > 25 24 Stems erect, not floating; filiform

mostly submerged, ascending or erect, rarely floating, simple, sometimes inflated. Leaves submerged to floating, cauline, alternate, opposite, or whorled

subshrubs, or emergent aquatics, creeping, floating, or emergent and ascend­ing, rooting at nodes, when floating often forming spongy, white pneumatophores

perennial, with stolons or rhizomes, or creeping and rooting at nodes, rarely floating. Stems usually erect or ascending, sometimes prostrate, decumbent, or sprawling

appears in FNA Volume 2. Treatment on page 119. Plants short-lived, rooted or floating. Stems erect, bearing a few thin scales. Leaves dimorphic, erect to spreading

Dioscorides Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Herbs, perennial, submersed, floating-leaved, emersed, glabrous; rhizomes often present; stolons absent; corms

Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves floating; petiole to 100 cm; blade ovate, narrowly oval, or narrowly lanceolate

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Plants annual or perennial, emersed, floating-leaved, or rarely submersed, glabrous to stellate-pubescent; rhizomes present

glabrous; sap milky. Roots not septate. Leaves basal [alternate], submersed and floating [emersed], sessile or petiolate, sheathing proximally; blade with translucent

(Kunth) P. H. Raven Reinwardtia 6: 393. 1964. Peter C. Hoch Common names: Floating primrose-willow Basionym: Jussiaea peploides Kunth in A. von Humboldt et

page 47, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 73, 76, 82. Plants varying from lax, free-floating forms to compact terrestrial forms, usually with distinct capitulum; green

Herbs, to 50 cm. Roots branched; stolon buds with 10 or more roots. Leaves floating or emersed in dense vegetation and when stranded; blade 1–10 × 0.9–7.8

Mentioned on page 37. Herbs, annual or perennial, rooting in mud or free-floating. Vegetative stems submersed and growing to surface, or emersed and short

perennial, rhizomatous, caulescent; turions absent. Leaves alternate, floating [submersed], petiolate [sessile]; sheath not persisting longer than blade

late in growing season. Leaves arising directly from rhizome, alternate, floating or emersed; petiole long. Leaf-blade peltate, orbiculate, margins entire;

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Treatment on page 151. Roots absent. Fronds floating or submersed (only turions sink to bottom), 1 or 2, coherent, each frond

stolons present. Stems floating on or suspended in water, rooted or not, unbranched, short. Leaves basal, emergent or floating, petiolate; blade cordate

Baker J. Bot. 24: 98. 1886. Clifton E. Nauman Common names: Water spangles floating fern. Illustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Treatment on page

Pl. 2: 190. 1818. Charles J. Sheviak Common names: Water-spider orchid Floating orchid water orchid Illustrated Synonyms: Habenaria nuttallii Small Treatment

3, 8: 186. 1821. Robert M. Lloyd Common names: Antler ferns water ferns floating ferns Etymology: Greek cerato, horned, and pteris, fern, referring to the

rounded; sheath not winged. Stipes white, thin, often decaying. Fronds floating, 1 or 2–5 or more, coherent in groups, obovate, often gibbous, 1–8 mm,

linear or sometimes oblanceolate, apex acuminate to obtuse. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; blade reniform, cordate, or oblong, membranous, apex acute

glabrous (or sheathing leaf-bases sometimes pubescent). Stems creeping or floating, not bulbous-based, without bulbils. Roots nodal, never tuberous. Leaves

submersed and floating; petiole short to long. Submersed leaves: blade in 3-7 dichotomously [trichotomously] branched, linear segments. Floating leaves: blade

Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems leafy, floating or creeping, rooting at nodes. Basal leaves: blade ovate-reniform or cordate

Treatment on page 54. Plants perennial; aquatic, usually rooted, sometimes floating; stoloniferous, sometimes mat-forming; monoecious. Culms 10-100+ cm, erect

