many spines (modified leaves of the shoot); spines are absent in some taxa, populations, and environments. A vernacular term for areoles is “spine-clusters
40 KB (1,967 words) - 15:27, 15 December 2020
Inflorescence leaves or bracts tipped with spine or spinelike bristle > 7 6 Inflorescence leaves and bracts not tipped with spine or bristle > 9 7 Leaves triquetrous
21 KB (878 words) - 09:28, 30 July 2020
and glandular (glands sometimes elaborate, apices sometimes gland or spine-tipped). Heads usually radiate, rarely discoid, usually in corymbiform, glomerulate
15 KB (799 words) - 23:36, 29 July 2020
usually spine-tipped, sometimes apiculate). Involucres ± obconic or urceolate, 3–8+ mm diam. (subtended by calyculi of 5–12+ usually spine-tipped bractlets)
9 KB (671 words) - 23:40, 29 July 2020
and middle with bases appressed and apices spreading to erect, usually spine-tipped, innermost usually with erect, flat, often twisted, entire or dentate
60 KB (2,205 words) - 13:43, 10 February 2021
distally, connate proximally, leaflike, semileaflike, or scalelike, not awn-tipped, glabrous or variously pubescent or glandular. Peduncles absent or erect
22 KB (1,627 words) - 10:29, 30 July 2020
or -lobed, spine-tipped) Carthamus 21 Leaf margins not spiny (plants not thistlelike; phyllary apices sometimes apiculate, not spine-tipped) > 22 22 Receptacles
275 KB (5,940 words) - 15:30, 15 December 2020
spreading, usually ± dentate or fringed, linear to ovate appendages, spine-tipped or spineless. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bristly. Florets 10–many; outer
21 KB (1,712 words) - 15:30, 15 December 2020
quantity","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence"
12 KB (866 words) - 09:21, 30 July 2020
or succulent), bases ± cuneate, margins entire or toothed (teeth often spine-tipped), faces glabrous or puberulent to villous and/or sericeous. Heads radiate
8 KB (643 words) - 23:12, 29 July 2020
in 2 narrow, glaucous, whitish or brownish bands; apex sharp-pointed, spine-tipped, sharp to touch; resin canal central. Pollen cones ovoid or oblong, with
6 KB (342 words) - 00:32, 30 July 2020
linear, margins entire or irregularly serrate to dentate (teeth usually spine-tipped), faces glabrous, canescent, or puberulent, often sparsely stipitate-glandular
11 KB (782 words) - 22:23, 29 July 2020
duration","segment fragility","spine architecture","spine duration","spine fragility","spine presence","spine quantity","spine texture","stamen quantity","stamen
17 KB (804 words) - 09:14, 30 July 2020
numerous, whorled, distinct, leaflike to subulate or linear, occasionally awn-tipped, thinly pubescent (sometimes appressed), hirsute, villous, strigose, or
23 KB (1,142 words) - 10:54, 30 July 2020
shoots. Leaves alternate, sometimes leaves of elongate shoots reduced to spines and foliage leaves borne only on short-shoots; foliage leaves simple or
16 KB (698 words) - 08:36, 30 July 2020
entire, toothed, or lobed, apices obtuse or acute, appendaged or not, not spine-tipped. Receptacles flat or convex, epaleate, smooth, usually subulate-scaly
9 KB (521 words) - 20:00, 29 July 2020
measurement","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence"
8 KB (738 words) - 09:22, 30 July 2020
appressed, margins entire, apices ascending to spreading or reflexed, acute, spine-tipped. Receptacles flat, epaleate, bearing setiform scales (“flattened bristles”)
10 KB (613 words) - 20:17, 29 July 2020
2–3-flowered with lateral flowers poorly developed); bracts ovatelanceolate, spine-tipped. Flowers bisexual, with 2 bracteoles; perianth segments persistent, 5
12 KB (822 words) - 09:40, 30 July 2020
3-angled (each angle ± winged, wings ± spine-tipped); inner ± compressed (adaxial angles ± winged, wings ± spine-tipped); ribs 0, faces glabrous (peric) arps
7 KB (447 words) - 20:53, 29 July 2020
