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glabrous; corollas white, spotted with purple, or buff or coppery brown to greenish tan; fruits drupelike capsules, fleshy. > 8 8 Corollas white, spotted with

funnelform, lobes broadly ovate; petals 5, corolla buff or coppery brown to greenish tan, bilaterally symmetric, tubular, abaxial lobes 3, strongly recurved and

sheath conduplicate, elongate. Flowers 12, resupinate, simultaneous, greenish tan with reddish purple blotches; sepals oblanceolate, 1–1.4 × 3–3.5 mm,

anthers yellow, 0.6–0.8 mm; carpels (5–) 8–15 (–18), styles 1–3 mm. Achenes greenish tan to light-brown, 1.2–1.5 mm. Generated Map Legacy Map Calif., Nev. Varieties

carpophore present or usually absent. Seeds 1–10, dark reddish or greenish brown, tan, blackish purple, black, or gray, ovoid to pyriform or suborbicular

terete, extending well beyond dichasium. Flowers: tepals tan or darker, usually with greenish midstripe, lanceolate, 1.9–3.5 mm; inner slightly shorter;

connivent, not fully concealing stamens and ovary, maroon-red, purple, greenish tan, or 2-colored, claw dark reddish maroon basally, often twisted, linear

usually much shorter than inflorescence. Flowers: bracteoles 2; tepals greenish to tan, lanceolate or widely so, 3.3–4.4 mm; outer and inner series nearly

scales usually absent (or few), spines absent; pulp colorless to white, greenish, or pinkish; floral remnant persistent or deciduous. Seeds usually reddish-brown

3–8 mm, branches sometimes of unequal lengths; stigmas white. Capsules greenish tan, ovoid, 1.5–2.5 cm, apex apiculate, minutely, densely stellate-hairy

bract rarely surpassing inflorescence. Flowers: bracteoles 2; tepals greenish to tan, lanceolate, (3.3–) 3.6–5.1 (–5.7) mm; outer and inner series nearly

filaments 2.5–3.5 mm, anthers 0.4–0.5 mm; style 1–1.2 mm. Capsules greenish to tan, pseudo-3-locular, ellipsoid, 5.5–9 × 1.8–2.6 mm. Seeds pale-yellow

low. Culms 5–20 (–30) cm. Leaves to 2/3 length of scapes; sheaths greenish or tan, glabrous or hispidulous on ribs; blades spreading, filiform, 0.5 mm

ascending or recurved only at tips, pale dull creamy yellow or pale greenish tan to pale yellow-orange or pale apricot, usually with well-defined darker

adaxially. Panicles 15-55 cm long, 1-15 cm wide, contracted to open, greenish-tan to purplish; primary branches 3-13 cm, narrowly ascending or diverging

ovate, 0.7–0.8 times sepals; stamens 4–7; styles 0.4–0.6 mm. Capsules greenish tan, 2.5–2.8 mm, 0.9–1.2 times sepals. Seeds black, often with silvery, not

anthers yellow, 0.6–0.8 mm; carpels 10–30, styles 0.9–1.3 mm. Achenes greenish tan to light-brown, 1.2–1.5 mm. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Dry

8 times as long as sepal; stamens 7–10; styles 0.4–0.6 mm. Capsules greenish to tan, (4–) 5–6.5 mm, 1.1–1.3 times as long as sepals. Seeds reddish-brown

to truncate or absent. > 9 6 Capsules usually shorter than perianth, greenish or tan Juncus capillaris 6 Capsules usually nearly equal to or longer than

dry reddish brown to black and contrast markedly with the much paler greenish tan stems and branches. Corollas dry brownish pink, and styles are often

creamy white, sometimes with midstripes or faint midlines of pale green, greenish tan, dull pinkish brown, or olive-gray, 1–2 cm × 1.5–4.8 mm; stigma lobes

transversely rugose or rugulose; achenes 1–1.2 mm; spikelets pale or greenish or tan; longer involucral bracts exceeding inflorescence. > 3 3 Involucral

times as long as sepals; stamens 1–4 (–5); styles 0.3–0.4 mm. Capsules greenish to tan, 2.8–4 mm, 0.9–1.4 times as long as sepals. Seeds reddish-brown to blackish

times as long as sepals; stamens 6–10; styles 0.6–0.8 mm. Capsules greenish to tan, 3.5–5 mm, 1–1.2 times as long as sepals. Seeds redbrown to dark-brown