10–35 cm; glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules

appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs, annual, aquatic, rosette-forming, rooted or floating, to 50 dm (when rooted in deep water), glabrous or velutinous. Stems submerged

remainder of blade. Inflorescences racemes or panicles, of 1–15 whorls, floating or emersed, 1.5–28 × 1.5–15 cm; peduncles 15–47 cm; bracts distinct or

rhizomatous or cespitose; synoecious. Culms 20-150 cm (occasionally longer in floating mats), erect or decumbent, often rooting at the nodes, branched or unbranched

viscid-aromatic, pilose, sometimes sparsely so, producing long, juvenile, floating basal leaves. Culms 3-35 cm, erect, ascending, or decumbent, sometimes

the aquatic habitat Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Herbs, aquatic, floating on still or slow-moving water. Stolons frequently produced, terminating

terminal segments 3-200, linear to slightly spatulate, to 1.8 mm wide. Floating leaves: blade 0.6-3 cm × 1-4 mm, margins entire or notched to sagittate

pointed; sheath not winged. Stipes white, small, often decaying. Fronds floating, 1 or 2–few, coherent in groups, obovate, flat to thickish (but not gibbous)

rounded; sheath not winged. Stipes white, small, often decaying. Fronds floating, 1 or 2–few, coherent in groups, obovate, scarcely gibbous, flat, 1–4 mm

pointed; sheath not winged. Stipes white, small, often decaying. Fronds floating or (rarely) submersed, 1 or 2–few, coherent in groups, ovate to lanceolate

1–2.5 times as long as wide). Stipes small, white, often decaying. Fronds floating, 1 or 2–few, coherent in groups, ovatelanceolate, flat, 1–6 mm, 1–3 times

2–3 times as long as wide). Stipes white, small, often decaying. Fronds floating, 1 or 2–few, coherent in groups, ovate-obovate, flat, 1–4 mm, 1–1.7 times

rounded; sheath not winged. Stipes white, small, often decaying. Fronds floating, 1 or 2–5 or more, coherent in groups, ovate, scarcely gibbous, flat, 1–8

rounded; sheath not winged. Stipes white, small, often decaying. Fronds floating, 1 or 2–5 or more, coherent in groups, obovate, flat or gibbous, 1–3.5

minima Séguier Pl. Veron. 3: 52. 1754. Clifton E. Nauman Common names: Floating fern water spangles Etymology: for Antonia Maria Salvini,1653--1729, an

Machaerocarpus Small Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Plants perennial, floating-leaved or emersed, glabrous; rhizomes usually absent; stolons absent; corms

Flora of North America Association Herbs, to 6 dm. Leaves emersed, rarely floating, petiolate; blade ovate to elliptic, to 15 × 10 cm. Inflorescences to 1

on page 145. Roots (1–) 2–21 per frond, abaxial surface at node. Fronds floating (only turions sink to bottom), 2–10, coherent in groups, each obovate-circular

green or with margins of bright crimson or whole plants dark red, free-floating or forming multilayer mat to 4 cm thick under good conditions; plants infrequently

distinct, released from spathe and floating to surface; anthers spheric; pollen in monads. Pistillate flowers floating; ovary 1-locular; styles 1, not 2-fid

Culms 10-460 cm, prostrate, decumbent or erect, distal portions sometimes floating, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes; nodes usually glabrous; internodes

without weblike pattern, principal veins 6-27; surfaces glabrous. Flowers floating, 6-19 cm diam., opening and closing diurnally, only sepals and outermost

Rhizomes absent; stolons floating on or suspended in water, rooted or not, unbranched, short. Leaves basal, emergent or floating, petiolate; blade elliptic

vertical. Leaves appearing before flowers, several, emergent or sometimes floating, clustered; petiole longer than blade; blade abaxially paler green, adaxially

10–90 cm; glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules

stems rooted in substrate, unbranched, short. Leaves basal, submersed [floating], petiolate; blade lanceolate to reniform [linear], base cuneate to cordate

(rhizomatous; aquatic to subaquatic). Stems decumbent or erect (sometimes floating), simple or branched distal to bases (terete, glabrous; internodes usually

cm; nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves petiolate, lax; stipules

