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serrate, serrulate, crenate, crenulate, dentate, or denticulate, sometimes spinose or spinulose; venation pinnate (sometimes obscurely, appearing 1-veined)

lobed or unlobed, margins entire or toothed, teeth if present acute or spinose, never bristle-tipped. Staminate flowers: calyx 2-6-lobed; anthers usually

sepals hooded or awned, margins white, scarious > 7 7 Sepal awns very stout, spinose, 1.5-4 mm; flowers densely woolly Cardionema 7 Sepals awnless or awns threadlike

pectinate, sometimes spiny) and apices seldom notably scarious (apices often spinose or ± expanded into distinct, often fimbriate-fringed, pectinate, and/or

or narrowly linear, succulent or not, apex blunt to usually apiculate or spinose. Inflorescences terminal, open to congested or umbellate cymes or sometimes

sometimes thickened and succulent, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate or spinose. Inflorescences terminal or sometimes axillary, frequently much-branched

lanceolate to ovate or orbiculate, with basal sinus [peltate], margins entire to spinose-dentate. Inflorescences axillary or extra-axillary, flowers solitary. Flowers

leaflet blades lanceolate to orbiculate, margins entire, toothed, spinose, or spinose-lobed; venation pinnate or leaflets 3-6-veined from base. Inflorescences

differentiated. Calyptra mitrate. Spores rather large, 25–45 µm, papillose, spinose, reticulate, or pitted. Worldwide, mainly in the temperate zones Species

shoulders, margins distal to the middle entire, serrulate, serrate, or spinose, apex acuminate; costate or ecostate; laminal cells lax and transparent

flexuous or rigid, herbaceous to ± fleshy, apex obtuse to sharply acute or spinose, glabrous, sometimes glaucous. Inflorescences 3–50+-flowered, congested

ovate or elliptic, basal lobes divergent to overlapping, margins entire to spinose-dentate, apex of lobe acute or acuminate to widely rounded; primary venation

lanceolate, ovate, triangular, trullate, or rhombic, flattened, not jointed, not spinose, base truncate, cordate, hastate, or cuneate, margins entire, dentate, sinuate

cup unlobed, without visible sutures or valves; scales not noticeably spinose; nut not completely enclosed by cup at maturity (except in Quercus lyrata)

stems prostrate or spreading. > 5 5 Leaf blade margins sharply dentate to spinose-dentate, teeth 3–9. > 6 6 Leaves not crowded (shorter than internodes);

rhizomes, layering, or stem fragmentation; branching sympodial. Stems not spinose. Buds 1-scaled (oily in S. barrattiana), margins connate into calyptra or

vermiculata 1 Herbs, glabrous or papillose to hispid; leaves and bracts with spinose (or at least mucronulate) apex; perianth segments completely glabrous, or

least the outer), pectinately spinose-toothed Stokesia 1 Heads ± discoid; margins of phyllaries not pectinately spinose-toothed > 2 2 Heads sessile, borne

recurved, spinose-serrate distally, entire or distantly serrulate in acumen; apex abruptly narrowed, acumen subulate; costa surface with coarse, spinose teeth

incana 12 Leaf margins entire or merely spinose. > 13 12 Leaf margins shallowly or deeply lobed, not merely spinose. > 32 13 Abaxial leaf surface uniformly

mat- or cushion-forming, not stoloniferous; leaf blade margins usually spinose-ciliate; inflorescences glabrous or clear-tipped stipitate-glandular. Saxifraga

apex 2-lobed; blade prominently 1-veined, needlelike, not succulent, apex spinose. Inflorescences axillary, 1–3-flowered clusters; bracts paired, resembling

widely spaced, round to ovate; margins erect, subentire, serrulate, or spinose-dentate; apex obtuse, acuminate, or apiculate; costa single, double, short

style 1; stigma 1. Fruits capsules, tardily and irregularly dehiscent, spinose. Seeds 1 per fruit. United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America

petiole and rachis unarmed [with stout spines]; leaflets entire or dentate [spinose], venation dichotomous [netted]; resin canals absent. Cones axillary, appearing

Leaves rosulate, straight to falcate; blade narrowly triangular, margins spinose. Inflorescences lateral [terminal or lateral], many-flowered, simple or

alternate, simple; stipules absent; petiole present; blade margins entire [spinose]; venation pinnate. Inflorescences unisexual, terminal or axillary, racemes

blade ovate to suborbiculate, 1.6–6 × 1.2–4 cm, margins undulate, spinose-dentate to spinose-serrulate. Drupes dark red to purple, 12–18 mm. Phenology: Flowering

compound; leaflets (1–)3, apex spinose or spinulose. Fagonia 3 Leaves pinnately compound; leaflets (4–)6–16(–20), apex not spinose. > 4 4 Trees or shrubs; petals

medially), unequal, margins and apices scarious (apices often mucronate to spinose, abaxial faces usually villous to arachnose). Receptacles ± hemispheric