8 times as long as sepals; stamens 3–5; styles 0.3–0.4 mm. Capsules greenish to tan, 1.4–2.6 mm, 1.3–1.5 times as long as sepals. Seeds dark-brown or reddish-brown

ovate, triangular, deltate, oblong, or obovate; petals 5, distinct, white, greenish white, yellowish white, pink, or purplish red, without basal tubercles

long as sepals; stamens (1–) 2–3 (–5); styles 0.4–0.7 mm. Capsules greenish to tan, 2.8–6.4 mm, 1–1.5 times as long as sepals. Seeds light-brown to reddish-brown

areoles bearing short feltlike wool of various colors, often tan or gray. Seeds pale-yellow to tan or gray, flattened to subspheric, angular to squarish or

long-creeping, ascending to horizontal, usually branched; scales brown to tan or often bicolored with dark, central stripe and lighter margins, linear-subulate

page 52, 62, 72. Plants 10–100 cm. Stems ascending to erect, greenish when young becoming tan and gray, sometimes fastigiately branched, densely white to

branched caudices). Stems ascending to erect or spreading (greenish when young, with age, bark tan to gray, flaky or fibrous), simple (branched in arrays,

ascending, rarely prostrate, fastigiately or intricately branched (bark typically tan to reddish-brown, becoming gray, twigs usually green to gray or yellowish)

base distal to articulation; perianth often accrescent in fruit, often greenish, white, pink, yellow, red, or purple, usually unwinged and unkeeled (winged

(unequally valvate in Tiarella), dehiscence septicidal between beaks. Seeds 5–200, tan, brown, dark-brown, black, yellowish-brown, reddish-brown, or red, rarely

persistent or disintegrating with age and deciduous entirely or distally, usually tan, brown, or reddish, chartaceous or partially to entirely foliaceous, rarely

or stalked or, if farinose (in Argyrochosma), then stem scales uniformly tan or brown and ultimate segments distinctly stalked. > 9 8 Sporangia confined

brownish green, 0.3–8 mm. Fruits indehiscent, usually pink, bright red, or greenish, green and barrel-shaped when seeds mature, sometimes becoming colored

areoles, campanulate or funnelform, 1–6.7 × 1–6 (–7) cm; outer tepals with greenish lavender, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, or purple midstripes, white,

drying. Seeds (0–) 5–3000+, yellowish, reddish, brown, black, or appearing tan or whitish (dark testa completely covered by pale, tough, glabrous or rarely

or intricately branched (bark typically tan, becoming white to tan or gray when older; twigs usually greenish), glabrous or scabrous, gland-dotted (sometimes

sutures smooth or winged; nuts brown, reddish-brown, or tan, sometimes mottled with black or tan, compressed or not compressed, angled or not angled, smooth

foetidissima), pedicellate or sessile; perianth epigynous, white, yellow, tan, brown, copper-red, maroon, blue, blue-violet, or purple, often with markings

elliptic, circular, or obovate, 3–8 (–10) × 1–7 (–10) mm; wool white, gray, or tan to brown, aging white or gray to black. Spines 0–15+ per areole, white, yellow

gray-black, exfoliating or not; long and short-shoots present; young stems tan or reddish-brown to brown, glabrous or villous. Leaves deciduous (tardily

glands absent; cortex and pith usually mucilaginous. Spines 3–45, reddish tan, pink, gray, or white, needle-shaped or awl-shaped to hairlike, 6–30 × 0.3–1

moderately hairy). Disc-florets 200–300+, bisexual, fertile; corollas pinkish, greenish, reddish purple, or yellow, tubes shorter than throats (often sparsely

usually on rock. Stems compact, erect to ascending, usually unbranched; scales tan to brown, rarely black, concolored, subulate to narrowly lanceolate, margins

spreading, deltate; style-branch appendages mostly deltate (papillate). Cypselae (tan) oblong to oblong-obovoid, compressed to flattened, 2 (–4) -nerved, or subterete

cells; indusia absent. Spores greenish, tetrahedral-globose, trilete, surface commonly papillate. Gametophytes greenish, borne aboveground, ribbon-shaped

twining over shrubs and trees, to 20 m or more. Bark gray-brown, flaking; pith tan, becoming dark-brown, continuous; young twigs pale-brown and smooth, older

Glochids yellow-tan to redbrown in dense adaxial crescent and scattered, stouter ones at basal margins. Flowers: inner tepals yellow to greenish yellow; outer

tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.3–4.4 mm, apex acuminate; stamens 6, filaments 0.5–0.9 mm, anthers 0.4–0.6 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. Capsules light tan or darker

sepals; sepals greenish, 0.8–2 mm, base flattened, glandular-viscid; petals withering, alternate with sepals, distinct, white with tan, maroon, or purplish