200 cm; nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves submersed and floating or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules

nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or the floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile or petiolate

red, 0.4–4 dm, glabrous throughout. Stems erect, decumbent, or creeping [floating], unbranched or branched, often rooting at nodes. Leaves usually opposite

blue-green to dark red, some red-fringed leaves usually present in nature, free-floating or forming a multilayer mat to 4 cm thick in early summer; plants frequently

Volume 3. Herbs, young vegetative parts heavily coated with mucilage. Leaves floating; petiole long. Leaf-blade elliptic. Flowers: sepals 3, not petaloid, linear-oblong

node. Sessile leaves forming basal rosette, blade thin. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; blade cordate to reniform, apex obtuse to acuminate. Inflorescences

surface, or emersed. Sessile leaves forming basal rosette. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; blade cordate to hastate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences

phyllodia, (expanded petioles resembling and functioning like leaves), sessile; floating leaves long-petiolate, petioles terete, septate; blade orbiculate to oblong-lanceolate

perennial in the tropics; usually terrestrial, sometimes aquatic but not floating. Culms 5-200 cm tall, 0.4-3 mm thick, decumbent to erect, commonly geniculate

present; corms present. Leaves emersed, floating, and submersed; submersed phyllodial, flattened, to 45 cm; floating with petiole triangular, to 100 cm, blade

Volume 22. Plants in fresh-water to 2 m deep. Leaves emersed, submersed, or floating; blade triangular proximally, flattened distally. Inflorescences overtopping

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, typically free-floating. Vegetative stems condensed, except when branching. Flowering-stems erect

tidal marshes, often in shallow water or on emergent stumps, floating logs, and floating mats of vegetation Elevation: 0–700 m Generated Map Legacy Map

Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 80. Plants moderate to large, erect to floating, green to dark-brown; capitulum large, well defined and flattopped. Stems

294. Plants annual; glabrous or sparsely pilose, not producing juvenile floating leaves. Culms 10-30 cm, simple, ascending or decumbent, often geniculate

Association Herbs, to 20 cm. Rhizomes absent; stStolon buds with 1 root. Leaves floating or, in dense vegetation, emergent; blade 1.2–6 × 1.3–6.3 cm; primary-veins

weakly minerotrophic habitats such as poor sedge fens, lake edges, and floating mats Elevation: low to moderate elevations Generated Map Legacy Map Alta

aquatic or amphibious, 0.5–4 dm, glabrous throughout. Stems erect, creeping, floating, or submerged, irregularly branched, frequently rooting at nodes when submerged

viscid-aromatic, more or less hairy throughout, not producing juvenile floating leaves. Culms 5-15 (30) cm, simple or branching at the upper nodes, erect

Phenology: Fruiting summer. Habitat: Fresh lakeshores, shallow ponds, streams, floating mats, bogs, fens, ditches Elevation: 20–800 m Generated Map Legacy Map

37. Plants annual or perennial; usually aquatic, rooted and emergent or floating, sometimes terrestrial; rhizomatous and/or cespitose; synoecious. Culms

some or all leaves floating, limp. Leaves when erect rather stiff, partially to entirely keeled, flat, to 0.8 m × 4–10 mm; floating leaves limp, keeled

Volume 24. Treatment on page 46. Plants perennial; aquatic, producing long, floating culms; synoecious. Culms 50-150 cm, spongy, developing adventitious-roots

the common floating-leaved pondweed of the north temperate ure areas. It is essentially circumboreal and can easily be identified by floating leaves that

cm; nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating, or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves petiolate, lax; stipules

Volume 3. Mentioned on page 132. Plants glabrous. Stems leafy, creeping or floating, not bulbous-based, without bulbils. Roots nodal, never tuberous. Leaves

Submerged in somewhat nutrient-rich lakes, ox-bow lakes, small bodies of water, floating or among reeds or sedges along shores Elevation: low to high elevations

separate rames in the same inflorescence. Culms to 3 m, erect, creeping, or floating, branched; internodes solid. Leaves not aromatic; ligules membranous. Inflorescences

ground-level stems, horizontal stems often rooting at nodes, sometimes floating, aerial stems glabrous proximally, finely appressed-hairy and often purplish-glandular

page 60. Mentioned on page 47. Plants coarse and robust; usually found floating, submerged or stranded; capitulum not apparent, leaves crowded into a tuft;

