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rows; basal juxtacostal cells sinuose and thick walled. Grimmia longirostris 51 Basal juxtacostal cells straight, thin-walled; distal juxtacostal lamina 1-stratose

quadrate to elongate, rarely oblate, straight, sinuose, or nodulose, basal juxtacostal and marginal regions usually differentiated, alar cells undifferentiated

or short to long-rectangular proximally; alar cells usually similar to juxtacostal cells, sometimes quadrate, region small, differentiated; laminal cells

prorate abaxially in S. starkei), walls thin to moderately thick; basal juxtacostal cells undifferentiated, or broader and region pellucid, or slightly broader

ends, walls thin to moderately thick, rarely as thick as lumen; basal juxtacostal cells usually shorter, wider than more distal cells, walls usually more

rhomboidal, strongly papillose or smooth, walls thickened; basal and juxtacostal cells elongate. Capsule horizontal, short-cylindric, curved. North America

oblong-lanceolate, keeled or concave, margins plane, costa prominent; juxtacostal and marginal basal laminal cells hyaline; distal lamina 2-stratose (1-stratose

obtuse-mucronate > 19 19 Juxtacostal cells in proximal parts of vaginant laminae enlarged, oblong, pellucid Fissidens amoenus 19 Juxtacostal cells in proximal

isodiametric, broader than laminal cells; laminal cells linear; basal juxtacostal cells slightly shorter, not clearly differentiated from laminal cells

cucullate, costa not projecting on abaxial side, subpercurrent; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate, thin-walled; basal marginal laminal cells quadrate

cells usually absent; alar cells not or somewhat differentiated from juxtacostal cells, usually shorter; laminal areolation distinctly heterogeneous; proximal

base; costa stereid cells well developed on both sides of guide cells; juxtacostal basal-cells often weakly differentiated, short to long-rectangular, enlarged

length, slender, terminal abaxial tooth small; laminal cells linear; basal juxtacostal cells short-rectangular; leaves in loose foliage erect to erect-spreading

adaxial side; basal-cells rectangular to oblong-hexagonal, 15–30 × 5–8 µm; juxtacostal cells at widest part of leaf 24–40 µm; distal cells linear to oblong-linear

cells slightly differentiated, rectangular to quadrate, 10–30 µm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells oblong-linear, (22–) 40–60 (–80) µm, walls slightly porose;

enlarged, region pellucid; laminal cells linear, walls thick; basal juxtacostal cells shorter, sometimes broader. Branch leaves similar, smaller, narrower

moderately stout, terminal spine absent; alar cells smaller than basal juxtacostal cells; laminal cells short-rhombic to rhombic. Branch leaves similar.

undifferentiated or small; laminal cells 35–65 (–90) × 3–5 µm; basal juxtacostal cells elongate, 10–25 × 5–8 µm. Seta 1–2 cm, strongly roughened throughout

near the base, channeled distally, semicircular on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells elongate to linear, weakly orange at insertion, nodulose

base, channeled distally, circular, projecting on dorsal side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells elongate with extremely thick, slightly nodulose walls;

costa weak at base, channeled distally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short to long-rectangular, sinuose-nodulose, thick-walled;

denticulate, costa weak proximally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short to long-rectangular, sinuose-nodulose, thick-walled;

indistinctly delimited group; laminal cells 30–75 (–100) × 4–6 µm, smooth; basal juxtacostal cells 7–10 µm wide. Branch leaves 0.2–1.3 (–1.9) × 0.2–0.5 (–1) mm; costa

walls firm to strongly incrassate, not pitted; apical cells 1–2: 1; juxtacostal cells somewhat shorter than more distal cells, walls not pitted. Capsule

subpercurrent to short-excurrent, guide cells absent; alar cells similar to juxtacostal cells; laminal areolation heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells rectangular

band well developed, guide cells present; alar cells usually similar to juxtacostal cells; laminal areolation heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells quadrate

mucro smooth, guide cells absent; alar cells not differentiated from juxtacostal cells; laminal areolation distinctly heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells

apex obtuse to broadly acute; basal laminal cells 5–8 × 1–2 µm; medial juxtacostal cells long-rhomboidal, longest axis parallel to costa, 3–5 × 1–3 µm; apical

basal adaxial supracostal cells long-rectangular; alar cells similar to juxtacostal cells; laminal cells large, obscurely heterogeneous; proximal cells long-rectangular

laminal cells elongate, relatively short, walls moderately thick; basal juxtacostal cells short-ovate. Branch leaves similar, somewhat narrower, somewhat

absent or sometimes present proximally; alar cells not differentiated from juxtacostal cells; laminal areolation somewhat heterogeneous; proximal laminal cells

cells 35–65 × 5 µm, walls moderately porose; basal juxtacostal cells 9–11 µm wide, more distal juxtacostal cells elongate, in 2–4 rows, walls strongly pitted;

costal transverse-section not prominent to prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short to long-rectangular, straight, thick-walled; basal

0.3–0.8 mm, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thick-walled; basal

to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5–2 × 0.5–0.9 mm, concave, awn to 1 mm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thick-walled; basal

0.4–0.8 mm, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal

long-decurrent, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells rectangular, sometimes nodulose, thin to thick-walled; basal

decurrent, narrowly attached, acuminate, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short to long-rectangular, sinuose, thick lateral-walled

than 10 µm, walls thin or rarely firm, not pitted; apical cells 2–3: 1; juxtacostal cells somewhat shorter than more distal cells, walls not pitted. Capsule

0.4–0.8 mm, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular to elongate, sinuose, thick-walled; basal

short hyaline awns present, not decurrent, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular, straight to sinuose, thick-walled; basal

muticous, costal transverse-section prominent, usually semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells rectangular, straight to slightly sinuose walled; basal

apex; apex acute to acuminate; basal laminal cells 6–10 × 1–2 µm; medial juxtacostal cells short-rhomboidal, longest axis 45° to costa, 3–5 × 1–2 µm; apical

entire; basal; laminal cells rectangular to quadrate, 15–40 × 7–10 µm, juxtacostal cells shorter; medial and distal laminal cells 10–15 (–18) µm; marginal

awn 0.1–0.5 mm, not decurrent, acute, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thick lateral walls

0.3–1.3 mm, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled (rarely somewhat

oblong-lanceolate, 0.9–2 × 0.4–0.8 mm, concave-keeled, awn 0.1–1.2 mm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal

oblong-ovate, 1–1.7 × 0.4–0.8 mm, concave-keeled, awn 0.3–1 mm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal

costal transverse-section weak at base, semicircular distally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells elongate, straight, somewhat thick-walled; basal marginal

short to absent, costa weak proximally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells elongate, ± sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal proximal

costa weak proximally, broadened and deeply channeled distally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells rectangular, straight, with thin walls; basal marginal laminal

costal transverse-section prominent, reniform to semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular to linear, sinuose, thick-walled; basal

mm, costal transverse-section prominent, usually semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular to linear, sinuose, thin transverse and

very short, denticulate, costa firm, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short to long-rectangular, slightly sinuose, thick-walled;

0.3–0.8 mm, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells rectangular to elongate, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal

sides, awns absent to very short, costa projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal

abaxial lamellae (or wings) forming parallel ridges along its length; basal juxtacostal laminal cells yellow, linear, sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal laminal

cells enlarged; laminal cells elongate, walls moderately thick; basal juxtacostal cells shorter, slightly broader. Branch leaves slightly to strongly differentiated

occasionally long and denticulate, costa projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular, slightly sinuose, thick-walled; basal

distally, projecting at abaxial side, angled to bluntly winged; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short to long-rectangular, yellowish, nodulose, thick-walled;

costa weak proximally, broad distally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells rectangular to linear, straight, thin-walled; basal marginal

reniform, projecting on dorsal side, median layer of stereids present; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular to occasionally elongate, straight to

mm, decurrent, broadly attached, acute, costa broad proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells elongate, straight, thick lateral walls, green; basal marginal

denticulate awn, costa weak proximally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, thin-walled; basal marginal

oblong-lanceolate, 1.6–2 × 0.3–0.6 mm, concave, awn 0.3–0.6 mm; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal

5 mm or absent, lamina 2-plicate, extending from apex to base; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular, 19–33 × 9–13 µm, evenly thick-walled;

mm, margins plane, apex plane, awn 0.2–1 mm, lamina non-plicate; basal juxtacostal laminal cells rectangular to long-rectangular, 27–51 × 8–12 µm, thin to

distally; basal laminal cells isodiametric to shortly rectangular or juxtacostal cells linear to long-rectangular, 15–36 × 10–12 µm; medial and distal

moderately weak, terminal abaxial spine absent; alar cells broader than juxtacostal cells, 15–25 × 12–16 µm, walls moderately thick, transverse perpendicular

irregularly hexagonal, 6.5–18 µm, greatly enlarged, ± oblong, ± pellucid in juxtacostal patches in proximal portions of vaginant laminae. Sexual condition rhizautoicous

decurrent, typically narrowly attached, acute, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells usually elongate (sometimes short-rectangular), usually

weakly prorulose distally > 6 6 Plants large; costae 600 µm wide at base; juxtacostal cells at widest part of leaf 48-100 µm; Greenland. Philonotis calcarea

Pseudoleskea atricha 5 Stem leaf medial laminal cell walls not pitted > 6 6 Juxtacostal laminal cells somewhat longer than distal cells; medial laminal cells

region small, indistinctly delimited; laminal cells 40–65 × 5–6 µm; basal juxtacostal cells elongate, 10–25 × 5–7 µm. Seta 1–1.5 cm, strongly roughened throughout

proximal ends; basal-cells rectangular, shorter, broader than distal; juxtacostal cells at widest part of leaf 48–100 µm; distal cells linear, 20–40 × 3–5

long-decurrent, costal transverse-section prominent, circular distally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin to thick-walled;

cells 10–54 × 12–25 µm, largest along costa, marginal cells 9–15 µm, juxtacostal cells in vaginant laminae pellucid, greatly enlarged. Sexual condition

narrowly rhomboid-hexagonal, 12 (–24) × (6–) 7 µm, walls incrassate; juxtacostal cells undifferentiated. Specialized asexual reproduction infrequent, by

1–1.1 mm, lamina 2-plicate, plications not always reaching base; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to long-rectangular, 20–47 × 8–12 µm, evenly thick-walled;

muticous, cucullate, obtuse-rounded, costa narrow proximally; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short-rectangular, straight, thick lateral walled, pale-yellow;

occasionally absent, costa weak proximally, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells linear, extremely sinuose, thick-walled; basal marginal

but appearing mammillose, firm-walled, irregularly hexagonal, 6–9 µm, juxtacostal and interior cells of vaginant laminae 1-stratose, smooth, plane, larger;

conspicuously flattened at base, costa firm, projecting on abaxial side; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular (rarely short-rectangular), ± nodulose

appearing bulging, firm-walled, irregularly hexagonal, 7–12 µm long; juxtacostal and interior proximal cells of vaginant laminae 1-stratose, smooth, plane

awn, broad, smooth on back, indistinct at mid leaf, confluent with the juxtacostal part of lamina, filling most of the acumen; transverse-section of costa

1–0.6 mm, lamina 2-plicate, plications never extended to base; basal juxtacostal laminal cells short to long-rectangular, 21–55 × 9–12 µm, evenly thick-walled;

serrate distally; medial and apical laminal cells rhombic, 14–20 × 3–8 µm; juxtacostal basal-cells fusiform, smooth, walls sometimes porose. Seta 0.4–1.2 cm

pointed, covering most of lumen, walls incrassate, not pitted; proximal juxtacostal cells usually shorter than medial, walls pitted or not. Capsule unknown

often muticous, costal transverse-section prominent, semicircular; basal juxtacostal laminal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, straight, thin-walled; basal

awn 0.5–1.5 mm, costal transverse-section prominent, reniform; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular to linear, sinuose, thick-walled; basal