Phyllaries 15–20 in 3–4 series, often in vertical ranks or spirals, mostly tan, ± greenish apically, midveins rarely visible, ovate or oblong to elliptic, 1.5–5

narrowly campanulate, 4–5 × 3–4 mm. Phyllaries 10–14 in 3–4 series, tan, sometimes greenish subapically, ovate to oblong, 2.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 mm, unequal, mostly

in thin plates, exposing conspicuous mosaic of chalky white to buff or greenish new bark, becoming dark, thick, and fissured with age. Axillary buds: each

branched caudices, bark whitish tan, becoming gray, flaky and fibrous with age. Stems ascending, green, soon becoming tan, glabrous or puberulent, sometimes

Receptacles ± flat, epaleate. Florets (15–) 20–150; corollas yellow, sometimes greenish, rarely cream or pale-pink [white], often purplish or gray-striped abaxially

Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–5 m. Bark tan, smooth in young shoots, furrowed in older shoots. Leaves spirally arranged

capitate. Capsules: dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 5–100, dark gray, brown, or tan, ovoid, wings absent. x = 8. North America, Mexico, South America, Europe

Florets 20–30; corollas yellow to orange (outer sometimes with reddish or greenish stripes). Cypselae light to dark-brown or reddish-brown, fusiform or cylindric

glanddotted. Heads 1–12+, held well beyond leaves. Peduncles 14–45+ cm (ribs tan, prominent). Phyllaries 7–14, outer linear, 6–12 × 0.8–1.5 mm, inner lanceovate

Twigs greenish, reddish, or orangish brown, retaining color or turning black on drying, stout or slender, hirsute or glabrous. Terminal buds tan to dark-brown

basal portion densely villous; anthers 2–4 mm, thecae white to tan or pinkish, tubules tan to pinkish brown, 0.8–1.1 mm, abruptly narrowed from thecae, lateral

bracts absent. Flowers: sepals distinct, usually mixture of white, green, tan, red, or purple, proximally touching valvately and forming well-de tube, externally

± wandlike, branched caudices, bark tan to gray, fairly smooth, flaky with age. Stems ascending, green, becoming tan, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves ascending

cm; caudices woody, very branched, bark tan to dark gray, fibrous with age. Stems ascending, green becoming tan, glabrous or puberulent, resin-dotted to

anthers 0.6–1 mm; style 0.2 mm. Capsules tan, 1-locular to pseudo-3-locular, ellipsoid, 2.9–3.6 × 1.5–1.9 mm. Seeds tan to amber, ellipsoid to lunate, 0.4–0

symmetric, cylindric to funnelform, lobes triangular to narrowly ovate; corolla greenish white, creamy white, or pale lavender, bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate

portion absent, green proximally, usually purplish distally; sepals 5, greenish; petals 5, white; nectary disc absent; stamens 10; (anthers dehiscent by

(1–) 3–5 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth accrescent, greenish to greenish yellow, campanulate, indurate, glabrous; tepals 5, connate proximally

Phyllaries 40–60+ in 3–5 series, in spirals, mostly tan, ovate to lanceolate, unequal, 3–10 × 1–1.8 mm, greenish distally but scarcely herbaceous, apices acute

white or greenish white, 2–4 mm; tepals dimorphic, rarely slightly so, ovate, apex obtuse; anthers yellow to pink. Achenes included or exserted, tan to grayish

2–5 cm, sparsely to moderately glandular-puberulent. Flowers: calyx light greenish, 5.5–8.5 mm, glandular-pubescent abaxially, tube 1.5–2.5 mm, lobes 5, 3–6

appressed-pubescent, 1-year old usually dull yellowish to greenish brown or gray-brown to light or dark tan; thorns on twigs variable, straight to slightly recurved

forming a thin or thick turf, green to greenish yellow or brown distally, blackish or weakly iridescent to metallic tan or yellowbrown proximally. Stems to

in flower; bracts persistent, (deciduous after flowering in A. pringlei), tan or light-brown, scalelike, sometimes keeled, deltate or ovate, (tips often

to ovary, 0.5–1.5 mm free from ovary, greenish or yellow-green; sepals 4, yellow, greenish yellow, green, greenish red, reddish orange, or purple, sometimes

conic, 25–35 × 20–40 mm. Disc corollas 4.5–5.5 mm, lobes greenish to pink or purple. Cypselae tan, 4–5 mm, faces finely tuberculate, glabrous; pappi to 1

oval to circular, 2–4 mm diam., not raised, sometimes somewhat sunken; wool tan to brown. Spines often absent or 1–2 (–3) per areole, spreading, whitish to