rameal withered by flowering, (light grayish green) firm apices ± white-spine-tipped (often with clusters of smaller leaves in axils); basal sessile, blades
12 KB (1,003 words) - 21:03, 29 July 2020
width","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine atypical width","spine course","spine length","spine life cycle","spine orientation","spine pubescence"
4 KB (765 words) - 09:19, 30 July 2020
to linear (inner), entire, apices sometimes expanded and fringed, not spine-tipped. Receptacles turbinate, bearing elongate subulate scales. Florets 1 per
7 KB (469 words) - 20:08, 29 July 2020
± winged (wings not spine-tipped); inner (disc) compressed-prismatic (± quadrate, sometimes 2 angles winged, wings not spine-tipped); all ± ribbed or nerved
8 KB (533 words) - 20:53, 29 July 2020
wings not spine-tipped); inner (disc) compressed-prismatic to columnar (adaxial, rarely abaxial, angles sometimes ± winged, wings not spine-tipped); ribs
7 KB (498 words) - 20:54, 29 July 2020
or acuminate, spineless or tipped with spines 1–9 mm or truncate, abruptly mucronate, and spineless or minutely spine-tipped. Corollas blue or purple (rarely
7 KB (726 words) - 20:15, 29 July 2020
Leaves (light grayish green) firm, margins entire, strigose, apices ± spine-tipped; basal withering by flowering, sessile, blades oblanceolate, 10–40 ×
13 KB (856 words) - 21:03, 29 July 2020
size","spine architecture","spine atypical length","spine coloration","spine course","spine duration","spine length","spine prominence","spine relief"
8 KB (810 words) - 09:19, 30 July 2020
appendages more herbaceous, prominently veiny, spiny-dentate or lobed, spine-tipped. Receptacles convex to conic, epaleate, bearing subulate scales. Florets
9 KB (624 words) - 20:02, 29 July 2020
3-angled (each angle ± winged, wings not spine-tipped); inner compressed, adaxial angles ± winged (wings not spine-tipped); ribs 0, faces glabrous (pericarps
6 KB (438 words) - 20:53, 29 July 2020
margins dentate and often coarsely pinnately lobed, teeth and lobes spine-tipped, glabrous or puberulent. Heads discoid, borne singly, terminal and in
7 KB (462 words) - 20:00, 29 July 2020
67 67 Stems rigid, spine-tipped (thorny); leaves cauline, entire; phyllaries 3–5; florets 3–5 Pleiacanthus 67 Stems not spine-tipped; leaves basal and cauline
30 KB (805 words) - 20:06, 29 July 2020
"seed quantity","sepal duration","sepal fusion","sepal quantity","spine presence","spine pubescence","stamen quantity","stem architecture","stem orientation"
6 KB (384 words) - 12:05, 30 July 2020
entire, occasionally crenulate, crisped, undulate, or lobed, rarely awn-tipped (Goodmania). Inflorescences terminal or terminal and axillary, cymose and
23 KB (1,508 words) - 10:29, 30 July 2020
"segment duration","segment fragility","spine architecture","spine duration","spine fragility","spine presence","spine texture","stamen quantity","stamen shape"
8 KB (720 words) - 09:15, 30 July 2020
lanceolate spine-tipped lobes; cauline spreading or recurved, lanceolate to ovate, rigid, clasping, 3–7-veined from base, margins with narrow spine-tipped lobes
6 KB (642 words) - 20:02, 29 July 2020
variability","seed-coat coloration","seed-coat relief","spine fragility","spine pubescence or texture","spine shape","stamen quantity","stem architecture","stem
3 KB (452 words) - 09:28, 30 July 2020
extrafloral nectaries; blade simple, rarely lobed (Pterostegia), rarely awn-tipped (Goodmania). Inflorescences terminal or terminal and axillary, cymose and
21 KB (927 words) - 10:29, 30 July 2020
"segment duration","segment fragility","spine architecture","spine duration","spine fragility","spine presence","spine texture","stamen quantity","stamen shape"
9 KB (746 words) - 09:15, 30 July 2020