[rarely scalelike]; stipules persistent, stiff [herbaceous], spinelike, apex spinose or spinulose; petiolules usually present; leaflets (1–) 3 [–7], inserted

and margin long-spinose. Ranunculus arvensis 4 Sepals reflexed; achenes 10–60 in ovoid or globose heads, the faces papillose to spinose or rarely smooth

1 Leaf margins spinose; flowers functionally unisexual, staminate and pistillate on different plants;

usually broadly rounded to subcordate, sometimes obtuse, margins spinose-dentate to spinose-serrulate or entire, sometimes undulate, teeth sharp, callus-tipped

1/6–1/4 the width of the leaves at base, strong, terete, papillose to spinose distally on abaxial surface, occasionally almost smooth, sometimes extending

toothed apically (distal cauline unlobed), rarely all unlobed, (lobes long spinose-mucronate), 5–20 mm, leathery, margins entire, softly glandular-ciliate

Leaf-blade never lobed, margins entire or toothed, teeth if present usually spinose. Staminate flowers: calyx 5-6-lobed; anthers attenuate-apiculate. Pistillate

not to somewhat decurrent; margins serrulate to nearly entire basally, spinose-serrate to serrate in distal 2/3; apex acute to acuminate; costa single

revolute on one or both sides, mostly entire, denticulate to irregularly spinose-serrate at apex; apex acute, acuminate, or piliferous, concolorous, hyaline-white

cm. Capsules globose, 1.3 × 1 cm, bluntish terminal portion with several spinose acuminations, each valve narrowly winged adaxially. Phenology: Flowering

minutely stellate-hairy and hirsute at base and along ribs. Mericarps blunt to spinose apically, spines to 1 mm. Phenology: Flowering spring–fall. Habitat: Disturbed

Inflorescences to 30 cm; bracts membranous; bracteoles long-aristate, spinose; wings attached at sides and base. Flowers: tepals 4 or 5, length 3–7 mm;

to indurate (subulate or elliptic to obovate with mucronate to acuminate-spinose tips). Ray-florets [0 or 2–] 5–20 [–30+], pistillate and fertile or styliferous

pale green-silver, pinkish, or yellow-silver; leaf costal awns present, spinose, hyaline; capsules erect, oblong or cylindric; epiphytic, corticolous, saxicolous

Calyptra mostly persistent, cucullate. Spores spherical, papillose to short-spinose. Worldwide except Antarctica Species 21 (4 in the flora). Pleuridium is

4 ovate, inner 4 lanceolate, all ± chartaceous, margins entire, tips ± spinose to apiculate, abaxial faces of inner 4 usually dotted distally with resin-glands

narrowly funnelform in E. texensis); outer tepals margins entire, apically spinose; inner tepals yellow or pink to magenta, 2.4–3.2 × 0.3–1.5 cm, margins entire

Inflorescence bracts not ciliate; scales not spinose. Scirpus 41 Inflorescence bracts ciliate proximally; scales with spinose tip. Oxycaryum 42 Leaves with 2 lateral

phyllary apices not spinose or expanded and fringed > 19 6 Leaf margins spiny > 7 6 Leaf margins not spiny (tips sometimes ± spinose-apiculate) > 11 7 Stems

long as leaves, lobes acuminate; blade 2-grooved, 5–13 mm, apex finely spinose, glabrous. Flowers densely woolly, hairs 0.5–1.5 mm; sepals 5, margins fimbriate

incrassate; costa filling 1/2–2/3 of leaf width, excurrent in a long, straight, spinose-dentate hyaline hairpoint, in transverse-section showing adaxial hyalocysts

oblong, 10–20 × 5–13 mm, base rounded, margins thick or slightly revolute, spinose-dentate, teeth 7–11, apex rounded or sharply acute, abaxial surface pale

maturity, margins pale-yellow, mostly denticulate, corneous, apex distinctly spinose. Scape well developed, extending beyond rosettes, usually more than 2.5

[dioicous], or synoicous. Seta lateral, usually elongate, smooth or roughened to spinose. Capsule erect or inclined; annulus absent [present]; operculum erect, subulate

with pellucid tip, canaliculate-furrowed to tubular, papillose proximally, spinose-serrate medially, smooth apically; alar cells oblate, quadrate, or short-rectangular

cm × 0.5–1 mm, flexuous, herbaceous, apex acute or acuminate to weakly spinose, glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular, often glaucous. Inflorescences

thickened, but not spongy, appendages tuberculate, foliaceous, inflated, spinose, or lacking, not spongy. Seeds ascending or erect; radicle lateral. in United

often ± heterophyllous, not clonal; branching sympodial. Stems usually spinose, sometimes unarmed, spines simple and/or compound. Leaves usually persistent

sericeous to arachnose, margins often ciliolate. Paleae 4–5 mm (including spinose tips). Ray laminae yellow, 6–12+ mm. Disc corollas 3.5–4 mm. Cypselae 1