15–40 mm. Disc corollas 8–9 mm, lobes purple to greenish (usually erect). Cypselae tan, disc cypselae tan, banded, 4–5 mm, usually glabrous (ray cypselae

Capsules tan or light-brown, 1-locular to pseudo-3-locular, ellipsoid, (3.3–) 3.8–4.7 × (1.1–) 1.3–1.7 mm, nearly equal to tepals. Seeds tan, ellipsoid

units less than 10 mm diam. Flowers: tepals greenish, greenish white, or pinkish green, striate, drying to tan, ± equal, 3.5–7 mm, rather rigid; style 1

white, gray, tan, or brown, (9–) 16–25 (–50) mm; subcentral spines 2–3 in adaxial part of areole; central spines (1–) 3–8 per areole, (tan to) pale gray

leaves or bracts, loose to dense, pedunculate. Flowers unisexual; tepals 6, greenish, yellow, or bronze, ovate to elliptic; staminate flowers sometimes with

sparsely glandular-puberulent, lobes triangular, 1.5–2.5 × 2–2.5 mm; corolla greenish white or creamy white, 10–15 mm, glabrous externally, palate and proximal

2-3 dm; pedicel 1-4 cm, stipitate-glandular. Flowers 4-15; bracteoles 6-9, tan to brown, 1-4 mm, caducous, stipitate-glandular; sepals 6, yellow, spatulate

Trees, to 46 m. Twigs greenish, reddish, or grayish brown, normally retaining color on drying, stout, hirsute. Terminal buds tan to dark-brown, 9-18 mm

arising from basal 1/2. Inflorescences 10–15-flowered; peduncle 0–1 mm; bracts tan or brown, lanceolate, 0.5–1 cm, apex acute. Pedicels lax, apex flared. Flowers:

(1–) 3–7 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth nonaccrescent, greenish to reddish-brown, campanulate, glabrous; tepals 4, in 2 whorls of 2, distinct

ocreate fascicle, base stipelike or not; perianth nonaccrescent, creamy or greenish to yellowish white or pink, rotate, glabrous; tepals 5, connate ca. 1/4

some populations; twigs: new growth tomentose young, glabrescent, 1-year old tan, older pale gray; thorns on twigs absent or frequent, rarely plentiful, ±

stem diam.; medullary vascular system conspicuous. Spines 12–20 per areole, tan or yellow, largest spines turning gray with red tips, all nearly terete; radial

straight, new growth glabrous, 1-year old usually purple-brown, sometimes tan or reddish-brown, 2-years old grayish; thorns on twigs usually numerous, straight

papery], tips acute to acuminate, with axillary tufts of whitish to tan hairs [to densely tan woolly]. Fruits indehiscent [to irregularly dehiscent or dehiscing

4–7 × 1–1.5 (–2) mm; wool tan to white. Spines 0–5 per areole, usually in distal areoles or sometimes absent or nearly so, tan to redbrown to deep purple

twigs ± straight, new growth glabrous or hairy, 1-year old golden to pale tan, older light gray; thorns on twigs few to numerous, straight to recurved,

Cypripedium fasciculatum 4 Flowers solitary, erect, white to yellowish or greenish, mottled with pink or brownish; lip 15–30 mm. > 5 5 Petals slightly shorter

spines 1 (–4) per areole; abaxial central spine 1 per areole, whitish to tan or gray, straight, wavy, twisting, or curling, flat, flexible, papery, with

per areole, tan, brown, reddish, or black, usually hooked, terete to angled, 10–55 mm; lateral spines usually (0–) 2 (–4) per areole, white, tan, red or reddish-brown

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Shrubs, 80–120 cm. Stems single, greenish when young, becoming whitish to gray, fastigiately branched distal to middle

oblong, 0.4–0.7 mm; carpels (1–) 3–8, styles 0.9–1.8 mm. Achenes greenish white to light tan, 1.5–2 mm, smooth or rugose, ± carunculate. Generated Map Legacy

long-stipitate-glandular, longer hairs retrorse or, sometimes, spreading, white, tan, or brown; blade cordate or reniform, shorter than or sometimes ± as long

cm, medium and long-stipitate-glandular, longer hairs retrorse, white or tan; blade ovate to broadly ovate, ± as long as or longer than wide, 1.4–8.5 ×

glands and red bristles; sepals not overlapping, reflexed, reddish purple or greenish purple, oblong-lanceolate, 7–11 mm; petals connivent, erect, white or pinkish