22. Herbs, 0.5–30 (–50) cm. Leaves submersed, floating, or emersed; submersed sessile, ribbonlike; floating linear, 15–100 × 0.2–2 (–3) cm, blade present

5–30 cm; nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or only submersed, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves petiolate, lax;

on arching or horizontal culms, especially when growing as submerged or floating aquatics. Because many such plants reproduce entirely asexually and have

John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems creeping or floating, rooting nodally, glabrous, not bulbous-based. Tuberous roots absent. Basal

of North America Association Rhizomes 1-2.5 (-4) cm diam. Leaves mostly floating, occasionally submersed; petiole flattened. Leaf-blade often abaxially

2n = 60. Phenology: Fruiting late spring–summer. Habitat: Fens, bogs, floating mats on lakeshores, emergent sedge marshes, usually in very wet sites,

Flora of North America Association Rhizomes 3-8 cm diam. Leaves mostly floating, occasionally emersed or submersed; petiole terete. Leaf-blade abaxially

to 0.7 mm. Phenology: Fruiting spring–fall. Habitat: Lakes and streams, floating, or raft-forming, or along margins Elevation: 0–50 m Generated Map Legacy

Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants floating or rooted. Sterile leaves deltate to cordate to ovate. Petiole of sterile

17–31 µm. Habitat: Wet, ± mineral-and nutrient-rich fens, ditches, shores, floating or submerged in lakes Elevation: low to high elevations Generated Map Legacy

dioicous. Spores 15–21 µm. Habitat: Wet, ± mineral-rich fens, ditches, shores, floating or submerged in lakes Elevation: low to high elevations Generated Map Legacy

subsp. majus seems to occur in ombrotrophic to poor fen habitats, often on floating mats, mixed with S. cuspidatum in eastern North America Elevation: low

to wet pine flatwoods and savannas, roadsides through similar habitats, floating peat mats Elevation: 0-90 m Generated Map Legacy Map Fla., Ga., N.C., S

Flora of North America Association Rhizomes 2.5-7 cm diam. Leaves mostly floating, occasionally submersed; petiole adaxially flattened, with median ridge

into tight, hardened structure. Leaves submersed, or both submersed and floating, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, delicate; stipules persistent

but not floating; blades 3-25 mm wide Panicum dichotomiflorum 18 Plants perennial or of indefinite duration, usually aquatic, sometimes floating, rooting

meadows, marshes, often in shallow water or on emergent stumps, floating logs, floating mats of vegetation in water Elevation: 0–800 m Generated Map Legacy

150 cm; nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or submersed only, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile or rarely

culm Juncus hemiendytus 11 Culms arcuate-stoloniferous and creeping or floating Juncus repens 11 Culms erect, never rooting at nodes. > 12 12 Seeds not

Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants annual; aquatic, floating or rhizomatous. Culms 4-55 cm, erect; nodes pubescent. Sheaths glabrous

America Association Plants moderate-sized and weak-stemmed; in lawns and floating mats; brownish green, brown, reddish-brown to chestnut-brown, often with

without weblike pattern, principal veins 11-22; surfaces glabrous. Flowers floating or emersed, 6-11 cm diam., opening and closing diurnally, only sepals and

(–10) dm. Rhizomes 2–3 mm diam., not swollen. Culms erect to decumbent (and floating), terete, 1–3 mm diam., smooth. Cataphylls 1, maroon to straw-colored,

without weblike pattern, principal veins 7-13; surfaces glabrous. Flowers floating, 3-7.5 cm diam., opening and closing diurnally, only sepals and outermost

Flora of North America Association Rhizomes 1-2 cm diam. Leaves mostly floating, occasionally submersed; petiole flattened to filiform. Leaf-blade abaxially

Association Plants slender, grasslike, limp, to 0.6 m; leaves and inflorescences floating or, when stranded, more or less erect. Leaves limp in water, unkeeled,