white; stamens 6; anthers dehiscing by 2 apically hinged flaps; pollen exine spinose; ovaries ellipsoid; placentation appearing basal; style central. Fruits

usually not heterophyllous, not clonal; branching sympodial. Stems usually spinose, sometimes unarmed, spines simple and/or compound. Leaves usually persistent

chartaceous, apex of outer tepals obtuse, apex of inner tepals acute, spinose-tipped, densely villose. Utricles indehiscent or splitting irregularly,

mm; margins serrate, commonly spinose at the shoulders, with one shoulder more deeply incised and less regularly spinose or dentate than the other; apex

filiferous, white, becoming brownish, gray, or green, apex long-acuminate, spinose, spine acicular, short, 3–7 mm. Inflorescences racemose, occasionally paniculate

and appearing as prominent vein parallel to margins, entire to remotely spinose-ciliate, frequently lobed at base; prickles rigid, broad-based; leaves drying

pairs recurving, others branching at 45° angles, raised abaxially, margins spinose-dentate to occasionally entire, with highly thickened cell-walls, spines

strongly reflexed at maturity, base not distinctly swollen, narrowing into spinose apex. Flowers: bracteoles spreading or reflexed, distinct or connate near

broader along costa, occasionally oblate to triangular, smooth or sometimes spinose and bulging-mammillose (strongly mammillose-papillose), nonpitted. Specialized

margins sometimes thick, not revolute, sometimes wavy, sharply dentate to spinose-dentate, teeth 3–9, apex rounded, abaxial surface pale green, glabrous except

otherwise glabrous; mericarps 8–11, 3 mm, laterally reticulate, apex blunt to spinose, spines 0.2–1 mm. Generated Map Legacy Map Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss

elliptic to lanceolate or lance-linear, bases ± clasping, margins entire or spinose-toothed; all with apices rounded to acute, faces glabrous or glabrate, resin-gland-dotted

outer ovate, inner lanceolate, all ± chartaceous, margins entire, tips ± spinose or cuspidate (abaxial faces of inner 4 usually resin-gland-dotted distally)

oblanceolate, weakly navicular (± carinate), 3–4+ mm (including acuminate-spinose tips). Ray-florets 5–20, pistillate, fertile; corollas white, rarely tinged

1.8–6.5 mm, herbaceous, margins silvery, often scarious, apex acute to spinose; petals absent or rudimentary; nectaries not apparent; stamens 3–5, arising

incurved, ± involute, obtuse to rounded, apiculate, shortly scarious, not spinose. Staminate corollas ± zygomorphic, 0.9–1.3 mm, lobes 4, unequal (1–2 enlarged)

entire, tips rounded to acute, usually apiculate to seta-tipped or attenuate-spinose, abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely strigillose to tomentose and usually

inner ± lanceolate, all ± chartaceous, margins entire, tips apiculate to spinose, abaxial faces ± strigillose, ± resin-gland-dotted. Florets 13–20 (–24+);

15-40 mm, base cuneate to rounded, margins strongly revolute, entire or spinose with up to 11 awns, apex acute to attenuate; surfaces abaxially densely

6–8-branched. Abutilon parishii 10 Apices of mericarps spinose. Abutilon theophrasti 10 Apices of mericarps not spinose (obtuse, rounded, acute, acuminate, or apiculate)

leaflets linear-elliptic, glabrous, generally longer than petiole, apex spinose, terminal 3–18 × 1–5 mm, laterals to 15 × 3 mm, shorter and narrower than

leaflets linear to linear-lanceolate, minutely stipitate-glandular, apex spinose, terminal 3–10 × 1 mm, laterals 2–9 × 1 mm, slightly shorter than but as

long-excurrent, sometimes percurrent in proximal leaves, awn hyaline, denticulate to spinose, guide cells present; alar cells usually distinct in quadrate groups or

length of the lamina. Awns can be flat or terete, smooth or denticulate, spinose or papillose, and long-decurrent or not. Similarly, mid leaf cells range

Association Biennials or perennials. Stem wings not continuous, margins spinose, little, if at all, white or thickened. Leaf-blades 40–200 × 15–70 mm, margins

dimorphic, whitish to stramineous, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, apex acuminate, spinose-tipped, densely villous, hairs barbed; stamens 5; pseudostaminodes triangular

widespreading, distant, ovate, 0.4–0.6 mm; margins irregularly dentate to spinose-dentate; apex long-apiculate to slender-acuminate; distal laminal cells

paroicous. Seta 0.5–3 mm. Capsule neck short, obovate. Spores spinose or occasionally spinose-reticulate. Calyptra smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature spring–summer

remotely serrate, scabrous, apices acute to obtuse, rounded to mucronulate-spinose, faces glabrate to moderately strigose; proximal cauline sessile, blades

linear-lanceolate, 1.1–0.23 × 0.12–0.2 mm; margins serrate to strongly spinose; spines 40–60 µm, spreading or recurved to 45°; or more, sometimes 2-celled;

by root shoots; branching usually monopodial [or sympodial]. Stems not spinose. Buds 3–10-scaled (resinous or not, terminal buds present [or absent]).

