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reflexed (S. minus and S. rosulatum with campanulate bases), ± distinct, bluish violet to light blue, white, lavender to pink, magenta, purple, or yellow, not

fruiting racemes, blue or bluish violet, each 3–9-veined, 12–35 × 1.5–8 mm; anthers usually yellow, sometimes bluish violet, violet, or brown, 2.5–7 mm; fruiting

basally connate 3–6 mm; inner 12–20 mm. Outer tepals 8–13 mm; filaments bluish violet. 2n = 64. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Moist meadows, stream

connivent over capsules after anthesis, deciduous as capsules develop, bluish violet to bright blue or creamy white, each 5-veined, 7-veined, or 9-veined

mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals light blue to usually deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 11–16 mm, apex rounded to slightly truncate

322, 323, 325. Scape 4–25 cm, slender. Flowers 24–38 mm; perianth bluish violet, bluish purple, rosy purple, or rose, tube ovoid to campanulate, 6–13 cm

usually extending beyond green apex as 2 lobes. Flowers: tepals blue to bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.8–13 mm, apex rounded to slightly emarginate

ending 0.5–2.1 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals light to deep bluish violet or occasionally purple, bases yellow; outer tepals 8–20 mm, apex rounded

4–2.3 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to light bluish violet, rarely white, bases yellow; outer 8–9.1 mm, apex usually rounded, aristate;

pale to deep blue or bluish violet, each 3-veined, sometimes 5-veined in inner whorls, 15–30 × 3–5 mm; anthers dark bluish violet to brown, 2.5–4 mm; fruiting

cream to pale-bluish-violet on both surfaces, dark purple-veined, lateral 2 longer than sepals, bearded, lowest 8–10 mm, spur white to blue-violet, gibbous

ending 0.9–4.3 mm proximal to recurved green apex. Flowers: tepals dark bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–14.5 mm, apex emarginate to retuse, aristate;

to deep bluish violet, each 5-veined, 7-veined, or 9-veined, occasionally 3-veined in outer whorls, 18–28 × 2–5 mm; anthers dull yellow, violet, or brown

by capsule growth, pale to deep bluish violet, each 3-veined or 5-veined, 16–31 × 3–5 cm; anthers dull yellow to violet, 2.5–4 mm; fruiting pedicel incurving-erect

growth, deep bluish violet, each 5-, 7-, or 9- veined, occasionally 3-veined in outer whorls, 20–35 × 5–8 mm; anthers dull yellow to violet, 4–7 mm; fruiting

connivent over capsules after anthesis, deciduous as capsules develop, deep bluish violet, each 3-veined or 5-veined, 10–20 × 3–5 mm; anthers yellow, 2.5–3.5 mm;

usually zygomorphic; tepals withering separately after anthesis, pale-bluish-violet, each usually 5-veined or 7-veined, occasionally 3-veined in outer whorls

anthesis, usually forced apart again by capsule growth, bright blue to deep bluish violet, each 3-veined or occasionally 5-veined, 15–20 × 3–5 mm; anthers bright-yellow

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 306. Perianth usually bluish violet to bright blue, occasionally white. Phenology: Flowering late spring

or actinomorphic; tepals withering separately after anthesis, light bluish violet, each 5–9- veined, 3-veined in outer whorls, 12–27 × 1.5–3 mm; anthers

zygomorphic; tepals withering separately after anthesis, pale blue or bluish violet, each 3 (–5) -veined, 25–35 × 3–5 mm; anthers yellow, 3.5–4 (–5) mm;

eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals pale to bluish violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and darker violet-veined, lateral 2 and often upper 2 and

2–1.3 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals light blue to dark bluish violet or rarely purplish or white, bases yellow; outer tepals often broadly

occasionally, exceeding it by up to 0.5 mm. Flowers: tepals light blue or bluish violet to purple or occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 6.3–11 mm

extending as 2 lobes beyond green apex. Flowers: tepals light to dark bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–12 mm, apex truncate, aristate; filaments

infusion of violet roots before planting to repel insects. Mature plants are often needed for identification of violets. In preparing specimens of violets, care