6–10 (–13), atop a stipelike torus, styles 0.9–1.8 mm. Achenes greenish white to light tan, 1.2–2 mm, faintly rugose, ± carunculate. Generated Map Legacy

glanddotted. Heads mostly 1–12, held well beyond leaves. Peduncles 3–27+ cm (ribs tan, prominent). Phyllaries 10–15, outer linear, 3–15 × 1–3 mm, inner lanceolate-ovate

primary bract shorter than inflorescence. Flowers: bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7 (–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes

outermost tepal margins entire; inner tepals white, greenish or cream to pale-pink, with tan, pink, greenish, or brownish midstripes, 11–19 × 2–2.5 mm; stigma

× 9–12 mm; filaments greenish yellow; anthers cream; style grooved, not papillate. Fruits irregularly dehiscent at base, green, tan, or red, barrel-shaped

9–1.8 × 1.4–2.6 mm, glabrous; sepals spreading to erect, green, greenish yellow, or greenish red, not purple-spotted or purplish brown-spotted distally, broadly

cream to yellow, sometimes basally greenish; stigma lobes greenish cream, cream or yellow. Fruits yellowish, drying tan, globose, tuberculate, budlike with

cluster around base of current-years growth, mostly ovoid to cylindric-conic, tan to yellow, red, blue, or lavender. Seed-cones maturing in 2 (–3) years, shed

pedunculate. Involucres ovoid, 8–15 mm diam. Principal phyllaries: bodies greenish, ovate, scarious-margined, appendages stramineous to brown, scarious, fringed

flowers, open; primary bract much shorter than inflorescence. Flowers: tepals greenish with reddish or brown tinge, lanceolate, 5–6 mm, outer series shorter;

glabrous; anthers red to maroon, oblong. Achenes mostly included, light greenish brown to tan, not winged, 3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds: embryo curved. x = 14. wc

indehiscent, green to white (slightly pinkish near base), becoming tan or greenish brown, spheric, 4–10 × 4–8 mm, dry and papery, smooth, spineless; pulp

tuft, tan to redbrown, to 5 mm. Flowers: inner tepals yellow with red basal portions (rarely entirely pink to red), 30–40 mm; filaments greenish basally

chamber); inner tepals pink, red, magenta, orange, yellow, brownish, or greenish (rarely white), proximally a darker or contrasting color or similar to

becoming tan by third year, round or 5-angled, coarse or not, (1–) 2–3.5 (–6) mm diam., glabrous or thinly long-hairy. Winter buds greenish yellow, glabrous

adaxially loculicidal; styles persistent, 3, beaklike. Seeds pale-yellow to tan, broadly winged, flat, elliptic to lanceolate. x = 8. e North America Species

hypanthium green or greenish yellow, sometimes purple-spotted distally, turbinate, 1.2–2.2 × 1.8–3.5 mm, glabrous; sepals spreading, greenish yellow, purple

pistillate scales by 0.7–1.6 mm; beak and shoulders of perigynia greenish to yellowish or greenish brown at maturity. > 42 42 Inflorescences erect to somewhat

mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. Capsules tan or light-brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid, (3.3–) 3.8–4.7 mm, nearly equal to tepals. Seeds tan, ellipsoid to lunate, 0.5–0

white to greenish white; anthers yellow; styles minutely but densely papillate Fruits dehiscent along 2–4 vertical slits, green, turning red to tan, ovoid

black, less often tan to brown, usually 1–2 hooked, except some older areoles, 20–40 mm; lateral central spines usually 2 per areole, tan, red, or reddish-brown

base; anthers variously colored tan-orange, brown, peachy magenta, or pale greenish, 0.4–1.6 cm; pollen burnt orange or dark tan; pistil 7.6–10.5 cm; ovary

dense, (3–) 4–17 (–25) -flowered; bracts scalelike; peduncle greenish or olive, drying greenish or brown, branched distally, 6–23 cm. Flowers: hypanthium

herbaceous or herbaceous-tipped, otherwise chartaceous, apices erect (tan or greenish), attenuate. Florets 5–8; corollas pale-yellow, 8–9.1 mm, tubes glabrous

Shrubs, 30–400 cm (stems clustered). Stems spreading to ascending, green to tan, simple proximally, sparingly branched distally, striate-angled, glabrous

deeply divided into fringe of fimbriate lobes, pilose; glands 4–5, green to greenish yellow, reniform to subcircular, 0.7–1.1 × 1–1.6 mm; appendages white,

6–14 mm. Disc-florets 400–750+; corollas greenish yellow, 1.2–1.7 mm (sparsely glandular), lobes 4. Cypselae tan to brownish, obtriangular-obconic (angular