Phenology: Fruiting late spring–early summer. Habitat: Boreal fens, calcareous floating mats Elevation: 0–1100 m Generated Map Legacy Map St. Pierre and Miquelon

25+ mm thick at the base, soft and spongy, erect or decumbent, sometimes floating, rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths shorter or nearly as long as the internodes

lakeshores, stream banks, usually in very wet sites and sometimes forming floating mats Elevation: 0–1300 m Generated Map Legacy Map St. Pierre and Miquelon

Plants slender, grasslike, to 0.8 m; leaves and inflorescences usually floating. Leaves limp, unkeeled, flat, 0.1–0.4 (–0.8) m × 1–5 mm. Inflorescences:

with 20–40 small (less than 0.25 cell diameter) in mostly 2 rows. Habitat: Floating or stranded at margins of shallow acidic lakes and ponds Elevation: low

moderate-sized (more than 0.25 cell diameter) in mostly one row. Habitat: Floating or stranded at margins of shallow lakes and ponds, rarely in seeps where

Ceratopteris deltoidea Benedict Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Plants floating or rooted. Sterile leaves lanceolate to deltate to ovate. Petiole of sterile

Plants perennial; more or less cespitose, rhizomatous or stoloniferous, free-floating or rooting in shallow water. Culms 30-150 cm tall, 3-7 mm thick, compressed

stems. Stems floating or creeping and ascending to erect, terete, 20–200 (–400) cm, simple to densely branched apically, glabrous (floating) or sparsely

glabrous, keeled; ligules 4-12 mm; blades 9-25 cm long, 2-7 mm wide, often floating, abaxial surfaces smooth, adaxial surfaces of the midcauline leaves densely

between major veins, principal veins 11-17; surfaces glabrous. Flowers floating, 7-15 cm diam., opening and closing nocturnally, sepals, petals, and outer

without weblike pattern, principal veins 7-13; surfaces glabrous. Flowers floating, 3-7.5 cm diam., opening and closing diurnally, only sepals and outermost

Plants perennial; stoloniferous. Culms 1-2 (5) m, decumbent, geniculate, floating or the distal portions emergent. Sheaths glabrous; ligules 4-12 mm, upper

5–3 dm. Culms first ascending, soon arcuate-stoloniferous and creeping or floating, or growing submersed along bottom, each node with cluster of basal leaves

rhizomatous, 0.3–3 dm, to 10 dm when floating or submersed. Culms erect or decumbent and rooting at nodes, or floating, terete, 1–2 mm diam., smooth. Cataphylls

10–35 cm; glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules

damp sand, often in recently burned or cleared areas, also occasionally floating in ditches Elevation: low elevations Generated Map Legacy Map Ala., Fla

thick, decumbent, rooting at the nodes, terminal portions erect, often floating, branched or unbranched; nodes pubescent, adjacent portions of the internodes

species are diploid (2n = 14) but there are occasional tetraploids (2n = 28); floating translocations are relatively common (Raven 1962, 1969). None. Chylismia

decumbent, rooting at proximal nodes or floating, 0.3–5 dm. Culms erect, decumbent and rooting at nodes, or floating, terete, 1–2 mm diam., smooth. Cataphylls

10–25 cm; glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules

5–40 cm; glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating or floating absent, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules

corms present. Leaves submersed or floating, rarely emersed; submersed phyllodial, flattened, 30–250 × 0.1–1.5 cm; floating with petiole flattened, to 40 cm

becoming dislodged from the substrate and floating to the water surface. The fruits apparently remain in the floating vegetation for a period of time, eventually

Bentham ex Müller. Arg. Linnaea 32: 36. 1863. Geoffrey A. Levin Common names: Floating spurge red root floater Introduced Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12.

