Volume 20. Treatment on page 174. Mentioned on page 16, 413. Perennials, 2–30 (–60) cm (mat-forming or cespitose [pulvinate]; branched caudices, taproots ± well-developed)
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flushed purple-maroon, 8–30 (–60) cm, sparsely or densely hairy, hairs mostly simple, bristly, to 3 mm. Leaf-blades unlobed, 1.5–6 cm, margins crenate-dentate
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Association Stems 1.5–4 cm diam., internodes 3–10 cm; scales orange, brownish, or golden, denticulate. Roots from under surface. Petiole 30–60 cm, essentially glabrous
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appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 186. Mentioned on page 5. Shrubs, 30–60 cm (rounded). Stems erect (bark whitish), intricately branched, becoming leafless
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Plants to 30–60 cm; bulb 2–4 × 2–3 (–4) cm. Leaves: sheaths 3–6 mm, membranous; blade deep green, linear to ligulate, 30–50 (–70) × 0.5–2 cm, apex obtuse
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Flora of North America Association Plants 30-60 cm, glabrous or sometimes sparsely pilose proximally. Leaves 2-12 cm; blade with primary lobes 5-13, remote
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glabrous or finely puberulent. Leaves with pungent odor of horseradish; 30–60 cm, leaflets distributed on 4–8 pairs of pinnae; pinnae largest near base
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Volume 21. Treatment on page 488. Mentioned on page 460. Perennials, 10–30 (–60) cm (rhizomatous; aquatic to subaquatic). Stems decumbent or erect (sometimes
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attenuate apices. Leaves 30–60 (–100) cm. Pinnae bright green and shiny adaxially, 4–10 (–12) pairs, ovate-attenuate, usually falcate, 4–8.5 cm, leathery, sometimes
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Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 30–60 cm. Roots 2–3 mm diam. Stems subterranean, short. Leaves green at anthesis
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Mentioned on page 5, 400. Plants (5–) 10–30 (–60) cm. Leaves basal (often withering) and, usually, cauline, 1–6 (–10) cm; largest blades ± 3-dimensional, not
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Annaliese Miller Copyright: Utah State University Plants winter-annuals. Culms 30-60 cm. Leaves green. Spikes green. Central floret sessile to subsessile; lemmas
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FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 167. Mentioned on page 8, 168. Subshrubs 30–60 cm; taproots stout, bases woody, branched. Stems strictly erect, mostly simple
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Leaves 30-60 cm; petiole 3.5-12 cm. Leaflets (7-) 11-17, ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ± symmetric, (2.5-) 5-11 (-17.5) × 1.5-6.5 cm, margins
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page 245, 246, 247, 252. Shrubs or subshrubs. Stems ascending to erect, 30–60 cm, glaucous. Leaves: cauline 6–12 pairs, sessile or short-petiolate, (12–)
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Culms to 30 (–60) cm. Leaves: blades 2–4 mm wide. Inflorescences 2–6 (–8) cm; proximal internode 10–40 mm; peduncle of proximal spikes exserted to 4 cm; proximal
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simple distally, 15–30 (–60) cm. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as to equaling blade; blade ovate or rhombic-ovate, 1–2.7 × 0.5–1.5 cm, base cuneate to broadly
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, 10–30 (–60) cm (caudices 1–2 cm diam.). Stems contracted, at soil surface or ± subterranean (except
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems 30-60 cm. Basal leaves 2-3×-ternately compound, 10-35 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially
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Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Culms to 17 cm. Blades 30-60 cm long, 6-12 mm wide. Branches 4-14 cm long, 7-15 mm wide, spikelets closely imbricate
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Association Biennials or perennials (rarely flowering first-year), 10–30 (–60+) cm. Stems arachno-villous (gray to gray-green). Heads in ± loose to crowded
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on page 10, 13, 14, 211, 214, 222, 231. Annuals or perennials, (5–) 30–60 (–200) cm (sometimes becoming shrubby through shoot persistence, with camphor
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Treatment on page 319. Plants (15–) 30–50 (–60) cm; bulbs progressively renewed over 3–4 years, 2–3 × 2.5–3.5 cm; bulblets numerous. Leaves (3–) 4–6;
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Perennials (perhaps flowering first-year, usually rhizomatous), (10–) 30–60 (–100+) cm (aerial stems usually proximally tomentose and distally stipitate-glandular)
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translucent; blades 30-60 cm long, 6-20 mm wide, both surfaces smooth or adaxial surfaces scabridulous. Panicles 15-45 cm long, to 30 cm wide, open; branches
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20. Treatment on page 533. Mentioned on page 469, 534, 537. Perennials, 30–60 cm, colonial; long-rhizomatous. Stems 1–6, ascending to erect, glabrous or
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plicate, with scattered hairs on each surface. Panicles 30-60 cm, lanceoloid; branches 2-5 cm, stiff; bristles solitary, usually present only below the
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Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems (15-) 30-60 cm; base usually reddish, glabrous to glaucous. Leaves basal and cauline;
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America Association Plants annual. Stems erect, simple or branched, (6–) 20–30 (–60) cm; internodes glabrous or midstem ones slightly scabrous. Leaves: sheath
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University Plants perennial; cespitose, without rhizomes or stolons. Culms (10) 30-60 cm, erect, unbranched. Leaves mostly basal; sheaths mostly glabrous, margins
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inflorescence or at proximal nodes, 30–60 cm. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 5–10 × 1–3 cm, usually ca. (3–) 5–7 times as long as