25–45 × 1.5–2 mm. Flowers campanulate, 3–4 × 2–2.5 cm; outer tepals with greenish purple midstripes and rose-purple or magenta margins, cuneate-spatulate

arranged in subadults of some populations, either bright white, ashy white, pale tan, pale pinkish gray, or reddish-brown (rarely stramineous), tips dark bright

sepals spreading or recurved, greenish yellow or greenish, triangular to broadly triangular, 0.6–1.1 × 0.7–1.2 mm; petals greenish, 5–11-lobed, 1.5–3 mm, lobes

Flowers: inner tepals greenish basally to reddish bronze, tinged magenta apically, spatulate-apiculate, 15–25 mm; filaments greenish basally to bronze distally;

5–3 cm, thinly arachnoid. Phyllaries in 10–12 series, strongly imbricate, greenish with subapical darker central zone, ovate (outer) to lanceolate (inner)

fimbriate or plumose. Achenes included in accrescent and usually veiny perianth, tan to dark-brown, unwinged to weakly winged, 3-gonous, sometimes compressed-3-gonous

in brushlike clusters of 10–15 per areole, flexible, whitish to yellowish tan, aging gray; abaxial ones erect to descending, recurved, angularly flattened

glanddotted. Heads 1–15, held well beyond leaves. Peduncles (1.5–) 6.5–48+ cm (ribs tan, prominent). Phyllaries 5–14, outer linear, 4–14 × 0.5–2 mm, inner lanceolate-ovate

narrowly elongate, 1.5–3 cm; areoles subcircular, 1.5–3 mm in diam.; wool tan, aging gray. Spines (0–) 1–4 per areole, in all but proximal areoles of stem

broad; areoles broadly elliptic, 4–4.5 × 2–3.5 mm; wool whitish, yellow to tan, aging gray. Spines (6–) 10–17 (–22) per areole, accompanied by 0–5 short

cream, pale tan, greenish white, or pale-rose-pink, midstripes usually ± sharply defined (sometimes absent), pink often suffused with brown, tan, yellowish

Pedicels absent. Flowers 5-merous; sepals suberect, distinct basally, greenish, sometimes with reddish striations, subovate, unequal, 2–2.5 × 0.1–1.6

bract usually longer than inflorescence. Flowers: bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, (3.5–) 5 mm; outer and inner series nearly equal; stamens

6–12 × 3–7 cm. Flowers solitary; sepals white to yellowish or greenish with brownish or tan markings; dorsal sepal obovate to ovate, 15–23 × 9–18 mm; petals

usually absent. Spines 6–21 per areole, bright white, pale gray, or pale tan, weathering to gray or yellowish-brown, dark brownish orange to pale-brown

sods, fragile, dull green, yellowish to dark green distally, black, brown or tan proximally with prominent shining costae. Stems erect, often branched, in

yellow to tan, aging gray to black. Spines (4–) 6–18 (–24) per areole, at most areoles, interlacing with spines of adjacent areoles, pale tan (rarely yellowish)

herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs; tepals green, greenish white, pinkish green, or white with reddish base, drying tan, striate, 3.5-6(-7) mm > 4 4 Leaf blades

Mirabilis laevis 11 Involucres not or only slightly accrescent after anthesis, greenish at maturity, opaque, moderately veiny, widely bell-shaped, 4-8 mm in fruit;

funnelform to campanulate, (1.5–) 2.2–3.2 × 1.5–3.5 cm; outer tepals with greenish or reddish midstripes and yellow margins, oblanceolate, to 24 × 5 mm; inner

funnelform to campanulate, 2.5–3.5 (–4) × 1.6–3.1 (–3.6) cm; outer tepals with greenish to purple with brownish midstripes, pink, purple, or whitish margins, larger

thickets. Stems erect, sometimes arching, 10–25 dm, densely branched; bark greenish white when young, purplish black with age, densely tomentose or puberulent;

per areole, snowy white or gray, except inner central spines pale-yellow or tan proximally, reddish-brown to nearly black in distal 1/2 or more; radial spines

stamens 2–4, slightly exserted. Fruits 1–11 per cluster, pale greenish to straw colored or tan, narrowly obconic, (2.7–) 3–3.5 [–4] × 1.2–1.5 mm (l/w: (2–)

vascular system absent. Spines 16–34 per areole, drab whitish, pale yellowish tan, or pale purplish gray, overlying relatively bright-yellow to dark yellowbrown

differentiated. Flowers campanulate, 2–3 (–4) × 1.1–3 (–3.5) cm; outer tepals greenish to purple with brownish midstripes, pink, purple or whitish at margins