325. Corm coat heavily fibrous. Scape 5–25 cm. Flowers: perianth bluish violet or bluish purple, tube 6–13 cm, lobes 15–25 mm; anther apex hooked; staminodia

Mentioned on page 322. Scape 5–15 cm, slender. Flowers 14–24 mm; perianth bluish violet, tube cylindrical or narrowly campanulate, 7–9 mm, thick, opaque, not

ending 0.2–1.4 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.7–12 mm, apex emarginate, aristate; filaments

0.3–7.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.1–12.3 mm, apex rounded or emarginate,

acuminate, ending 0.1–1.1 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals dark bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 6–15 mm, apex rounded to acute or occasionally

to green apex. Flowers: tepals purple to dark reddish purple, rarely bluish violet, bases darker purple; outer tepals 15–19 mm, apex truncate or emarginate

on page 322, 326. Scape 10–25 cm, slender. Flowers 14–24 mm; perianth bluish violet, rotate, tube urceolate, strongly constricted above ovary, 6–8 mm, opaque

connate 3.8–7 mm; inner 20–30 mm. Outer tepals 13–17 (–20) mm; filaments bluish violet. 2n = 64, 96. Phenology: Flowering late spring–summer. Habitat: Moist

lanceolate, surpassing capsule, ape× subacute to acute; corolla tinged bluish, distally violet to magenta, banner purple-dotted near base, 11–15 mm, banner usually

at or slightly beyond green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to light bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–15 mm, apex truncate to occasionally rounded

7–12 (–14) × 2.5–4.3 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla lavender to bluish lavender, violet, or purple, essentially unlined internally but abaxial ridges usually

eciliate, auricles 1–2 mm; petals deep bluish violet on both surfaces, lower 3 white basally and darker violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, upper 2 sometimes

glandular, glutinous, or puberulent; corolla white to pink, lavender, blue, violet, or purple, bilaterally symmetric, weakly bilabiate to strongly bilabiate

ending at or to 0.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals blue to bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 7.9–11.6 mm, apex emarginate, aristate; filaments

campanulate, (3.5–) 4.5–7 mm. Ray corollas usually bright blue, light purple, bluish violet, or lavender, sometimes white. Cypselae glabrous. 2n = 16, 32. Phenology:

acuminate to acute, ending 0–1.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals bluish violet to purplish blue, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.3–10.5 mm, apex rounded

mm proximal to aristate green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8.3–12.8 mm, apex rounded to emarginate or

ending 0–1.5 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale blue to bluish violet or white, bases yellow; outer tepals 6.1–10 mm, apex rounded to truncate

shorter to 0.4 mm longer than green apex. Flowers: tepals blue to light bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 8–15 mm, apex rounded to occasionally slightly

ending 0.5–3.2 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals dark blue or bluish violet, occasionally white, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–12.5 mm, apex emarginate

broadened, ending 0.5–2.3 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals elliptic to oblanceolate, 9–12 mm, apex rounded

ending 0–0.4 mm proximal to green apex. Flowers: tepals pale to deep bluish violet, bases yellow; outer tepals 9–19.5 mm, apex rounded or truncate, aristate;

3–4.5 (–5) × 1.5–2.4 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; corolla bluish violet to violet, lavender, or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose

glandular-pubescent, sometimes glabrate; corolla blue to bluish violet, lined internally abaxially with reddish violet nectar guides, funnelform, 12–15 (–18) mm, glabrous

scarious-margined, retrorsely hairy, hairs pointed; corolla bluish violet, lined internally abaxially with reddish violet nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 16–20 mm,

4.5–9 (–10) × 2.1–3.4 (–3.8) mm, glabrous; corolla blue to bluish violet, with reddish violet nectar guides, ventricose, (20–) 25–32 mm, glabrous externally

mm, margins erose, glabrous or glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to bluish violet, with or without reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 17–25 (–30)

7–10.5 × 1.4–2.2 mm, glandular-villous; corolla lavender to purple or bluish violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, ventricose, 19–30 mm, sparsely white