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in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 500. Mentioned on page 493. Shrubs, 30–60 cm. Stems intricately branched, hirtellous, sparsely glanddotted. Leaves alternate;
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Illustrator: Cindy Roché, Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Culms 30-60 cm, usually slender, sometimes to 2 mm thick. Sheaths glabrous or sparsely
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Volume 22. Herbs; nodes with 2 roots. Leaves: sheath 4–20 cm, margins not overlapping; blade 30–60 cm ´ 1–4 mm, margins serrulate distally, apex obtuse to truncate
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linear-lanceolate, margins dentate. Petiole 30–60 cm. Blade ovate, 2-pinnate to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 50–100 × 15–50 cm, base ± narrowed, apex abruptly acuminate
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Treatment on page 509. Mentioned on page 460, 507. Perennials or subshrubs, 30–60 (–100) cm. Stems erect, much branched. Leaves cauline; mostly opposite (distal
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Flora of North America Association Plants 30–60 (–80) cm, usually robust. Stems erect. Basal leaves 100–450 × 20–60 mm. Heads usually borne singly, sometimes
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Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Culms 60-120 cm, from knotty rhizomes. Leaves 30-60 cm, junction of the sheath and blade inconspicuous abaxially;
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Treatment on page 443. Mentioned on page 435, 436. Biennials or perennials, 30–60 cm (monocarpic; sometimes with sparingly branched, woody caudices). Stems
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on page 123. Plants 30–60 cm. Stems sprawling to weakly erect, strigose to hirsute. Leaf-blades ovate or 3-lobed, 1.5–4 × 1–1.5 cm, bases broadly ± cuneate
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Treatment on page 523. Mentioned on page 521. Perennials or subshrubs, 15–30 (–60) cm (not cespitose), aromatic (caudices woody). Stems 1–10, erect, gray-green
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FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page 494. Mentioned on page 493. Perennials, 30–60+ cm (rhizomatous). Stems 1, erect, branched distally, proximally glabrate,
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Volume 20. Treatment on page 41. Mentioned on page 39, 40, 42. Perennials, 30–60 cm (rhizomes branched). Stems ascending to erect, glabrous or sparsely stipitate-glandular
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page 548. Perennials, 30–60 cm. Stems erect, glabrous. Leaves opposite; petioles 25–70 mm; blades broadly ovate-deltate, 4–8 × 5–9 cm, (thin, delicate) bases
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Herbs, annual, cespitose, rarely solitary, (4–) 10–30 (–60) cm. Stems compact. Leaves in fans, 2–10 (–15) cm; sheath base greenish to pink; blade green or red-tinged
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appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 66. Mentioned on page 64. Annuals 30–60 cm. Stems ascending. Leaf-blades: middle and distal lanceolate-deltate, margins
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Gray Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 533. Plants 30–60 cm. Cauline leaf-bases often clasping. Heads usually 5–15. Phyllaries green
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appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 73. Mentioned on page 72. Plants 30–60 cm. Leaves crowded, gray; blades 1-nerved, linear, 20–40 × ca. 1 mm, faces
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Michael J. Warnock Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems (17-) 30-60 (-100) cm; base reddish or not, glabrous to puberulent. Leaves scattered or mostly
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(when dry), fibrous. Stems mostly erect, sometimes reclining, (20-) 30-60 (-150) cm, glabrous, from rhizomes or branched caudices. Leaves mainly cauline
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small clumps. Culms reddish-brown to dark maroon at base; flowering-stems 30–60 cm, much longer than leaves at maturity, 1–1.3 mm thick, sparingly pubescent
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on page 3, 9, 12, 18, 458, 459, 461, 462, 466. Annuals or perennials, 2–200 cm (colonial or cespitose, usually ± strongly heterophyllous, usually eglandular
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Subshrubs or perennials, 30–60 cm cespitose; rhizomes woody, elongate, branched. Stems 1–20+, erect, branched
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(15–) 30–60 cm, sparsely pubescent proximally, viscid-glandular distally. Leaves mostly basal; blade linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, 2–8 cm × 2–6 (–15)
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Caudices simple, 1–15 × 1–4 cm, axillary branches absent. Leaves: rosettes solitary, not in clumps, 10–35-leaved, 5–30 (–60) cm diam.; blade ± chalky white
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blades 30-60 cm long, 14-28 mm wide, glabrous at maturity. Peduncles 40-60 cm, pilose; panicles 3-10 cm wide, oblong to lanceolate; rachises 15-34 cm, densely
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sheath 0.5–5 cm, blades 30–60 cm × 6–11 mm. Spikes: proximal pistillate spikes 2–5 per culm, ± separate, 20–75-flowered, cylindric, 3–8 × 2–3 cm; terminal
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Association Perennials, 10–30 (–60+) cm. Aerial nodes proximal to first peduncle usually 1–3 (–5+), distalmost 1–3 internodes 1–2 (–8+) cm. Leaves: basal and cauline
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hairs to 7 mm. Panicles (25) 30-60 cm long, 25-40 cm wide, broadly ovate to obovate, open, diffuse; primary branches 5-25 cm, diverging 20-90° from the rachises
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the base. Panicles (25) 30-60 cm long, 15—45 cm wide, broadly ovate to obovate, open, diffuse; primary branches mostly 5-25 (32) cm, diverging 20-90° from
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems (15-) 30-60 (-80) cm; base usually reddish, puberulent. Leaves distribution variable; basal
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flat, 4–45 cm × 2.5–6 mm. Inflorescences 6–19 cm, 1.4–2.2 times longer than proximal bract; proximal bracts 2–9 cm; sheath 0.6–2 cm, blade 1.5–7 cm; proximal