lobes linear-lanceolate to broadly triangular, closely spaced, spreading, spinose-dentate or lobed, main spines slender to stout, 2–15+ mm, abaxial faces

arcuate-spreading, needlelike, (0.6–) 1–2 cm × ca. 1 mm, ± rigid, herbaceous, apex spinose, glabrous, not glaucous. Inflorescences 3–45+-flowered, usually congested

surpassing pistillate; apices uncinate, terete, acuminate, cartilaginous, spinose. Staminate corollas actinomorphic, 1–1.5 mm, lobes (4–) 5 (–6), ± equal

rounded-attenuate, or truncate, margins entire or irregularly toothed, sometimes spinose, usually unevenly revolute, secondary-veins 4-6 on each side, apex rounded

needlelike, 0.3–4 cm × 0.5–1.5 mm, flexible or rigid, herbaceous, apex spinose, glabrous, often glaucous. Inflorescences 3–30+-flowered, congested, capitate

(–7) cm × 0.8–2 mm, ± rigid, herbaceous to subsucculent, apex blunt to spinose, glabrous, not glaucous. Inflorescences 3–20 (–30) -flowered, ± compact

needlelike, 1–3 (–3.5) cm × 0.5–0.7 mm, flexuous to rigid, herbaceous, apex spinose, glabrous to puberulent, not glaucous. Inflorescences (1–) 3–17-flowered

oblong to obovate, planar, 28-95 × 15-45 mm, base cordate, margins entire or spinose, with up to 13 awns, apex blunt to acute; surfaces abaxially glabrous except

connate proximally into short, scarious sheath; stipules filamentous to spinose, 0.4–1.5 mm; blade erect to ± recurved, 0.4–5.5 mm, apex blunt to spine-tipped

combination of leaf vestiture, form of the margin (entire, lobed, toothed, spinose), twig vestiture, and bud form and vestiture constitute the majority of

intricately much branched, mainly 3–15 dm; branchlets terete, becoming rigid and spinose. Leaves short petiolate to sessile; blade ovate-deltate to elliptic or spatulate

to 1/2–3/4 their length; bases becoming gray and shredded with age; apex spinose. Pollen cones 1–several at node, obovoid, 6–10 mm, on short, scaly peduncles;

clasping, 3–7-veined from base, margins with narrow spine-tipped lobes, spinose-acuminate. Involucres ovoid, body 25–35 mm, usually ± tomentose. Outer phyllaries

40–65 × 0.3–0.7 (–1.5) cm, rigid, margins entire, filiferous, white, apex spinose, spine acicular, 7 mm. Inflorescences paniculate, arising within or occasionally

glabrous. Sepals weakly to conspicuously 1–3-veined, 4.5–5.5 mm, apex spinose. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Sandy ridges Elevation: 2200-3100

specimens, fleshy, distinctly swollen or ovate at base, apex mucronulate, not spinose. Inflorescences distinctly interrupted, 1-flowered; bracts alternate or

thickened cells below mouth; peristome absent. Spores spiculose (finely spinose) and large (31–39 µm.). Phenology: Capsules mature late summer to early

adaxially and abaxially, margins entire, recurved, filiferous, whitish, apex spinose, spine acicular, to 3.2 mm. Inflorescences racemose, arising within or just

mm; style 6–8-branched. Schizocarps ± ovoid, 10 × 10 mm; mericarps: apex spinose, spines 2–3 mm, stellate-pubescent and ciliate on keel, hairs 1.5 mm. Seeds

13–15-branched. Schizocarps broadly ovoid, 15 × 20 mm; mericarps: apex spinose, spines divergent, 3–6 mm, hirsute. Seeds 3 per mericarp, 3–4 mm, minutely

terete, densely tomentose to arachnoid-floccose or glabrous, sometimes with spinose, gland-tipped hairs, growing tips not enveloped by unfolding leaves; tendrils

slightly concave, 0.8–2 (–2.5) × 0.8–1.5 mm; margins serrulate basally, spinose-serrate distally; apex gradually narrowed; costa usually double, sometimes

distinctly coriaceous, base cuneate to nearly truncate, margins spinulose to spinose-dentate, apex rounded or obtuse to truncate or emarginate, both surfaces

circular to oval > 7 6 Racemes: central axes 30–80 mm; leaf margins spinose-dentate to spinose-serrulate or entire; drupes 12–25 mm. Prunus ilicifolia 6 Racemes:

paroicous. Seta 0.4–1.7 mm. Capsule neck short, obovate. Spores densely spinose. Calyptra smooth Phenology: Capsules mature late winter–spring. Habitat:

apices, long-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-obovate, 3.5–4 mm; margins deeply spinose-dentate distally, not bordered; apex slender-acuminate; costa disappearing

mid leaf, erect to incurved in acumen, teeth in apex sharply, narrowly spinose, smooth; apex widespreading to squarrose when dry, broad, hyaline, acumen