Latin centrum, center, and atherum, prickle or awn, perhaps alluding to spine-tipped middle phyllaries of original species Treatment appears in FNA Volume
6 KB (491 words) - 20:05, 29 July 2020
quantity","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence"
7 KB (881 words) - 09:23, 30 July 2020
1–2-pinnately lobed, lobes lanceolate to triangular, spiny-dentate, spine-tipped, spines slender, 2–3 mm; abaxial faces white-tomentose, adaxial green, glabrous
5 KB (542 words) - 20:09, 29 July 2020
linear-acicular, tapering to spines 7–35 mm; outer usually pinnately spiny, sometimes entire; apices of inner straight, plane or spine-tipped. Corollas ochroleucous
12 KB (937 words) - 19:58, 29 July 2020
and spreading apical appendages, acute to broadly obtuse or truncate, spine-tipped or spineless; inner scarious. Receptacles concave to flat or convex,
8 KB (495 words) - 20:14, 29 July 2020
smaller, scarious, margins spiny-dentate or lobed, apical appendages spine-tipped, inner apices spreading, membranous, white to stramineous, raylike, entire
8 KB (580 words) - 20:06, 29 July 2020
shape","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence
8 KB (779 words) - 09:27, 30 July 2020
coloration","seed reflectance","seed shape","spine architecture","spine arrangement","spine atypical some measurement","spine shape","stem atypical length","stem
8 KB (794 words) - 09:19, 30 July 2020
slender stramineous spines, each phyllary tipped by spine 1–3 mm. Inner phyllaries lanceolate, ± acute, appendage lacerate or spine-tipped. Florets 25–35;
8 KB (778 words) - 20:03, 29 July 2020
spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by slender spine 5–10 mm. Inner phyllaries: appendages entire, acute or spine-tipped. Florets many; corollas yellow
7 KB (632 words) - 20:03, 29 July 2020
6–6 mm, apex acuminate to spine-tipped; blade linear to broadly so, 0.5–3.5 cm, distinctly fleshy, apex apiculate to spine-tipped; axillary leaf clusters
8 KB (704 words) - 10:23, 30 July 2020
root crowns woody, branched. Stems 1–4 [–8], branches divaricate, rigid, spine-tipped, with conspicuous tufts of light-brown, wool in axils of bud-scales at
6 KB (428 words) - 20:27, 29 July 2020
1-veined or obscurely so, subulate to oblong, not succulent, apex blunt to spine-tipped. Inflorescences axillary, 1 (–2) -flowered; bracts absent. Pedicels:
7 KB (489 words) - 10:29, 30 July 2020
flattened or tipped with short spines. Corollas white to pinkish or lavender, 14.5–22 mm, tubes 5–8 mm, throats 4.5–9 mm, lobes 3–8 mm; style tips 2.5–4.5 mm
9 KB (691 words) - 20:00, 29 July 2020
long-acuminate; blade linear, (0.6–) 1–5.5 cm, fleshy, apex apiculate to spine-tipped; axillary leaves 1–2+ per cluster. Cymes simple to 3-compound or flowers
7 KB (691 words) - 10:18, 30 July 2020
size","spine architecture","spine atypical length","spine atypical quantity","spine atypical some measurement","spine duration","spine length","spine prominence"
7 KB (778 words) - 09:20, 30 July 2020
measurement","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine prominence","spine relief or texture","spine size","stem relief"
34 KB (1,067 words) - 09:16, 30 July 2020
quantity","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence","spine pubescence
7 KB (863 words) - 09:25, 30 July 2020
or size","spine architecture","spine atypical length","spine course","spine duration","spine length","spine prominence","spine relief","spine shape","spine
7 KB (861 words) - 09:20, 30 July 2020
size","spine architecture","spine atypical length","spine atypical quantity","spine atypical some measurement","spine duration","spine length","spine prominence"
6 KB (820 words) - 09:20, 30 July 2020
base, margins pinnately divided into 2–3 pairs of short, spine-tipped lobes, apices spine-tipped. Involucres ovoid, 10–13 mm, usually ± glabrous. Outer phyllaries
6 KB (587 words) - 20:02, 29 July 2020