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Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, 30–60+ cm; rhizomatous and/or fibrous-rooted (rhizomes or caudices erect to horizontal)
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Conservation concernEndemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems (7-) 15-30 (-60) cm; base reddish, glabrous to puberulent. Leaves mostly on proximal 1/3 of
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FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 535. Mentioned on page 472. Perennials, 30–60 cm, colonial; long-rhizomatous. Stems 1–5+, ascending to erect, densely puberulent
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Treatment on page 441. Mentioned on page 435, 436. Biennials or perennials, 30–60 cm (monocarpic; sometimes with sparingly branched, woody caudices). Stems
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Mentioned on page 207. Annuals, (5–) 10–30 (–60+) cm. Leaves: petioles 3–20 mm; blades usually rounded-deltate overall, 10–30+ × 5–20+ mm, 1–2-pinnatisect, ultimate
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Culms 30-60 cm, slender. Sheaths pilose-pubescent to nearly glabrous; blades 7-28 cm long, 2-9 mm wide, pilose or glabrous. Panicles 10-20 cm long, 3-9
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Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants cespitose. Culms 30-60 cm, erect; lower nodes sometimes hispid. Sheaths scabridulous, rounded; ligules
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compressed, without spots, 30–60 cm; glands rare, when present, brown to green, 0.1–0.3 mm diam. Turions terminal, rare, 2.8–3 cm × 1.5–3 mm, soft; leaves
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Perennials or subshrubs, 30–60 (–90) cm. Stems erect (woolly). Leaves (proximal alternate): blades rhombic to obovate, 2–6 cm, 1-pinnately lobed (lobes
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1st-order inflorescence or at proximal nodes, 30–60 cm. Leaf-blades narrowly linear-lanceolate, 6–17 × 1–3 cm, usually ca. 7–10 times as long as wide, widest
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems (25-) 30-60 (-80) cm; base sometimes reddish, puberulent. Leaves basal and cauline; basal
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427, 433. Biennials or perennials (perhaps flowering first-year), 15–30 (–60) cm. Stems erect, usually reddish, sometimes stramineous, glabrous. Cauline
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Mentioned on page 148, 245, 246, 247. Herbs. Stems ascending to erect, (30–) 60–100 cm, slightly glaucous or not. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline 20–165
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems (20-) 30-60 (-90) cm; base reddish, glabrous. Leaves mostly on proximal 1/2 of stem; green
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Flora of North America Association Plants loosely cespitose. Culms (10–) 30–40 (–60) cm, smooth. Leaves 3–5 mm wide. Inflorescences: proximal bracts shorter
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Mentioned on page 96, 243. Stems (20–) 30–40 (–60) cm, glabrous or scabrous proximally. Leaves (7–) 10–25 pairs, (3–) 5–30 (–40) × 0.5–1 (–2.5) mm, blade base
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culms; cespitose, rhizomes occa¬sionally present, shorter than 1 cm. Culms (25) 30-60 (70) cm, unbranched, mostly smooth, sparsely scabrous beneath the panicles;
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Volume 19. Treatment on page 501. Mentioned on page 499. Subshrubs, 30–60 (–70) cm (aromatic). Stems erect to ± decumbent at bases, tomentose. Leaves mostly
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Mentioned on page 389. Annuals, 30–60 cm. Stems scabrous to glabrate, not stipitate-glandular. Leaf-blades lance-linear, 30–70 × 2–8 mm. Involucres ± cylindric
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Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 12–40 cm (short form) or 30–60 cm (tall form); slender, fibrous-rooted, rhizomelike bases, strongly
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concern Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 394. Herbs, 30–60 cm. Stems sparsely puberulent or scabrous on angles only at base of plant
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20. Treatment on page 315. Mentioned on page 314. Stems ascending-erect, 30–60 cm, densely hirsutulous (hairs spreading-deflexed, sometimes ascending-strigose)
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distance before abruptly diverging; heads usually 10–30(–50)(–100+ rarely, in aberrant plants); plants 30–60+ cm; rays occasionally lighter yellow with age (damp
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Association Annuals, (15–) 30–60 (–150) cm. Leaves: petioles 10–30 mm; blades lanceolate to lance-linear overall, 30–80 (–150) × 10–30 (–50) mm, usually laciniately
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Treatment on page 93. Mentioned on page 65, 95, 100. Perennials, 10–45 (–100) cm (taproots slender or massive, thick or thin-barked; caudices unbranched or
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America Association Stems erect, spheric to ovoid-cylindric, 30–90 (–250) × 30–60 (–100) cm; ribs (15–) 21–32, shallowly notched immediately above each
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Illustrator: Copyright: Plants tightly cespitose, not rhizomatous. Culms 30-60 cm, bases orangebrown; nodes 3-6; basal branching intravaginal. Sheaths mostly
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials, 30–60 (–100+) cm. Leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, 30–350+ × 20–120+ mm, margins usually crenate to serrate
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America Association Annuals (sometimes biennials or perennials), (5–) 30–60 (–80) cm. Stems 1, ascending to erect, usually branched distally, sometimes proximally
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Copyright: Utah State University Plants loosely cespitose, rhizomatous. Culms 30-60 cm. Sheaths closed for about 3/4 their length, glabrous or scabrous-pubescent
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axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence or at proximal nodes, 30–60 (–80) cm. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, 10–20 (–22) × 1–3.5 (–4.5) mm, usually