5–5.5 × 1.8–2.5 mm, glabrous to sparsely glandular; corolla blue to bluish violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 13–16 mm, glabrous externally

serrulate, apex rounded to obtuse. Flowers: corolla lavender or bluish lavender, violet, or purple, 20–36 mm, moderately white-villous internally abaxially

strigillose, both scabrellous on foliaceous parts. Ray-florets 13–30; corollas bluish violet, (8–) 11.5–15.5 × 1.5–2.3 mm. Disc-florets 25–40; corollas pale-yellow

lanceolate, 7–10 × 1–2.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla brownish purple to bluish violet, sometimes ochroleucous, lavender, or white, with alternating white or

blade margins crenate. Collinsia bartsiifolia 5 Corollas tinged bluish, distally violet to magenta, banner purple-dotted near base, banner lobes notched;

± glutinous, phyllaries usually 13, 6–9 mm, ray corollas abaxially bluish to violet, adaxially white, disc cypselae obovate to nearly orbiculate, 10 mm

obscurely glandular along margins distally; corolla lavender to violet or bluish, with violet or reddish purple nectar guides, tubular-salverform, 14–23 (–28)

glandular, glandular-pubescent, or glutinous; corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple, or pink, rarely white or red, bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly

Calif. Plants with pedicels 2.8–4.7 cm, and flowers light purple or bluish violet have been recognized as subsp. australis. Plants having a 3-flowered

campanulate, (3.5–)4.5–7 mm; ray corollas usually bright blue, light purple, bluish violet, or lavender, sometimes white; cypselae glabrous Symphyotrichum drummondii

reflexed, length 0.5–1 times tube; petals 5, lavender, magenta, pink, rose, violet, white, or yellow [red], corolla campanulate, lobes not reflexed, length

glandular-ciliolate; corolla white, ochroleucous, pink, lavender, blue, violet, purple, or yellow, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate or strongly bilabiate

hairy, puberulent, or glabrous; corolla white to lilac, lavender, blue, violet, purple, red, pink, or magenta, bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly radially

to triangular-ovate; petals 5, corolla white or purplish or bluish with darker purple, violet, or blue markings, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate, cylindric

epaleate. Ray-florets 7–21 (in 1 series), pistillate, fertile; corollas violet to bluish, rarely white in I. linariifolia (laminae coiling). Disc-florets 19–50

than mature fruit, lobes unribbed, lanceolate to ovate; corolla blue-violet [bluish lavender, white, or yellow]; staminal column included; style 8–10 [–16]

page 322, 326. Scape 10–50 cm, stout. Flowers 24–38 mm; perianth bluish purple to violet, tube funnelform, 8–19 mm, opaque, not splitting in fruit, lobes

Tepals bluish purple to violet; outer spreading, lanceolate, 23–28 × 15–18 mm, flaccid, claws white at base, speckled with violet, 6–7 mm; inner violet, darkest

similar, connate proximally into wide-throated tube, white, bluish purple, or purplish violet with darker markings or lines, lobes spreading, sometimes recurved

mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla bluish lavender to purplish or violet, unlined internally or lined with faint bluish lavender nectar guides abaxially

short-caudate or long-acuminate, glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to violet, bluish purple, or pinkish blue, rarely light yellow or whitish, with reddish

5 mm, apex acuminate; petals erect, usually pink to violet, rarely white (sometimes drying bluish), elliptic to obovate, unlobed, 6–9 mm (including claw);

never flat-topped. Roots diffuse. Stems unsegmented, pale to dark green or bluish green, ovoid, spheric, depressed-spheric, depressed hemispheric, cylindric

glandular-pubescent; corolla white to pink, rose, red, magenta, yellow, lavender, blue, violet, or purple, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate to strongly bilabiate, not

8 mm, viscid glandular-pubescent; corolla lavender to bluish lavender or purple, with dark violet nectar guides, ampliate, (28–) 30–40 mm, glandular-pubescent

brownish lavender midstripes and pink to violet margins, oblanceolate, 15 (–30) × 30–50 mm; inner tepals pink or violet, oblanceolate to lanceolate, 17–25 (–30)

purple, or violet > 26 25 Rays mostly yellow to orange, sometimes partially (rarely wholly) blue, brown, lilac, maroon, pink, purple, red, or violet > 31 26