broadly ovoid to depressed-globose when open, 3–6cm, dull gray-brown to tan or greenish gray, nearly sessile or on stalks to 1cm, scales lacking contrasting

during new leaf emergence; peduncle 0.3-0.8 cm, tomentose, hairs redbrown to tan; bracteoles 1 (-2), basal, usually ovate-triangular, rarely over 2-3 mm, hairy

page 522. Shrubs or trees, 30–80 dm. Stems: twigs: new growth greenish, glabrous, 1-year old tan, older darker or grayer; thorns on twigs few to numerous,

furrowed in age. Branches stiff, straight; twigs opposite to whorled, greenish gray to light-brown, bark splitting as early as 2 years to reveal redbrown

broadly oval, 1.5–2.5 cm; areoles subcircular to obovate, 4–7 × 3–5 mm; wool tan, aging brown to black. Spines 6–12 per areole, in all but proximalmost areoles

broadly elliptic to ovate, with an acute, greenish tip; anthers to 0.8 mm. Caryopses 1.9-3 mm, light-brown or tan; embryos 70-85% as long as the caryopses

5) 9-13.5 mm, subequal, stiff, glabrous or scabridulous, light-brown or greenish-brown; lower glumes prominently 2-veined, 2-keeled by the development of

asymmetric, lanceoloid before opening, ovoid when open, 3–5.5cm, tan to light-brown or greenish yellow, slick, nearly sessile or short-stalked, most apophyses

sometimes mealy, not glaucous. Leaves: ocrea persistent or deciduous, tan or greenish brown, cylindric, 2–4 mm, margins oblique, face not fringed with reflexed

grayish to reddish-brown-tomentose to floccose or glabrous, grayish or greenish. Stems spreading or erect, often with persistent leaf-bases, up to 3/4

or 5-angled, whitish tan by third year; catkins 3-8 cm > 11 10 Terminal buds usually (8-)12-16(-20) mm; branchlets usually round, tan or gray by third year;

page 177, 178. Shrubs, 70–150 cm. Stems ascending to erect, greenish when young, becoming tan to gray, fastigiately branched proximally (± angled from leaf-bases)

branches occasionally arching to ground and rooting at nodes; bark green-tan or maroon-tan, not corky, appearing braided, splitting longitudinally; branchlets

70–350 cm (trunks to 20 cm diam.; soboliferous). Stems single, greenish when young, becoming tan to gray, fastigiately branched (± angled from leaf-bases),

adaxial surface green, drying grayish olive green, sometimes fading to yellow-tan (cuticle thick, smooth or papillate near margins), uniformly sericeous, hairs

(–15) cm. Spines: radial spines 7–14 (–18) per areole, opaque, yellowish to tan, tips yellowbrown to dark-brown, turning gray, longest radial spines (5–)

across midstem segment, elliptic to subcircular, 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm; wool pale tan to white, loose. Spines 2–3 (–5) per areole, spreading, yellowish, aging gray-white;

Treatment on page 178. Mentioned on page 179. Shrubs, 25–70 cm. Stems single, greenish when young, becoming whitish to gray, fastigiately branched distal to middle

diagonal row across midstem segment, ovate or oblong to obovate, 3–5 mm; wool tan. Spines 4–7 per areole, mostly in distal areoles, black to redbrown with conspicuous

100–300 cm; taproots fusiform, thick and tuberous. Stems erect, green to tan, glabrous proximally, tomentose distally. Leaves: proximal present at flowering;

hairy. Florets (4–) 5 (–6); corollas pale-yellow to greenish yellow, 7–15 mm. Cypselae brown to tan, subcylindric, subterete, 4–5 mm, indistinctly 5–10-ribbed;

glabrous to papillose or scabrid, not glaucous. Leaves: ocrea usually deciduous, tan or brown, cylindric to funnelform, 1.5–3.5 mm, margins oblique, face not fringed

concolor or weakly bicolor (abaxial and adaxial faces ± equally greenish to gray-greenish, indument usually loosely tomentose or arachnose, sometimes subpannose

Shrubs, erect, 60 dm. Stems: twigs: new growth reddish green, 1-year old tan, 2-years old dull gray; thorns on twigs ± numerous, ± straight to slightly

filaments and anthers yellow; style white; stigma lobes greenish white. Fruits dull red with greenish flesh, ovate to obovate, 32–50 × 15–30 mm, fleshy, glabrous

mm; filaments pinkish or greenish to pale-yellow; style whitish to pale-yellow or dull pinkish; stigma lobes white, greenish white or pale-yellow. Fruits