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FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 165. Mentioned on page 163, 166. Plants 30–60+ cm; caudices branching; vascular-bundles and petiole bases marcescent (attached
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Volume 19. Treatment on page 293. Mentioned on page 281, 282, 283. Plants 30–60 cm. Stems proximally usually glabrous, sometimes piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–5+
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in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 111. Mentioned on page 107. Plants 30–60+ cm (perennating bases ± erect, internodes not winged). Leaves all or mostly
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Stems (20–) 30–60 cm. Leaves: basal axils ± densely tomentose, terminal lobes (4–) 10–30 mm; cauline (2–) 3–8. Heads 5–60. Peduncles 2–8 cm. Phyllaries
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FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 196. Perennials, 10–30 (–60) cm. Internodes (± mid-stem) 1–4 (–5+) cm. Leaves mostly cauline; opposite; petioles 0–1 mm,
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20. Treatment on page 601. Mentioned on page 577, 578, 579. Perennials, 30–60+ cm; taprooted (caudices relatively thick, weakly ascending or erect), sometimes
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with short rhizomes. Culms 30-350 cm. Sheaths glabrous; blades 30-60 cm long, 2-8 mm wide. Peduncles 0.7-7 cm; rames 1.5-2.5 cm, 1 almost sessile, the other
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erect branches, smoothly 4-angled, (20–) 30–60 cm, glabrous. Leaves sessile; blade linear-lanceolate, 1.5–5 cm × 1–4 mm, base cuneate, margins smooth, apex
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Volume 20. Treatment on page 553. Mentioned on page 547. Perennials, (20–) 30–60 cm (rhizomes branched, spreading or suberect). Herbage (unevenly purple-tinged
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(sometimes flowering first-year or persisting), 10–30 (–60+) cm. Leaf-blades ovate or rounded-deltate to elliptic, 30–80 (–120+) × 10–20 (–40+) mm, usually ± pinnately
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19. Treatment on page 490. Mentioned on page 489. Perennials, (20–) 30–60 (–80) cm. Stems 1–3+ (ridged), erect, branched (usually glabrous proximally,
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FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 521. Mentioned on page 513, 514. Plants 30–60 cm. Corms subglobose to depressed-globose. Stems stipitate-glandular. Leaves:
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in FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page 286. Mentioned on page 280. Plants 30–60 cm (herbage sometimes glaucous). Stems proximally glabrous or piloso-hirsute
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Treatment on page 277. Bulbs ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm diam.; outer coats brown; bulblets 10–20+. Scapes 1–2, terete, 30–60 cm × 2–3 mm. Leaves 2–9, sheaths enveloping
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Mentioned on page 72. Plants 30–60 cm. Leaves widely spaced, green; blades 1-nerved, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 30–50 (–80) × 1–2 (–3) mm, faces
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Perennials, 10–30 (–60+) cm (often stoloniferous). Aerial nodes proximal to first peduncle usually 1–2 (–3), distalmost 1–3 internodes 1–4 (–8+) cm. Leaves:
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Treatment on page 345. Mentioned on page 339, 342. Leaves 10–40 cm × 4–22 mm. Scape 30–60 cm, smooth to scabrous. Flowers: perianth white, unstriped, 7–10
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usually several, decumbent, rarely 1 erect stem, 30–60 cm. Leaves 1–8 × 0.2–1.1 cm; petiole 0–3 cm; blade narrowly lanceolate-elliptic, base cuneate or
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rhizomelike, tuberiferous. Stems unbranched or few-branched proximally, 30–60 cm, faces strongly unequal, 1 pair of opposite faces rounded to convex, the
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anthesis, 10–25 cm; petiole narrowly winged distally, 0.1–9 cm, shorter than blade; blade oblong-spatulate, obovate, or elliptic, 4–16 × 1.5–6.5 cm, leathery
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page 423. Mentioned on page 416, 422. Biennials or short-lived perennials, 30–60 cm; taprooted. Stems densely and persistently white-tomentose, usually with
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Volume 20. Treatment on page 393. Mentioned on page 391. Perennials, (15–) 30–60 cm, often woody proximally or at crowns. Stems erect to spreading, branching
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Treatment on page 493. Mentioned on page 492. Plants decumbent or ascending, 30–60 cm; twigs of current season green, glabrous, ridged from decurrent leaf-bases
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396. Perennials, 30–60 cm. Stems 1–7, sparsely lanate. Leaves mostly cauline; blades green, lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate, 5–11 cm, margins sinuate
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312. Stems (20–) 30–60 cm. Leaves: basal axils ± densely tomentose, terminal lobes 3–15 mm; cauline 0–3. Heads 3–8. Peduncles 2–12 cm. Phyllaries 6–10
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FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 374. Mentioned on page 368. Plants 30–60 (–110) cm. Stems (often relatively numerous, clustered in clonal patches) simple
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elongate, nodulose, to 5 mm thick. Culms usually in tufts, erect, slender, 30–60 (–70) cm, sometimes appearing weak, glabrous or hairy. Leaves: proximal sheaths
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Perennials or subshrubs, (20–) 30–60 (–80) cm (woody crowns and woody rhizomes). Stems erect (brittle), minutely puberulent
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Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants cespitose. Culms 30-60 cm, stiffly erect, wiry, sparsely pubescent to almost glabrous. Cauline blades
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Delphinium leucophaeum Greene Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems 30-60 cm. Flowers: sepals white or light yellow, spurs 9-11 mm; lower petal blades
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Thyrses 8–30 cm, interrupted; stems (25–)30–60 cm; Arizona. Penstemon distans 6 Thyrses 2–7(–8) cm, continuous or interrupted; stems 2–25 cm; Utah. > 7