"sepal duration","sepal fusion","slit dehiscence or orientation","spine presence","spine pubescence","stem architecture","stigma architecture or shape","stigma
5 KB (310 words) - 12:06, 30 July 2020
(–20) × 0.5–1.5 (–2) mm, margins revolute, papillose-denticulate, apex spine-tipped. Inflorescences axillary; cymes in distal axils, 1-flowered. Pedicels
6 KB (714 words) - 10:09, 30 July 2020
subulate, 3–15 (–25) × 0.4–1.5 mm, margins flat, smooth, apex acuminate to spine-tipped. Inflorescences axillary; cymes in distal axils, 1–2-flowered. Pedicels
6 KB (701 words) - 10:09, 30 July 2020
"segment duration","segment fragility","spine architecture","spine duration","spine fragility","spine presence","spine texture","stamen quantity","stamen shape"
11 KB (906 words) - 09:14, 30 July 2020
simple; leaf margins entire or toothed (teeth apiculate, ± spinulose, or spine-tipped); phyllaries usually not foliaceous (proximally white-indurate, distally
79 KB (1,886 words) - 20:55, 29 July 2020
presence","seed quantity","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine prominence","spine relief or texture","stem relief"
10 KB (853 words) - 09:15, 30 July 2020
or lanceolate spine-tipped lobes, cauline spreading or recurved, lanceolate to ovate, rigid, clasping, margins spiny-lobed, spine-tipped. Involucres ovoid
8 KB (797 words) - 20:02, 29 July 2020
fruit, outer shorter, apices spine-tipped, inner similar, spines spreading to erect, faces sericeous). Paleae: apices spine-tipped. Ray-florets 15–30; laminae
6 KB (668 words) - 23:12, 29 July 2020
"seed quantity","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine prominence","spine relief or texture","spine shape","stem
7 KB (722 words) - 09:16, 30 July 2020
"segment duration","segment fragility","spine architecture","spine duration","spine fragility","spine presence","spine texture","stamen quantity","stamen shape"
8 KB (736 words) - 09:15, 30 July 2020
with tightly appressed bases and spreading spine tips, inner lanceolate, tipped by pinnately divided spines more than 5 mm. Florets many; corollas yellow
8 KB (716 words) - 20:03, 29 July 2020
proximally), unequal to subequal, margins little, if at all, scarious, apices spine-tipped. Receptacles conic to hemispheric, smooth, glabrous, paleate; paleae
7 KB (471 words) - 20:06, 29 July 2020
spinose, 0.4–1.5 mm; blade erect to ± recurved, 0.4–5.5 mm, apex blunt to spine-tipped. Inflorescences often secund. Flowers cleistogamous; sepals erect to
7 KB (765 words) - 10:29, 30 July 2020
tubular, turbinate; teeth 4 (–5) or 7–30 (–36), 1/2 to completely connate, awn-tipped, glandular distally adaxially. Flowers 3–10 (–20) per involucre at any single
8 KB (627 words) - 10:53, 30 July 2020
to elliptic or broadly ovate, 2–8.5 cm, margins dentate with minutely spine-tipped teeth, veiny, shiny. Involucres ovoid, 20–40 mm diam., ± glabrous. Outer
6 KB (726 words) - 20:02, 29 July 2020
to winged petioles, blades oblong-oblanceolate, 7–15 cm, margins with spine-tipped teeth and lobes, abaxially ± arachnoid-tomentose, adaxially ± glabrate;
6 KB (559 words) - 20:07, 29 July 2020
or size","spine architecture","spine atypical length","spine duration","spine length","spine prominence","spine relief","spine shape","spine texture","spine
11 KB (1,231 words) - 09:20, 30 July 2020
cluster of spines, central spine stout, 1–2.5 cm, base dark-brown to black, distally stramineous. Inner phyllaries: appendages acute or spine-tipped. Florets
7 KB (590 words) - 20:03, 29 July 2020
measurement","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence
9 KB (942 words) - 09:23, 30 July 2020
(branched in Tidestromia). Stems without nodal spines (Amaranthus spinosus sometimes with paired nodal spines). Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate
12 KB (586 words) - 09:40, 30 July 2020