inconspicuously porose; distal cells prorulate at distal ends; basal juxtacostal cells somewhat more elongate, 3–4: 1; apical cells similar to medial cells

percurrent to short-excurrent, awn slender; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; proximal laminal cells gradually rectangular, 2–4: 1; medial and

excurrent to long-excurrent, awn stout; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; proximal laminal cells gradually quadrate to short-rectangular

conspicuous, pellucid; laminal cells (25–) 40–60 (–80) × 5–7 µm; basal juxtacostal cells 7–10 µm wide. Branch leaves 0.8–1.1 × 0.4–0.7 mm. Seta 1–2.5 cm

papillae sometimes off-centered, walls incrassate, not pitted; proximal juxtacostal cells usually shorter than medial, walls pitted or not. Capsule inclined

edge, rarely some cells prorate, walls firm to incrassate, not pitted; juxtacostal cells somewhat shorter than more distal cells, walls not pitted. Capsule

thinner with slightly thicker walls, forming a lighter marginal band, juxtacostal cells larger, mostly oblong and pellucid; vaginant laminal cells somewhat

acuminate; costa short-excurrent, awn slender; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; proximal laminal cells gradually short-rectangular, (1–) 2: 1;

narrowing distally, terminal spine absent or small; alar cells similar to juxtacostal cells or slightly larger, to 15 µm wide, walls moderately thick, region

firm-walled, irregularly hexagonal, many somewhat elongate, 10–16 µm, juxtacostal and basal-cells of vaginant laminae somewhat larger, quadrate to oblong

firm-walled, 15–23 × 10–18 µm in dorsal and ventral laminae, juxtacostal cells largest. Sexual condition gonioautoicous and cladautoicous; perigonia and

recurved at mid leaf, apex plane, awn 0.4–1.4 mm, lamina non-plicate; basal juxtacostal laminal cells long-rectangular, 15–80 × 7–10 µm, evenly thin-walled; basal

short-excurrent, awn slender, redbrown; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; proximal laminal cells abruptly short-rectangular, 2–3: 1; medial

fairly distinctly delimited; laminal cells linear, 50–90 × 45–10 µm; basal juxtacostal cells shorter, to 8–10 µm wide, indistinctly delimited. Seta reddish,

long-excurrent, awn slender, yellow to red; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; proximal laminal cells abruptly quadrate to occasionally short-rectangular

cells short to moderately elongate, 25–70 (–90) × 6–10 (–12) µm; basal juxtacostal cells almost undifferentiated, slightly and gradually shorter than laminal

µm, 2–3: 1, translucent, prorate, walls incrassate, somewhat pitted; juxtacostal cells longer, narrower than medial, walls pitted. Capsule erect to suberect

acute; costa short-excurrent, awn stout; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; proximal laminal cells abruptly quadrate to short-rectangular,

to costa, indistinctly delimited; laminal cells 30–65 × 4–6 µm; basal juxtacostal cells elongate, 10–30 × 5–10 (–13) µm, or similar to alar cells. Seta

region small, distinctly delimited; laminal cells 30–65 × 4–6 µm; basal juxtacostal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, 10–20 × 7–10 µm. Seta to 1.2 cm,

moderately distinctly delimited; laminal cells 20–60 × 5–9 µm; basal juxtacostal cells quadrate to short-rectangular, 10–15 × 8–10 (–12) µm. Seta 0.6–0

region small, indistinctly delimited; laminal cells 45–60 × 4–7 µm; basal juxtacostal cells elongate, 10–20 × 5–7 µm. Seta 0.9–1.6 cm, roughened throughout

length, moderately strong, terminal spine absent; alar cells similar to juxtacostal cells; laminal cells elongate, 30–50 × 5–8 µm; basal-cells subquadrate

primarily medial laminal cells uniformly short (less than 4:1) whereas the juxtacostal cells in Isothecium are elongate to 8:1. The long, straight, cylindric

strongly prorate to near base, walls firm to incrassate, not pitted; juxtacostal cells somewhat longer than more distal cells, walls not pitted. Capsule

cells 3-4:1, usually shorter than 60 µm; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; tubers usually irregularly spheric, sometimes pyriform, purple-red