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Volume 20. Treatment on page 71. Mentioned on page 52, 62, 72. Plants 10–100 cm. Stems ascending to erect, greenish when young becoming tan and gray, sometimes
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Mentioned on page 379, 380, 394. Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, 23–60 cm, puberulent or ± scabrous on angles near base or throughout. Stems erect
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Treatment on page 123. Mentioned on page 65, 66. Perennials or subshrubs, 30–220 cm. Stems usually erect or spreading, sometimes sprawling or scandent, branched
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on page 132. Mentioned on page 126, 133. Stems ascending to erect, (25–) 30–60 cm, puberulent proximally, glandular-pubescent distally. Leaves basal and
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Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants (15–) 30–60+ cm. Stems proximally piloso-hirsute (hairs 1.5–5+ mm), sometimes stellate-pubescent
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Perennials, 7–75 cm; taprooted (taproots usually not collected, often weakly developed), roots and caudices woody, branches rhizomelike (3–15 cm; fibrous-rooted)
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branched, 30–60 cm. Leaves in a basal rosette and cauline, rosette weakly developed or absent, at least during flowering, 3–9 × (0.6–) 1–2.5 cm; petiole
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4-1 mm; blades 30-100 cm long, 2-7 (9) cm wide, with a wedge-shaped, light to dark-brown area at the base. Panicles 30-60 cm long, to 30 cm wide. Spikelets
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cespitose. Culms 30-100 cm, erect; nodes glabrous. Sheaths glabrous, margins ciliate; ligules 0.2-0.5 mm, membranous, ciliate; blades (10) 30-60 cm long, 2-8
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basally tuberous-thickened, (5–) 15–40 (–80) cm × 1–2.5 mm, glabrous. Leaves flat to V-shaped, (5–) 10–30 (–60) cm × (0.5–) 1–3 (–4) mm. Inflorescences: spike
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Treatment on page 249. Mentioned on page 247. Herbs. Stems ascending to erect, 30–60 cm, glaucous. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline 26–56 × 7–15 mm, blade lanceolate
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FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 181. Mentioned on page 178. Subshrubs 30–60 cm. Stems single (erect to ascending), green when young, woody portions tan
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or ± terete, (3–) 20–45 (–70) cm × (0.8–) 1.2–2 mm, glabrous. Leaves (2–) 6–10 (–16), flat to V-shaped, (2–) 10–30 (–60) cm × 1–4 mm. Inflorescences: spike
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Plants annual; with dense fibrous-root growth, not stoloniferous. Culms 30-60 cm, erect or decumbent, occasionally rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths usually
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State University Plants not cespitose, strongly rhizomatous. Culms 10-30 (60) cm tall, 1-2 mm thick, solitary or few together, glabrous or sparsely pubescent
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rhizomatous. Culms single or close together, trigonous to ± terete, (1–) 8–30 (–60) cm × (0.3–) 0.6–1.5 (–2.2) mm, glabrous. Leaves: blades present or reduced
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bearing tufts of basal leaves. Stems erect, simple proximal to inflorescence, 30–60 cm, softly pubescent and stipitate-glandular. Leaves 2 per node; basal ± petiolate
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usually with 1+ ascending branches from basal rosette, 30–60 cm. Leaves 1–12 × 0.2–1.7 cm; petiole 0–1 cm, distal ones sessile; blade lanceolate to narrowly
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Copyright: Utah State University Plants perennial; cespitose, rhizomatous. Culms 30-60 cm, erect, geniculate at the middle nodes; nodes glabrous or pubescent, hairs
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Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Leaves 10–40 cm × 4–22 mm. Scape 30–60 cm, smooth to scabrous. Flowers: perianth white, sometimes flushed
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1–3 × 1–1.5 cm, tomentose abaxially, thinly floccose or glabrous adaxially, margins undulate-crisped. Inflorescences cymose, 50–100 × 30–60 cm; branches
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page 537. Mentioned on page 532, 533, 540. Plants candelabra-form, (7–) 30–50 (–60) cm. Basal leaves persisting; petiole present or absent; blade linear-lanceolate
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John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America Association Stems (15-) 30-50 (-60) cm; base sometimes reddish, pubescent. Leaves mostly on proximal 1/4 of
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or lithophytic, 30–60 (–75) cm. Leaves absent at flowering time, 2–8, short-petiolate; blade elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 30 × 5 cm, apex acute to obtuse
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Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants annual. Culms (30) 60-250 cm, mostly erect, compressed, sometimes branch¬ing from the lower nodes;
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on page 216. Mentioned on page 215. Perennials (weak or monocarpic), (30–) 60–110 cm; taprooted (new rosettes from bases of previous season’s stems or as
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Mentioned on page 255, 257, 295, 296, 298, 300, 302, 304. Annuals, 5–250 cm. Stems erect. Leaves mostly cauline (at flowering) proximal opposite (often
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Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals or biennials, 30–60 (–80) cm; taprooted. Stems (1+ from base, erect to ascending) loosely tomentose
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Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants densely cespitose. Culms 30-50 (60) cm, erect, with several nodes, sparingly branched, scabrous to puberulent
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proximal nodes, 30–60 (–90) cm. Leaf-blades light green to yellowish green, linear-lanceolate, occasionally lanceolate, 6–14 × 1–3.5 (–4) cm, usually ca.