(-25) × 6-15 (-20) mm, base cordate or angular-cordate, margins irregularly spinose-toothed or shallowly lobed, rarely entire, often somewhat revolute, secondary-veins

slightly excurrent, 1/6–1/5 the width of the leaves at base, papillose to spinose above on numerous, low abaxial ridges, with a row of guide cells, two thick

lobed; cypselar wings rugulose or ribbed in proximal 2/3, shoulders not spinose Soliva anthemifolia 2 Leaves basal and cauline, blades 1–2(–3) cm, 1(–2)-pinnati-palmately

only in the distal portion of the leaf; laminal cells both mammillose and spinose (strongly mammillose-papillose) on both surfaces, distal leaf cells thin-walled

bordered, doubly toothed from proximal 1/8 of leaf, often colored; costa spinose abaxially towards leaf apex; lamellae (4–) 5 (–6), low and strictly parallel

stem-leaves; costae short to long excurrent, hairpoint pellucid, sometimes finely spinose; laminal margins recurved, smooth to finely serrulate; distal and median

leaves 3–6 mm, long-subulate with ± twisted, ± hyaline, flexuous, smooth to spinose subula; costa ending few cells below apex in proximal and median leaves

ovate, planar, 25-70 × 20-50 mm, base obtuse to cordate, margins entire or spinose with up to 16 awns, apex acute to rounded; surfaces abaxially and adaxially

or oblong, 15-75 × 10-40 mm, base rounded or cordate, margins entire or spinose, with up to 24 awns, apex blunt to attenuate; surfaces abaxially glabrous

filiform, 1–10 (–11) cm × 0.2–0.4 mm, flexuous, herbaceous, apex apiculate to spinose, glabrous to puberulent, not glaucous. Inflorescences (1–) 3–35-flowered

needlelike, 0.8–2 cm × 0.4–0.8 mm, ± rigid, not fleshy, herbaceous, apex spinose, glabrous, not glaucous. Inflorescences: (1–) 3–6-flowered, open cymes.

margins serrulate to strongly serrate in distal half; costa papillose to spinose distally on adaxial surface; proximal leaf cells elongate, pitted, (25–)

scalelike, (succulent) bases tapered, margins entire, apices apiculate to spinose, faces glabrous. Heads borne singly (terminal), in diffuse, bracteate, cymiform

cm, rigid or soft and limp, glabrous, margins entire, filiferous, apex spinose. Inflorescences paniculate, arising beyond rosettes, narrowly ovoid, 4–15

base cordate to truncate, frequently lobed; margins entire to remotely spinose-ciliate, thickened by ribbed, cartilaginous band, often revolute and appearing

needlelike, (0.5–) 1–2.5 (–3.5) cm × 0.5–1.5 mm, rigid, herbaceous, apex spinose, glabrous to puberulent, glaucous. Inflorescences 5–25+-flowered, open cymes

not distinctly swollen at base, ± abruptly narrowing into mucronulate-spinose apex. Flowers: bracteoles distinct or occasionally connate at base in proximal

triangular, awn straight to slightly divergent, white, 0.9–2 mm, scabrous, spinose; staminodes narrowly triangular, 0.4–0.6 mm; style 1, cleft in distal 1/6

suborbiculate, 5–12 × 2–10 mm, base cuneate, margins not revolute, wavy, spinose-dentate, teeth 2–4, apex widely notched; abaxial surface pale green or grayish

Flowers: tepals dimorphic, stramineous, lanceolate, 5–7 mm, apex acuminate, spinose-tipped, sparsely villous, hairs barbed; stamens 5; anthers 3–5, globose;

monomorphic, white, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, apex acuminate, without rigid, spinose tips, hairs not barbed; stamens 5; anthers 3–5, globose; pseudostaminodes

lanate; perianth lobes stramineous, lanceolate, 4.5–4.7 mm, indurate, apex spinose-tipped. Utricles ovoid, 2 mm, apex acute. Seeds subglobose to ovoid, 1.5–1

Inflorescences 2–4 cm in flower, elongating to 21 cm in fruit; bracteoles spinose; basal wings attached at base and sometimes slightly on sides. Flowers:

lobes ovate to broadly triangular, usually separated by broad sinuses, spinose-dentate or lobed, main spines 1.5–7 mm, slender to stout, abaxial faces

usually somewhat outcurving from near the base; paleas 7-11 mm, keels spinose-ciliate, apices obtuse or truncate; anthers 1.5-3.5 mm. Anthesis from May

5–2 cm, often revolute, lobes ± triangular, closely spaced, spreading, spinose-dentate and cleft into 2–5 spine-tipped divisions, main spines 5–20 mm,