sometimes decumbent and rooting from the lower nodes, distal portion sometimes floating in shallow water. Sheaths glabrous, keeled; ligules 5-15 mm; blades 5-25

occasionally with creeping rhizomes. Stems erect, ascending, or submerged and/or floating (in aquatic forms), usually producing numerous axillary shoots below 1st-order

present. Leaves submersed, phyllodial, flattened, 4–7 × 0.4–0.8 cm, or floating; petiole triangular, to 42 cm; blade sagittate, 3.5–10.5 × 1.5–8.5 cm,

cm; rhizomes absent; stolons present; corms present. Leaves submersed and floating, sessile, phyllodial, flattened, 50–250 × 0.4–1.5 cm; rare stranded plants

glandular-puberulent distally. Leaves: dimorphic, submersed basal and clustered, floating paired at ends of branches to 70 mm, blade of submersed lanceolate to oblanceolate

rarely floating; petiole terete, 2.4–4 cm; blade linear-lanceolate to ovate, 1–2.5 ´ 0.3–1.5 cm. Inflorescences racemes, of 2–7 whorls, floating, 2–11 ´

terete, without spots, ca. 50 cm. Turions unknown. Leaves submersed and floating, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules persistent

thick, geniculate or long-prostrate and rooting at the lower nodes, often floating distally; lower and upper nodes glabrous. Sheaths mostly glabrous, but

unknown. Spores not seen. Habitat: Habitat poorly understood, but known from floating mats in poor fen habitats Elevation: low to moderate elevations Generated

erect. Leaves mostly basal or scattered along the culms, not conspicuously floating or streaming in the current; sheaths glabrous or ciliate; ligules to about

Swampy, marshy, or boggy areas, especially wet meadows, fens, muskegs, floating mats, and peaty or marly shores of lakes and ponds (often in shallow, sometimes

mm. 2n = 32. Phenology: Flowering late spring–summer (Jun–Aug). Habitat: Floating in shallow water or stranded on exposed mud at margins of streams and ponds

Association Rhizomes mostly 5-10 cm diam. Leaves mostly emersed, occasionally floating or submersed; petiole terete or adaxially slightly flattened. Leaf-blade

glabrous; ligules 1.5-3.5 mm; blades 2-35 (50) cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide, often floating, sometimes scabridulous on the midribs and margins, apices acute. Racemes

dioicous. Spores ca. 30 µm; very slightly roughened. Habitat: Submerged or floating in weakly minerotrophic wet depressions of alder swamps, coniferous swamps

Leaves mainly cauline, usually crowded distally, streaming in the current or floating on the surface, distal leaves sometimes emergent; sheaths glabrous; ligules

erect or decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, upper portion sometimes floating distally; nodes glabrous or antrorsely villous. Sheaths mostly glabrous

blade linear to oblanceolate, thin, 2.4–3.7 cm × 3–8 mm. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; stipule 1–5 cm; petiole 2–13 cm; blade reniform, 1–4 × 1–5

to oblanceolate, thin, 37–70 × 4–6 mm, margins entire. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; stipule 3–5 cm; petiole 5–15 cm; blade cordate, 2–5 × 2–5 cm

linear to oblanceolate, thickened, 2.4–5 cm × 2–4 mm. Petiolate leaves floating or emersed; stipule 1–5 cm; petiole 3–11 cm; blade round to oblong, 1–5

fens and raised bogs, forming dense carpets at water level, especially on floating mats Elevation: low to moderate elevations Generated Map Legacy Map Man

Plants slender, to more than 2 m long; leaves and inflorescences usually floating. Leaves limp, unkeeled, flat to planoconvex, 0.2–0.8 (–2.5) m × 2–5 (–10)

swales, sphagnum bogs, and other wet places, especially shores (sometimes on floating mats or rotten logs), also ditches Elevation: 0–2100 m Generated Map Legacy

emergent. Leaves mostly basal or scattered along the culms, not conspicuously floating or streaming in the current; sheaths glabrous or ciliate; ligules to 5

mid Apr–Aug. Habitat: Marshes, swamp forests, usually on rotten stumps, floating logs, or bases of trees (often Taxodium) or shrubs (Cephalanthus) on lake

laesura approximately 0.5 spore radius. Habitat: Abundant in hollows and floating mats in raised bogs and poor fens Elevation: low to high elevations Generated

bogs and bog pools, lake and stream shores, often in shallow water or on floating mats Elevation: 0–1600 m Generated Map Legacy Map Greenland, Alta., B.C

nodes). Ranunculus sceleratus 1 Stems prostrate and rooting at nodes, or floating and rootless. > 2 2 Leaf blades 0.3–1.2 cm, deeply 3-lobed or -parted,