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inflorescence or at proximal nodes, 30–60 (–90) cm. Leaf-blades linear-lanceolate, occasionally almost linear, 5–13 × (0.5–) 1–2.5 cm, usually ca. 7 or more times
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axillary shoots below 1st-order inflorescence or at proximal nodes, 30–50 (–60) cm. Leaf-blades light or yellowish green, veins scarcely prominent abaxially
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erect, simple or branched, terete, sometimes 4-angled distally, (5–) 30–60 (–80) cm, glabrous, glaucous. Leaves basal and cauline; petiole: basal and proximal
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(10–25 cm), longer pedicels (3–8 mm), and shorter petals (5–6 mm). The northern populations are distinguished by the combination of longer stems (30–60 cm)
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384, 391. Perennials or subshrubs, 10–100 cm; caudices branched, usually woody, taproots 2–18+ cm. Stems 1–30+, branched throughout or in distal 1/2–2/3
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Volume 25. Treatment on page 384. Plants perennial; rhizomatous. Culms 60-120 cm, stiffly erect, clustered. Sheaths open; ligules 0.1-0.3 mm, membranous
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353. Plants perennial; sometimes cespitose, often rhizomatous. Culms 10-350 cm, erect, with extravaginal branching. Leaves basal or evenly distributed; sheaths
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perennial). Culms trigonous, (4–) 10–50 (–130) cm × (0.5–) 1–4 mm. Leaves flanged V or inversely W-shaped, 5–30 (–60) cm × 4–12 mm. Inflorescences: spikes 1–5 (–12)
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(–17) cm × 3–10 mm, ciliate at base. Inflorescences tending to nodding with secund flowers, usually with 3–7 flowering nodes, slender, elongate, 4–30 (–60)
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distally, 30–60 cm. Leaves in a weakly developed basal rosette and cauline, basal 9–23 × 1–2.5 cm, cauline 5–11 × 1.5–3.5 cm; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; blade very
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University Plants annual or of indefinite duration. Culms 10-100 cm long, erect portion 30-60 cm, long-decumbent, rooting and branching at the decumbent nodes
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loosely cespitose, with several culms arising from the same tuft. Culms (10) 30-60 cm. Sheaths pubescent, shredding into fibers, cauline leaf-sheaths tightly
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page 245. Mentioned on page 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246. Plants (1–) 5–30 (–60) cm; taproots seldom branched. Stems 1–15+, ascending to erect, pinkish to
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page 312. Stems 30–60 (–70) cm. Leaves: basal axils ± densely tomentose, terminal lobes 3–6 mm; cauline 5–12. Heads 4–14. Peduncles 1–6 cm. Phyllaries 7–10
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Treatment on page 568. Mentioned on page 546. Perennials (annuals?), 30–60 (–100) cm (apparently taprooted). Herbage viscid-pubescent (reputedly notably
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Volume 19. Treatment on page 291. Mentioned on page 279, 282. Plants 30–60 (–100+) cm. Stems proximally piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–3+ mm), distally stellate-pubescent
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22. Herbs, perennial, cespitose, 50–150 cm. Stems compact. Leaves ascending in narrow fans, (19–) 30–50 (–60) cm; sheaths pinkish or pale-red, soft, smooth;
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20. Treatment on page 555. Mentioned on page 547. Perennials, (20–) 30–40 (–60) cm (rhizomes suberect or weakly spreading). Herbage lanate-arachnose or
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204, 220. Illustrator: Copyright: Plants perennial, densely cespitose, 30–60 (–90) cm; rhizomes forking, compact. Culms lax, leafy toward base, filiform,
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basal and cauline; involucres 4–30 mm diam > 60 60 Perennials (rhizomatous); leaves linear to filiform Phoebanthus 60 Perennials or shrubs (not rhizomatous);
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Culms trigonous, (30–) 60–130 cm × 1–4 (–9) mm, densely papillose, otherwise glabrous. Leaves with cross ribs prominent, V-shaped, 30–100 cm × 5–13 (–20) mm
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cylindric, (15–) 30–60 (–90) cm, axis glabrous, verticillasters 9–12 (–20), cymes (1–) 3–9-flowered; proximal bracts ovate to lanceolate, 11–55 × 4–30 mm; peduncles
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page 176. Mentioned on page 157, 177. Stems ascending to erect, (14–) 30–60 (–90) cm, glabrous or retrorsely hairy, not glaucous. Leaves basal and cauline
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amabile subsp. apachense Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems (17-) 30-60 (-100) cm. Leaves basal and cauline, basal often absent at anthesis; basal leaves
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2-200-flowered panicles, racemes, corymbs, umbels, or flowers solitary, to 41 cm; involucres absent or present, involucral-bracts 2-3 (these compound, often
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706. Plants perennial; often cespitose, usually rhizomatous. Culms 10-210 cm, unbranched or branched, more or less smooth, nodes 1-8. Sheaths open, smooth
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FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 14. Plants annual or perennial. Culms 1-500 cm, not woody, usually not branched above the base. Sheaths usually open, often
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obvious bracts. Spikelets with (0-1) 2 (3-6) glumes (empty bracts) subtending 1-60 florets, glumes and florets distichously attached to a rachilla (central axis);
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542, 543, 545, 548, 580, 582, 584. Annuals, biennials, or perennials, 3–100+ cm (rhizomatous or taprooted, often with relatively thin, branched fibrous-roots)
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Annuals, biennials, or perennials [subshrubs, shrubs, trees], (0.5–) 2–90 (–100) cm (taprooted, fibrous-rooted, or rhizomatous and fibrous-rooted, sometimes with
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571, 578, 579, 585, 593, 604, 607, 609, 610, 618, 633. Shrubs or trees, (5–) 30–110 (–150) dm. Stems: trunks 1–several, ± erect to oblique, bark usually flattened-scaly
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often cespitose, sometimes mat-forming, rarely stoloniferous. Culms 2-300 cm, erect, geniculate, or decumbent, usually herbaceous, sometimes becoming woody