0.3–1.2 mm, flexuous or rigid, herbaceous, apex apiculate or stiff and spinose, glabrous to stipitate-glandular, not glaucous. Inflorescences (1–) 3–13-flowered

usually somewhat outcurving from near the base; paleas 8-12 mm, keels spinose-ciliate, bidentate, apices acute, 0.15-0.3 mm wide between the veins; anthers

surpassing pistillate, broadly lanceolate, apices uncinate, acuminate, spinose; cypselae 1.4–2 × 0.6–0.9 mm, transverse bands 1; pistillate paleae: wings

minutely spinose (phyllaries 6–8); pappus bristles 10–15, plumose on distal 80% Stephanomeria parryi 4 Leaf margins not thickened, not spinose (phyllaries

deserts > 5 4 Inflorescence branches mostly slender, smooth, not ridged, not spinose; inflorescences 3-15(-23) × 5-20 cm; subshrubs or shrubs, 3-7 × 5-12(-15)

to conspicuously 1–3-veined, (4.5–) 5–6 mm, apex acute to acuminate or spinose, glabrous or glandular. Phenology: Flowering late spring–summer. Habitat:

margins revolute from shoulders to high in acumen, denticulate in shoulders, spinose-dentate distally, teeth paired; apex long-subulate; costa excurrent, prominent

margins thick or slightly revolute, slightly wavy, sharply dentate to spinose-dentate, teeth 3–9, apex acute or retuse, with an apical tooth, abaxial

Treatment on page 473. Mentioned on page 470. Vines; rhizomes tuberous, or spinose, linear. Stems perennial, climbing, branching, green, often mottled, terete

obovate, 12–25 × 7–20 mm, base obtuse to cuneate, margins not revolute, spinose-dentate, teeth 7–15, apex rounded to sharply acute, abaxial surface pale

[with 2 toothlike lobes distally], 3–22 mm, succulent, margins entire, spinose-ciliate, sometimes eciliate, with 1 (–5) lime-secreting hydathodes (not

mm, wings transversely rugulose or ribbed on proximal 2/3, shoulders not spinose laterally, faces distally villous to pilose, sometimes glabrescent; pappi

mm, wings transversely rugulose or ribbed on proximal 9/10, shoulders ± spinose laterally, faces distally villous to pilose or arachnose; pappi 0 (persistent

purplish, adaxially green, nearly orbiculate, to ca. 3 × 3 dm, margins spinose-dentate; venation radiate and prominent centrally, without weblike pattern

base obtuse to cuneate, margins thick or slightly revolute, slightly wavy, spinose-dentate, teeth 5–9 (–11), apex sharply acute or retuse with an apical tooth

and firm), margins pinnately lobed (thickened, usually minutely, sharply spinose, faces glabrous). Heads borne singly along branches. Peduncles 2–10 mm (bracteate)

glaucous or pubescent, base pointed to rounded to narrowly cordate, margins spinose, or sometimes entire with thick edges, apex abruptly mucronate, spiny, or

glaucous, smooth, margins minutely denticulate, lemon yellow, hyaline, apex spinose, spine-tipped. Inflorescences paniculate, arising just within or beyond

at least distal to the middle > 2 2 Distal laminal cells spinulose or spinose. Ephemerum spinulosum 2 Distal laminal cells smooth or papillose > 3 3 Distal

rarely reddish; leaves narrowly oblong-obovate to long- lanceolate; margins spinose-dentate distally; apices slender-acuminate. Splachnum ampullaceum 2 Hypophysis

of shoots) or entire (distal leaves on shoots), teeth mucronate (rarely spinose in suckers or juveniles), secondary-veins obscure, 4-10 (-12) on each side

more elongate, 3–4: 1; apical cells similar to medial cells, often prorate-spinose in small patch near costal apex. Specialized asexual reproduction absent

wide, apices acute to acuminate, mucronate, flag leaves often with reduced spinose blades. Racemes 21-33 cm, with 7-10 spikelets; internodes 1.8-8 cm; pedicels

acute or acuminate and sharply mucronate, flag leaves often reduced to spinose tips. Racemes (10) 20-35 cm, with 6-14 spikelets; internodes 2-5.6 (8) cm;

5-17 cm long, 4-9 mm wide, smooth or scabridulous over the veins, apices spinose. Racemes 13-20 cm, with 6-7 spikelets; lower internodes 3.5-7.2 cm; upper

margins entire or irregularly, shallowly toothed, teeth mucronate, rarely spinose, secondary-veins 6-7 on each side, apex rounded or acute; surfaces abaxially

oblanceolate, 5–10 × 1.5–4 cm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins entire or spinose-serrate, sometimes undulate, teeth sharp, eglandular, apex usually acute

slightly divergent, yellow, 0.3–0.4 mm, scabrous to antrorsely strigose, spinose; staminodes narrowly triangular, 0.2–0.3 mm; style 1, cleft in distal 1/8

dichotomously arranged involucres, slender, round, smooth, glabrous, not spinose. Involucres campanulate, 1–1.5 × 1.5–3 mm. Flowers 2.5–3 mm; perianth white

base truncate or rounded-attenuate, rarely subcordate, margins irregularly spinose-toothed, occasionally shallowly lobate, secondary-veins (3-) 4-7, often