linear, 40–75 × 5–7 µm, smooth or distal cells occasionally prorate; basal juxtacostal cells not clearly differentiated, shorter, slightly broader than laminal

sometimes 2-fid, terminal abaxial spine absent; alar cells larger than juxtacostal cells, to 40–75 × 20–27 µm, walls thin, region indistinctly delimited;

opaque or weakly pellucid; laminal cells elongate, 30–70 × 6–11 µm; basal juxtacostal cells not clearly differentiated, slightly shorter than laminal cells

terminal abaxial spine small or absent; alar cells larger than basal juxtacostal cells, 15–40 × 12–18 µm, walls relatively thin, region abruptly or occasionally

moderately strong, terminal spine sometimes present; alar cells similar to juxtacostal cells; laminal cells elongate or sometimes rhomboidal, 25–80 × 5–8 µm;

3–4: 1, opaque, distinctly prorate, walls incrassate, strongly pitted; juxtacostal cells usually shorter than medial cells, walls pitted or not. Capsule

pellucid; laminal cells elongate, (40–) 70–140 (–170) × 6–10 µm; basal juxtacostal cells short or long-rectangular, slightly broader than laminal cells,

acute; costa short-excurrent, awn slender; alar cells similar to adjacent juxtacostal cells; proximal laminal cells abruptly quadrate to short-rectangular,

medial laminal cells usually quadrate, 1-stratose or rarely 2-stratose juxtacostally, lumens roundedquadrate; laminal papillae rare. Sexual condition dioicous;

forming a V-shaped area, oblong-rectangular 2–3 (–4):1, thick-walled juxtacostally, becoming very thin and lax at the leaf margins; distal laminal cells

borne on prorulose stems that are felty tomentose proximally. The basal juxtacostal laminal cells are sometimes linear; the perigonia and perichaetia are

margin, conspicuously mammillose in vaginant laminae, larger and clearer juxtacostally. Sexual condition rhizautoicous; perigonia on short branches proximal

firm-walled, irregularly quadrate to hexagonal, 8–11 µm, larger and ± oblong juxtacostally in proximal parts of vaginant laminae. Sexual condition rhizautoicous

irregularly hexagonal, 7–12 µm, smooth, larger, ± oblong, pellucid juxtacostally in proximal parts of vaginant laminae. Sexual condition gonioautoicous

most proximal stem leaves of G. orbicularis are muticous and the basal juxtacostal cells have thick, nodulose walls. None. None. window.propertiesFromHi

echlorophyllose and hyaline, walls as thick as distal cells, smooth, often porose juxtacostally, distal cells subquadrate, 7–12 (–14) µm wide, chlorophyllose, evenly

8–10 µm wide, 1 (–2):1, walls rather thick, often irregularly so, large juxtacostally and decreasing in size to the leaf margin, irregular in shape from quadrate

slightly bulging, firm-walled, irregularly hexagonal, 10–20 µm, larger juxtacostally, smaller at margin. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia and perichaetia

when moist; the costae are broad basally, narrowing to the apex; and the juxtacostal laminal cells are sometimes slightly more elongate than the medial cells

of the costa weakly convex or concave; proximal cells differentiated juxtacostally or across leaf, rectangular, 2: 1. Specialized asexual reproduction by

guide cells in 1 layer; basal-cells weakly differentiated in small area juxtacostally, very shortrectangular, walls evenly thickened and not perforated; roundedquadrate

without a clear angular group and with rather lax areolation in the basal juxtacostal area. Brachythecium acutum has a lax and even basal areolation and gradually

2-stratose juxtacostally, the leaves keeled beside the costa and broadly incurved distally. Tortella rigens has 2-stratose cells juxtacostally in the median

rows of basal cells and alar cells almost undifferentiated from basal juxtacostal cells are characteristic of this species. None. None. "long" is not a

may be all absent, leaf cross-section irregularities (2-stratose areas juxtacostally), relatively broad leaves that are rather shortly mucronate with quadrate

usually strongly recurved when wet and the basal cells extend upwards both juxtacostally and marginally, while the latter has leaves weakly recurved when wet