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leaf blades mostly 3–8+ cm and radiate heads with yellow corollas (laminae mostly 15–25+ mm) borne on peduncles mostly 3–15+ cm are cultivated in warm areas
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artificiality of that system. Schulz divided the family into 19 tribes and 30 subtribes based on characters (e.g., fruit length-to-width ratio, compression
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and P. radiata). Involucres hemispheric to narrowly campanulate, 5–15 (–30) × 5–60 mm. Phyllaries 10–40 in 2–6 series, appressed to loosely spreading, 1-nerved
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72, 85, 188. Shrubs (trees in Ericameria parishii var. parishii), 10–500 cm. Stems usually erect to ascending, rarely prostrate, fastigiately or intricately
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on page 460, 507. Annuals, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, (12–) 30–120 (–200) cm. Stems mostly erect, often much branched (sometimes virgate, often
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purplish). Ray-florets usually 5–30+ (–100+ in cultivars), rarely 0, neuter; corollas usually yellow. Disc-florets (15–) 30–150+ (–1000+ in cultivars), bisexual
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or linear > 30 30 Cypselae flattened, 2–(3–4)-nerved; pappi of outer, shorter bristles orscales plus inner, longer bristles Ionactis 30 Cypselae ± compressed
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present; compound thorns on trunk abundant or absent; twigs ± thorny, thorns 10–60 (–100) mm, growth determinate (indeterminate in sect. Crataegus); glabrous
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oblanceolate, spatulate, fan-shaped, or rhombic, seldom folded along midribs, 0.5–18 cm, membranous to leathery, margins flat, usually entire or toothed, sometimes
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paniclelike, rarely simple. Pedicels present. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, (1–) 4–30 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth green, pinkish, or red, campanulate
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associated with moist to wet habitats, usually with water not more than 50 cm deep in the growing season. Species of Carex are often dominant or co-dominant
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in Pereskia and several genera outside the flora), terete or flat, 0–3 cm (to 10 cm in Pereskia); stipules absent. Spines flexible and hairlike or bristlelike
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phyllaries in 2–4 series, pistillate florets in 2–8 series, bisexual florets 10(–30), corollas yellow, 4-lobed, and cypselae obovoid, 1–1.5 mm, epappose. Traditionally
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Mentioned on page 184, 185, 206. Annuals or perennials [shrubs, vines], 5–400 cm. Stems usually 1, usually erect, (terete or 4-angled, often striate or sulcate)
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circular, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate, or obovate to oblanceolate, 2–60 (–120) × 1.2–40 cm, nearly smooth to tuberculate, glabrous or pubescent; areoles usually
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194, 351. Annuals, biennials, or perennials, 1–2 (–3) or (1–) 5–15 (–75+) cm (usually taprooted or developing ± woody caudices, sometimes rhizomatous)
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73 Scape (3–)5–15(–17) cm; umbel persistent; tepals erect, not connivent over capsule in fruit. Allium hickmanii 73 Scape 15–60 cm; umbel shattering, each
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Cronquist’s (1981, 1988, 1993) very broadly circumscribed Liliaceae. No fewer than 30 segregate families have been recognized, though there is not universal acceptance
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(Platystele Garay), to 15–20 cm diameter (some Paphiopedilum Pfitzer, Phragmipedium Rolfe, and Cattleya Lindley spp.), and ultimately to 76 cm [Phragmipedium caudatum
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subshrubs 100–200 cm that are initially arachnose to tomentose, soon glabrescent, and have oblanceolate to linear or filiform leaves (2–7 cm), notably small
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subshrubs, or shrubs, (1–)5–200(–300) cm; phyllaries 2–50+; ray florets 0 or (1–)4–21(–60+); disc florets (1–)5–60(–300); pappi 0 or of smooth to barbellate
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diam.; florets 10–30 > 26 25 Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs; involucres (2–)4–7 mm diam.; florets (3–)25–50 > 27 26 Perennials, 20–60 cm (viscid); corollas
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Eleocharis (R. Brown) Endlicher Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 60. Mentioned on page 4, 6, 7, 29, 61, 121. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman
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proximally into tube, (4–) 10–28 (–40) mm; tube green, whitish, and/or purplish, 10–30-veined, cylindric to campanulate, urceolate, or clavate, terete, frequently
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Mountains, San Bernardino County > 30 30 Leaf blades elliptic to oblong, (2-)2.5-4.5(-5) × 1.5-3.5(-4) cm; petioles (2-)3-7 cm; involucres turbinate-campanulate
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loculicidal. Seeds black, flattened, obovoid, becoming globose distally. x = 30 (5 large, 25 small). Warmer regions in the Americas from the sw United States
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sometimes dioecious; cespitose, stoloniferous, or rhizomatous. Culms 2-160 cm, not woody, erect, decumbent, or geniculate, sometimes rooting at the lower
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appears in FNA Volume 3. Roots 1-5 (-9) -branched from within 1 cm of stem attachment, 2-7 (-16) cm, cormlike to fascicled or fibrous, ± fleshy, ± succulent,
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linear, rarely 2-lobed (A. neoscotica). Capsules: dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 60–600, yellow, tan, brown, or black, angled, wings absent. x = 13. c, e North
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Phyllaries persistent, 8–30 in 2 (–3) series, 0-nerved or 2-nerved, lanceolate to linear, ± equal (herbaceous). Florets 10–60; corollas white or lavender
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Mentioned on page 52, 68, 486, 531. Perennials or subshrubs, (1–) 5–60 (–70) cm (usually aromatic). Stems 1–5+ (with interxylary cork), lax to erect,
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usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous, rarely stoloniferous. Culms 10-250 cm, usually erect, rarely prostrate, glabrous. Sheaths open, usually glabrous