cup often with short, stout, irregularly recurved and sometimes branched, spinose awns emerging from tubercle; nut light-brown, ovoid-ellipsoid or oblong

truncate or rounded-attenuate, rarely cuneate, margins irregularly toothed and spinose, often sublobate, rarely entire, secondary-veins (3-) 4-7 on each side,

crisped-undulate, coarsely 3-5-toothed or very shallowly lobed on each side, teeth spinose with spines 1-1.5 mm, secondary-veins 4-8 on each side, apex acute or obtuse;

undulate-crisped, not revolute, coarsely toothed or incised with acute teeth or spinose lobes, secondary-veins 5-8 (-14) on each side, usually branched before passing

crispate, sometimes flat, cartilaginous, with 4-6 (-8) long-attenuate, spinose-awned teeth on each side, secondary-veins 5-8 on each side, whitish, apex

strongly basal and cauline, coriaceous, margins indurate, entire to remotely spinose-serrate, remotely and obscurely scabridulous, spines indurate-margined or

blades spreading, needlelike, 1.5–2 cm × 0.5–1 mm, rigid, not fleshy, apex spinose, glabrous, glaucous. Inflorescences 5–13-flowered, open cymes. Pedicels

rounded; margins bordered all around with elongate hyaline cells, toothed to spinose only at apex; medial cells obscure due to papillosity, 7–9 µm, with bulging

Volume 19. Treatment on page 220. Annuals. Stem wings ± continuous, margins spinose, usually white and thickened. Leaf-blades 40–200 × 20–80 mm, margins usually

unarmed, evenly pannose. Leaves: primaries lance-linear, stiff, pungent, not spinose, 20–60 (× 2–5) mm, tomentose; secondaries (seldom present) spatulate, 8–15

perianth lobes white, oblong or oblanceolate, 4.7 mm, indurate, apex obtuse, spinose-tipped. Utricles not seen. Seeds not seen. Phenology: Flowering summer–fall

Pedicels 0.5–4 cm. Flowers: calyx 6–9 mm, stellate-hairy basally. Mericarps spinose apically, spines 0.2–0.7 mm. Phenology: Flowering spring–fall. Habitat:

entire or irregularly 1-3 toothed on each side, teeth mucronate (rarely spinose in suckers or juveniles), secondary-veins obscure, 8-10 on each side, apex

scabrous, or if round and smooth then rigid or stout, glabrous and with short, spinose lateral branches; s Nevada and Washington County, Utah Eriogonum heermannii

2–4 cm, leathery, base rounded to obtuse, margins entire on adult leaves, spinose-dentate on leaves of seedlings and sprouts, apex usually rounded to obtuse

membranous, apex acuminate, sometimes with proximal bracteoles leathery, spinose-acuminate. Flowers: anther-filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral

glabrous to sparsely tomentose. Leaves: blades linear to oblong, 10–30 cm, spinose-dentate to shallowly pinnatifid, main spines mostly 5–10 mm, abaxial faces

cm, margins not or slightly undulate, usually entire, sometimes remotely spinose-serrulate. Drupes blue-black, 15–25 mm. Phenology: Flowering Mar–May; fruiting

Inflorescences racemose, lax, 2-6-flowered, 4-6 cm; bracteoles leathery, apex spinose-acuminate, sometimes with proximal bracteoles as described, distal membranous

green, ovate to nearly orbiculate, 15-45 × 15-45 cm, margins dentate to spinose-dentate; venation radiate and prominent centrally, without weblike pattern

dichotomously arranged involucres, stoutish, round, faintly grooved, glabrous, spinose. Involucres campanulate, 2–3 × 3–4 mm. Flowers 2.5–4 mm; perianth yellowish

California Channel Islands. Rhamnus pirifolia 3 Leaf blade margins spinulose to spinose-dentate. > 5 5 Branchlets stiff, glabrous or densely and softly hirtellous;

glabrous; apices usually entire, sometimes 2–3-fid, sometimes aristate to spinose (uncinate in Ancistrocarphus filagineus). Corolla scars on cypselae of Filagininae

mostly branched; leaves basal and cauline, margins entire or toothed (teeth spinose-tipped); phyllaries appressed, spreading, or reflexed; cypselae 4-nerved

laminal cells subquadrate to short-rectangular; costa surfaces with coarse, spinose teeth over proximal 1/2; laminal cells with abaxial surface echinate, papillae

lateral and dorsal or ventral leaves, and the seta is variously papillose to spinose. Recent changes in the circumscription of Pilotrichaceae were outlined by

thorns, tangential to diagonal bands of axial parenchyma, and deciduous, non-spinose stipules. Old World Ziziphus and Paliurus do not have thorns tangential

racemosely arranged involucres at tips, stout, round, smooth, glabrous, not spinose. Involucres campanulate, 2–2.5 × 2–2.5 mm. Flowers (2.5–) 3–4 mm; perianth

mm, ± coriaceous, bases sheathing, margins entire to remotely serrulate-spinose, indurate, remotely scabrous, spines thickened, apices acute, revolute,

involucres at tips, slender, round, smooth, floccose to thinly tomentose, not spinose. Involucres campanulate, 1–1.5 (–2) × 1–1.5 mm. Flowers 2–3 mm; perianth

slender, sharply ridged and deeply grooved, minutely scabrellous, not spinose. Involucres campanulate, 0.7–1.5 (–2) × 0.7–1.5 (–2) mm. Flowers 1.5–2.5