12–350 in 1 (–2+) series, pistillate, fertile; corollas usually white to bluish or purplish to pink, less commonly yellow (coiling from apices, reflexing

basally and along midrib. Flowers: perianth white or blue tinged with deep violet lines; floral-tube funnelform, 0.3 cm; sepals oblong-spatulate, 2.8 × 1

(with purple margins in S. violacea); petals 5, white or pink, purple, or violet; nectary tissue partially covering ovary (in S. ranunculifolia) or absent

clementina 5 Perianth 18–47 mm, pale blue, sometimes deep bluish purple or white; anthers white to bluish, 2–5 mm; widespread in California. Triteleia laxa 6

heterostylous; calyx green, narrowly campanulate, 4–8 mm; corolla magenta-violet with bluish tinge, tube 5–8 mm, length 0.9–1.2 times calyx, eglandular basally

page 309. Mentioned on page 307. Perennials. Stems ascending, often dark bluish distally, sparsely branched at base, 5–15 (–25) cm, eglandular-hairy. Leaves:

spatulate, margins entire, apex obtuse to acute. Flowers: corolla bluish lavender to violet, (30–) 34–45 mm, sparsely white-lanate internally abaxially. Phenology:

(10–) 13–20 (–25); corollas usually pale to azure blue to violet-purple, (rarely rosy, white or bluish white), laminae (5–) 8–12 (–14) × 1.4–1.7 mm. Disc-florets

sometimes stout, green to reddish-brown), glabrous. Leaves (dark green to bluish green) thin, apices acute to acuminate, mucronate, faces glabrate or glabrous;

1.1–1.8 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla lavender to bluish lavender or violet, with reddish violet nectar guides, ventricose, 10–14 mm, sparsely to densely

mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla blue to light purple or violet, with reddish purple to bluish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 10–16 (–18) mm, glandular-pubescent

restricted to broadly acute tips. Ray-florets 8–20; corollas bluish white to lavender or deep violet, 5–10 × 1–1.7 mm. Disc-florets 15–45; corollas yellow, 5

1.2–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla light blue to bluish purple or magenta, with reddish violet nectar guides, ventricose, 14–22 mm, sparsely white-lanate

3–4 mm, 60% as long as beak; teeth erect, violet-purple or pink, 1–2.5 mm. Stigmas greenish to deep bluish purple. 2n = 24. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug

lanceolate, 5–8 × 0.8–1.2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla bluish lavender to lavender-purple, with violet nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 12–25 mm, glandular-pubescent

lanceolate, (2–) 3–5.2 × 0.9–1.3 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla bluish lavender to violet or purple, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform, 13–19

elliptic-lanceolate, 4–6 × 1–1.6 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla violet to blue or bluish lavender, with reddish purple nectar guides, weakly bilabiate,

scarious, apex acuminate, glabrous; corolla bluish lavender to lavender or pink, with dark reddish violet or reddish nectar guides, funnelform to ventricose

5–5.8 × 1–2 mm, glandular-pubescent; corolla bluish lavender to lavender, pinkish, pale-purple, or violet, with reddish purple nectar guides, funnelform

puberulent, eglandular. Ray-florets (5–) 8–14; corollas blue-violet to rose-purple or bluish, often pale, 5–8 (–10) × 1–1.8 mm. Disc-florets 10–20; corollas

villosulous, densely so distally. Leaves cauline (dark green abaxially, paler bluish green adaxially) firm, ± markedly veined, margins entire or serrulate, scabrous

spreading), moderately minutely glandular. Ray-florets 30–100; corollas white to bluish, 5–15 mm, laminae coiling. Disc corollas 3–4.4 mm. Cypselae 1.7–2.2 mm,

(margins sometimes proximally indurate); rays white (maturing or drying bluish or purplish) > 59 58 Stems branched or simple; leaf margins entire or toothed