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Treatment on page 278. Mentioned on page 219, 279. Perennials, (5–) 20–150+ cm; taprooted (rootstocks sometimes woody, branched; stolons produced in some
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in FNA Volume 3. Roots 3-8 (-12) -branched at least 1 cm from stem attachment, (4-) 10-30 (-40) cm, fibrous, twisted, dry, thin threadlike segments apparent
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usually hairy. Ray-florets 0 or 8–15+; corollas bright-yellow. Discs 12–60 (–80) × 10–30 mm. Disc-florets (100–) 150–300 (–600+); corollas proximally yellow
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66, 67. Annuals or perennials [shrubs, trees], 7–15+ cm (Verbesina nana) or 30–200 (–400) [–2500+] cm. Stems usually erect, usually branched (internodes
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proximal bracts scalelike or bristlelike, rarely leaflike, not more than 5 cm, not more than 2 times as long as inflorescences, sheathless; lateral spikes
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Perennials, 5–10 cm. Leaves: basal 2-pinnate, 3–20 cm, lobes 2–50 × 0.5–2 (–3) mm; cauline 0–12. Heads 1–60 per stem. Peduncles 1–16 cm. Phyllaries whitish
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Koponen Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: 145, figs. 14, 15, 20, 31, 32, 35, 36, 41, 43, 47, 60, 69, 78, 81, 98, 100. 1968. Terry T. McIntosh, Steven G. Newmaster Etymology:
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annual; culms 1-60 cm tall; rachillas not prolonged beyond the base of the distal florets Aira 21 Plants perennial or annual; culms 5-150 cm tall; rachillas
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In apomictic individuals, the pollen grains are significantly larger (20–30 µm diam.), and spheroid with asymmetrical colpi. The differences in pollen
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shoots not keeled and tubular, of extravaginal shoots scalelike. Culms 1-150 cm, hollow, usually unbranched above the base. Sheaths from almost completely
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flattened distally, 0.2–1.3 mm diam., tip straight to recurved, distal 5–60 (–90) % hairy or papillate, hairs or papillae to 1.5 mm, rarely glabrous;
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FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 353. Mentioned on page 17. Perennials, 30–200+ cm (rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or with basal offshoots). Stems erect to
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flattened distally, 0.2–0.8 (–1.1) mm diam., tip straight to recurved, distal 5–60 (–90) % hairy, hairs to 3 mm, sometimes glabrous; style glabrous. Capsules
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15, 17, 384, 394, 402. Annuals, biennials, perennials, or subshrubs, 3–100 cm (taprooted, caudices woody, much branched [rhizomes]). Stems erect, spreading
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12, 14, 89, 425, 438. Annuals, biennials, perennials, or subshrubs, 15–250+ cm (taprooted, rhizomatous in G. oölepis). Stems (1–6+) usually erect, sometimes
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page 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, 386, 446. Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 20–250 cm (root crowns woody). Stems erect, usually much branched, glabrous or lanate-tomentose
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oblanceolate-oblong to linear in outline, planar to cylindric, (1–) 2–30 (–40) cm, foliaceous, leaflets (3–) 5–41, separate or congested and overlapping
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per side, separate to overlapping, divided ± 1/6–3/4+ to midrib into 3–30 (–60) teeth or lobes not restricted to apex. Inflorescences open to congested
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America Association Perennials, 2–30+ cm. Caudices ± branched, branches notably thickened distally. Stems 1–35 (–60), erect, unbranched. Leaves all basal
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glabrous proximally; stigmas [2–] 3 (–5), terminal or subterminal, papillate (30×). Capsules globose to conic, opening by 3 or 6, occasionally 4, 8, or 10
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365. Mentioned on page 19, 182, 361, 362, 372, 382, 466. Perennials, 10–120 cm (rhizomes long and slender to short and thick, sometimes cormoid, often becoming
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Wetensch. 1: 56. 1826 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 60. Mentioned on page 23, 24, 29, 49, 51, 61, 64, 66, 67, 71, 75, 78, 83, 86
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3–9 mm. > 4 4 Rosettes 10–30 cm diam., 20–45-leaved; caudices simple, 2–8 cm diam.; leaf blades usually not farinose, 3–7 cm wide; insular Dudleya candelabrum
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complete. Pollen tricolpate or multiporate. Nearly worldwide Species ca. 85 (30 in the flora). Rogers, C. M. 1982. The systematics of Linum sect. Linopsis
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to ± toothed; petiole present; blade oblanceolate-oblong in outline, 1–25 cm, foliaceous, leaflets 5–13 (–21), distinct, terminal not confluent with distalmost
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turions; stems 5–30 (–40) cm, usually simple, rarely branched, rarely stems 20–80 cm, well branched. > 26 26 Leaf blades 1.5–10 cm; stems 20–80 cm, well branched
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inflorescences 15–30(–40) cm, paniclelike; capsules deeply lobed. Ceanothus cyaneus 33 Branchlets not tuberculate; inflorescences 2.5–9 cm, usually racemelike
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Ray-florets (4–) 12–60 (–85), pistillate, fertile; corollas white to light blue or purple (coiling at maturity). Disc-florets 30–140, bisexual, fertile;
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(–45) [–250] × 8–30 [–80] cm, apical region appearing copiously woolly (shortly velvety in E. texensis) [glabrous]; ribs (7–) 8–27 [–60+], very prominent
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page 10. Mentioned on page 3, 9, 25. Annuals, perennials, or shrubs, 10–400+ cm (usually rhizomatous). Stems erect, decumbent, or prostrate, branched. Leaves
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Treatment on page 206. Mentioned on page 58, 67, 200, 201, 207. Perennials, 2–20 (–30+) dm (rhizomatous or not). Leaves usually mostly cauline (rarely mostly basal
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biennials, or perennials (subshrubs in D. canescens var. ziegleri), 10–100 cm; taprooted. Stems erect to ascending, much branched (when well developed)
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