4–1.6 mm, apex straight, excurved mucronate or cuspidate; terminal scale spinose. Flowers: anthers 0.5–1 mm; styles 1.5–2 mm; stigmas 2 mm. Achenes dark-brown

arranged involucres, slender and whiplike, round, smooth, glabrous, not spinose. Involucres campanulate, 1–1.5 × 1.5–3 mm. Flowers 2.5–3 mm; perianth white

often deeply cleft; blade linear, 10–30 × 0.4–1 mm, leathery, apex short-spinose, minutely hirtellous to puberulent. Cymes terminal, 3–10+-flowered, somewhat

(–7) cm × 0.5–1 mm, ± rigid, herbaceous to subsucculent, apex blunt to spinose, usually glabrous, not glaucous. Inflorescences 10–30 (–80) -flowered, diffuse

blade linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2–10 × 0.7–1.5 mm, leathery, apex spinose, minutely puberulent. Cymes terminal, 10–20-flowered, congested, in clusters

racemosely arranged involucres at tips, slender, round, smooth, glabrous, not spinose. Involucres campanulate, 2.5–3 × 2.5–3.5 mm. Flowers 3–4 mm; perianth white

ovatelanceolate, (4–) 4.4–4.9 (–5.4) × 1.3–1.5 mm; terminal scale not spinose, apex straight, excurved mucronate, or cuspidate. Flowers: anthers 0.7–1

linear-lanceolate to broadly triangular, closely spaced, spreading, coarsely spinose-dentate or cleft into 2–5 spine-tipped divisions, main spines 3–5 mm, faces

elliptic to oblong, 8–40 × 1–12 cm, margins weakly to strongly undulate, spinose-dentate or shallowly to deeply lobed, lobes ascending to spreading, ± triangular

coarsely 1–2-pinnatifid with rigidly divergent lobes, sometimes merely spinose-dentate, lobes triangular to lanceolate, entire to spiny-dentate, main spines

broadly triangular, (often longer than 2 cm), closely spaced, spreading, spinose-dentate or lobed, main spines slender to stout, 2–15 mm, abaxial faces thinly

appressed, bodies entire, apices erect or spreading, muticous to short-spinose, spines ascending to spreading, weak, 1–2 mm; apices of inner all straight

or oblong, often revolute-margined, ascending to spreading, spinulose to spinose-dentate, main spines 2–3 (–10) mm, faces gray-tomentose, more densely abaxially

broadly triangular, spreading, usually separated by broad U-shaped sinuses, spinose-dentate or coarsely lobed, main spines 2–5 (–8) mm, slender, abaxial faces

carpophore 1–1.5 mm. Seeds brown, not winged, triangular-reniform, ca. 1 mm, spinose-papillate. 2n = 72. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Arctic tundra

cauline, linear, firm, ± fleshy, margins indurate, ± revolute, entire to spinose-serrate, smooth to remotely scabridulous or ciliate, spines indurate, finely

scabrellous, or infrequently papillate-scabrous, infrequently somewhat spinose. Involucres narrowly turbinate to campanulate, 0.9–1.8 × 0.7–1.3 mm. Flowers

ampullaceum, are long-lanceolate and slender-acuminate but, unlike the spinose-dentate distal leaf margins of S. ampullaceum, the distal leaf margins of

coriaceous, often parallel-nerved or obscurely nerved, margins entire or ± spinose-serrate (se United States) > 11 10 Leaf blades lanceolate or elliptic- or

margins in Ephemerum serratum vary markedly, from barely serrate to long spinose. In general, plants from eastern North America tend to be more strongly

characters. The peristome of D. schimperi is finely papillose, rather than spinose- or spiculose-papillose, is reduced in size, and is irregularly perforate

pinnatifid, main spines 10–30 mm Cirsium horridulum var. megacanthum 2 Leaves spinose-dentate to shallowly pinnatifid, main spines mostly 5–10 mm Cirsium horridulum

are the combination of dwarf clonal habit, small glaucous leaves without spinose teeth, and connate cotyledons. In northern Mexico, it hybridizes locally

Eastwood. The plants tend to be shrubs to small trees, with somewhat more spinose leaves than Q. douglasii and fruit similar to those of the latter species

Cleistocarpidium, 25 – 8. Pleuridium 47 Costae subpercurrent. > 48 48 Leaf margins spinose-serrulate throughout. Ephemerum 48 Leaf margins entire or serrulate distally