obvious, in tight spiral, linear to lanceolate or narrowly ovate, not awn-tipped. Flowers 5–30 per involucre, sessile or pedicellate; perianth white to rose
8 KB (745 words) - 10:53, 30 July 2020
width","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine atypical width","spine course","spine length","spine life cycle","spine orientation","spine pubescence"
6 KB (978 words) - 09:19, 30 July 2020
"seed quantity","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence or
8 KB (872 words) - 09:22, 30 July 2020
measurement","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence"
10 KB (962 words) - 09:23, 30 July 2020
width","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine atypical width","spine course","spine length","spine life cycle","spine orientation","spine pubescence"
4 KB (781 words) - 09:19, 30 July 2020
quantity","seed reflectance","spine atypical quantity","spine atypical some measurement","spine course","spine presence","spine some measurement","stem architecture"
9 KB (882 words) - 09:27, 30 July 2020
measurement","spine architecture","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine coloration or pubescence or relief","spine pubescence"
10 KB (954 words) - 09:23, 30 July 2020
abruptly tipped by spreading or reflexed, flattened spine tips 3–5 mm, inner lanceolate, with erect or flaring, flattened, ± spineless tips. Florets:
6 KB (616 words) - 20:02, 29 July 2020
margins revolute, papillose-denticulate or smooth, apex mucronate or weakly spine-tipped. Inflorescences axillary; cymes in distal axils, 1-flowered. Pedicels
7 KB (696 words) - 10:09, 30 July 2020
linear-lanceolate, subulate, 5–13 (–20) × 0.4–1 mm, margins revolute, smooth, apex spine-tipped. Inflorescences axillary; cymes in most axils, 1-flowered. Pedicels absent
6 KB (676 words) - 10:09, 30 July 2020
linear to lanceolate, 10–20 × 0.6–2.7 mm, margins revolute, smooth, apex spine-tipped. Inflorescences axillary; cymes in most axils, 2–3-flowered. Pedicels
7 KB (725 words) - 10:09, 30 July 2020
scarious–margined, appendages stramineous, spiny–fringed at base, each tipped by stout spreading spine (0.5–) 1–3 cm. Inner phyllaries: appendages truncate, spineless
8 KB (664 words) - 20:03, 29 July 2020
scarious-margined, appendages stramineous, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by a stout spreading spine 10–25 mm. Inner phyllaries: appendages truncate, spineless
7 KB (719 words) - 20:03, 29 July 2020
ribbed, tubular, narrowly turbinate; teeth (3–) 4, erect to spreading, awn-tipped. Flowers 2–10 per involucre at any single time during full anthesis; perianth
9 KB (669 words) - 10:53, 30 July 2020
glabrous; bracts 3 per node, connate basally, scalelike, triangular, not awn-tipped, glabrous or sparsely glandular. Peduncles straight or flexed, slender to
8 KB (623 words) - 10:52, 30 July 2020
"suboral cell arrangement or shape","suboral cell shape","terminal spine length","terminal spine size","tuft arrangement","wall course","wall shape","whole_organism
3 KB (350 words) - 07:50, 30 July 2020
smooth, margins minutely denticulate, lemon yellow, hyaline, apex spinose, spine-tipped. Inflorescences paniculate, arising just within or beyond rosettes, ovoid
7 KB (520 words) - 06:11, 30 July 2020
presence","seed quantity","spine architecture or pubescence or relief","spine architecture or shape","spine prominence","spine relief or texture","stem relief"
12 KB (988 words) - 09:15, 30 July 2020
spreading, linear, bodies entire, spines ascending to abruptly spreading, usually fine, 2–6 mm; apices of inner narrow, spine-tipped or spineless. Corollas dull
11 KB (1,050 words) - 19:56, 29 July 2020
closely spaced, spreading, spinose-dentate and cleft into 2–5 spine-tipped divisions, main spines 5–20 mm, yellowish, abaxial faces densely white-tomentose
9 KB (705 words) - 20:42, 29 July 2020