7–75 cm; nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves sessile, lax; stipules persistent

8–95 cm; nodal glands absent. Turions absent. Leaves both submersed and floating, spirally arranged. Submersed leaves petiolate, lax; stipules deliquescent

bottoms. The species propagates by seed and by detached floating rosettes to form extensive floating mats that reduce oxygen, restrict light, crowd out native

emersed petiolate, blade hastate to sagittate. Inflorescences of 1–15 whorls, floating or emersed; bracts connate. Flowers: pistillate without ring of sterile

Freshwater, sandy or muddy shores with relatively stable water levels, floating mats, bogs Elevation: 0–400 m Generated Map Legacy Map Ont., Que., Conn

leaves petiolate, blade hastate to sagittate. Inflorescences of 1–15 whorls, floating or emersed; bracts distinct. Flowers: pistillate with ring of sterile stamens;

8–10 cm often on submerged stems. Stems erect or ascending to creeping or floating, terete or sometimes angled distally, 20–300 (–450) cm, usually densely

aerenchyma when base sub­merged, forming stolons 20–90 cm, 2–3.5 mm thick, floating, sometimes branched. Stems erect, slightly ridged, well branched, (40–)

ombrotrophic to rich fens, open mires, sedge fens and muskeg, as carpets, floating mats, low hummocks and hummock sides Elevation: low to high elevations

sub­merged, forming stolons 30–250 cm, 2–4 mm thick, creeping in mud or floating in water, sometimes bearing flowers and fruits. Stems erect, subterete

Illustrator: Sandy Long Copyright: Utah State University Culms 50-150 cm, floating, branched, flexuous; nodes rooting, roots feathery, whorled. Sheaths glabrous

Ranunculus delphinifolius Torrey Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems floating or prostrate, glabrous, rooting at proximal nodes. Leaves: basal leaves

Beal Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Rhizomes 2-2.5 cm diam. Leaves floating or submersed; petiole terete. Leaf-blade abaxially and adaxially green

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Rhizomes ca. 7-8 cm diam. Leaves mostly floating, occasionally submersed; petiole terete. Leaf-blade abaxially and adaxially

O. Beal Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Rhizomes 2-5 cm diam. Leaves floating or submersed; petiole terete. Leaf-blade abaxially and adaxially green

bogs, poor fens, acid seeps, shores of glacial lakes, streams, muskegs, or floating bog mats Elevation: 0–500 m Generated Map Legacy Map N.B., Nfld. and Labr

plants without expanded leaf-blades. Inflorescences racemes, of 2–7 whorls, floating or emersed, to 16 × 4 cm; peduncles 13.5–28 cm; bracts connate more than

5 dm), 0.5–1 dm. Rhizomes 1 mm diam., nodes not swollen. Culms repent, floating or submersed, usually profusely branched, terete, 0.5–1 mm diam. Cataphylls

leaf length); alar region from margins to costa. Habitat: Submerged or floating in mineral-rich water, small lakes, water-filled kettle holes, ox-bows

Fernald with a corymb instead of a raceme, and forma natans Heuser with floating stems up to 20 cm long. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus"

leafy; sepals white, yellow, or orange, or pinkish. > 2 2 Stems creeping or floating, rooting at nodes; sepals white or pinkish, 4–7(–8) mm; follicles 20–55

Volume 22. Plants limp, to more than 1 m long; leaves and inflorescences floating. Leaves limp, unkeeled, flat, mostly 0.6–1 m × 4–10 mm. Inflorescences:

characteristic of Marsilea mollis by a number of authors, are found on floating leaves of nearly all species in the genus (D. M. Johnson 1986). None. None

seems to have arisen as a way to limit recombination (Raven). In Oenothera, floating translocations are common (that is, a ring of four or a ring of six) and

proximal laesura mostly less than 0.5 spore radius. Habitat: Forming wet often floating carpets in weakly minerotrophic mires Elevation: low to moderate elevations

enlarged; greenish brown to deep golden brown; forming compact carpets in floating mats and depressions as well as dense stands on hummock sides and low hummocks

purshii Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems prostrate or sometimes floating, glabrous or hirsute, rooting nodally. Leaves: basal leaves absent, cauline

summer–fall. Habitat: Acid, sphagnous, boggy, open sites, poor fens, often on floating mats or peaty interstices of rocky shores Elevation: 0–2000 m Generated

bilaterally symmetric; leaves dimorphic, submersed blades usually narrower than floating blades. Gratiola amphiantha 1 Capsules ± radially symmetric; leaves monomorphic

invasive. Fruit dispersal in Conocarpus, Laguncularia, and Lumnitzera is by floating in water; the fruits of Terminalia are eaten by mammals and birds; they

America, Eurasia Plants growing in deep water may flower without producing floating leaves. Such plants cannot be distinguished from specimens of Ranunculus

Reproductive features include: self-compatible; flowers diurnal, fading mid day; floating chromosomal reciprocal translocations in at least one species (Gayophytum

(Sagorski) Glück has been used for plants that grow totally submersed or have floating leaves. Field transplant experiments with North American plants (R. L.

summer–early fall. Habitat: Sphagnum bogs and very poor fens, edges of floating bogs, damp sandy shores, acidic or peaty lakeshores, pond margins, cracks

pneumatophores from nodes. Stems usually erect or strongly ascending, rarely floating or creeping, terete to somewhat angled on young branches, 30–250 cm, well

water surface during low tide. Possibly a relatively large "search vehicle" floating on the water surface will contact a stigma and pollination is accomplished

conspicuously enlarged, ± oblong, pellucid Fissidens amoenus 6 Plants usually floating in quiet waters; leaves sometimes 10:1. Fissidens hallianus 6 Plants usually

whereas leaves of S. obtusifolium lack an acumen. The stems are sometimes floating; the branches are tumid and often arching. None. None. "long" is not a

occurs by the adventitious rooting of stem fragments. In Florida, extensive floating mats have become well-established in flood-control canals. None. None.

to eastern Texas and South Carolina. Voss (1972) stated that it is the floating leaves of G. septentrionalis that develop papillose, non-wettable adaxial

wettest suitable habitats in the area, along stream banks and sometimes on floating sphagnum mats in open swamps along streams. It is often found heavily shaded

A specimen similar to B. hirtella, collected in Palm Beach County on a floating, rotting log in a cypress strand (Bradley and Woodmansee 1239, FTG), is

sporangium-bearing lobes in some Schizaeaceae, or leaves rounded to ovate, crowded, and floating in Azolla and Salvinia; sporangia borne in clusters (sori) of various shapes

tenellum. Inland, it has a greater tendency to form extensive carpets and floating mats than hummocks. See also discussion under 65. S. andersonianum, 68

be a species of poor to medium fens, where it occurs in depressions and floating mats; it does not appear to form extensive fast-growing mats as do S. fallax

suggested that it might have arrived in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as seeds in floating pieces of ice from the shores of Greenland or Iceland. None. None. window

flowers, with peduncles reaching the water surface, and flowers more or less floating on the water. Of conservation concern. None. None. window.propertiesFr

the E. palustre complex. Some specimens of Epilobium oregonense grow as floating mats in cold streams; these specimens are notably large, with particularly

30–38 or 50–58. Eleocharis acicularis often forms large rooted mats or floating masses, which when submerged, are often non-flowering. Submerged, usually

species found in alkaline waters. Fairly rigid leaves of the species make floating onto paper unnecessary in the collecting process. The leaves have a tendency

hornemannii occurs occasionally in spring pools, forming distinctive dense floating mats of ascending stems. Specimens growing in very moist habitats often

trees. Pistia, a free-floating aquatic aroid, has a relatively small spadix. It is seen as pointing the way to the free-floating, thalloid Lemnaceae, which

emergent broad-leaved taxa such as Pontederia and Sagittaria spp. and floating aquatics such as Azolla, Lemna, and Spirodela are common. Zone II, river