Involucres broadly campanulate to cupulate, 4.5–6 × 5–10 mm. Phyllaries greenish to creamy or tan, sometimes slightly purple, glandular-tomentose. Corollas whitish

Involucres 11–15 mm. Phyllaries 24–28, chartaceous, apices ± recurved (tan or greenish), attenuate. Florets 4–6; corollas clear yellow, 9–10.5 mm, tubes glabrous

Involucres 12.5–15 mm. Phyllaries 9–13, chartaceous, apices erect (tan or greenish), attenuate. Florets 5–7; corollas yellow, 9–11 mm, tubes glabrous or

cm diam.; rind tough, durable, mesocarp whitish, dry, bitter. Seeds tan or greenish, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, 7–15 mm. 2n = 22. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Oct(–Nov)

borne ± singly. Involucres 3–4 mm. Phyllaries glabrous or glabrate; outer greenish to purplish, lanceolate, shorter, sparsely strigose; inner stramineous

Involucres 3.5–5 mm. Phyllaries usually strigose or hispidulous; outer greenish to purplish, lanceolate, shorter; inner stramineous to purplish, linear-attenuate

branches occasionally arching to ground and rooting at nodes; bark green-tan or maroon-tan, not corky, appearing braided, splitting longitudinally; branchlets

racemose, open, flowers usually 1 per node, tip leafy; involucellar bractlets tan. Flowers: sepals 4.5–8 mm; petals red-orange, 10–17 mm; anthers yellow. Schizocarps

7–20+ per areole, usually whitish, straw colored or horn colored to grayish tan, sometimes pale pinkish gray when fresh, tips dark red to dark-brown, larger

ocreae foliaceous and green distally > 2 1 All ocreae chartaceous and hyaline, tan, brown, or reddish brown throughout, never foliaceous and green distally >

across midstem segment, oval, obovate, or subcircular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–4 mm; wool tan, aging brown. Spines 1–9 on most areoles to only on distal 1/2 of stem segment

translucent, often glassy white tinted with yellow, darkest spines sometimes tan or brown; radial spines 7–14 per areole, 15–40 mm; central spines 2–4 (–5)

and usually over large contiguous areas; pith white in 1st year branches, tan in older branches. Leaves: petiole 5–16 mm; blade lanceolate, elliptic, or

subrotund, 0.2–0.3 mm; carpels 4–8, styles 1.5–1.8 mm. Achenes greenish white to light tan, 1.5 mm, smooth to lightly rugose, ± carunculate. Phenology: Flowering

yellow, oblong, 0.8–1 mm; carpels 4–10, styles 1.5–2 mm. Achenes greenish white to light tan, 1.5–2 mm, faintly rugose, ± carunculate. Phenology: Flowering

usually glabrous, rarely sparsely glandular-pubescent. Flowers: calyx greenish and finely purple-flecked, 5–9.5 (–10) mm, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely

0.3–1 mm diam. proximally. Leaves: stipules inconspicuous, dull white to tan, broadly triangular, 1–2.5 mm, apex acute to short-acuminate; blade filiform

Disc-florets 125–535+; corollas greenish yellow, 1.1–1.3 mm (± glandular), lobes 4 (–5). Cypselae pale-brown to tan, ± cylindric-obconic (asymmetric,

thinly arachnoid, ± glabrate. Phyllaries in 5–7 series, strongly imbricate, greenish with subapical darker central zone, lanceolate (outer) to linear (inner)

sparsely strigose (at least the outer; margins chartaceous to scarious), outer greenish, becoming reddish-brown, lanceolate, shorter, inner stramineous to reddish

short, thick and tuberous or long and slender, fascicled. Stems erect, greenish and mottled purplish, ± glabrous or proximally glabrate, distally glabrous

glandular-pubescent. Pedicels 1–3.5 cm, glandular-pubescent. Flowers: calyx greenish, often with pinkish purple to purple speckles, 5–9 mm, glabrous or slightly

descending in lower crown; twigs opposite to whorled, light yellow to ± tan, reddish-pubescent for 1–2 years. Buds hidden by leaves or exposed, usually

entire to crenulate or emarginate; stigma 1, linear-lanceolate. Fruits tan to dark greenish brown, dull, subsessile to stipitate, fusiform, sometimes barely

5–9.5 mm. Disc-florets 250–570+; corollas yellow to greenish yellow, 1.6–1.8 mm, lobes 5. Cypselae tan, obconic, 0.75–0.9 mm, ribs white, 3 abaxial, 2 nearly

5–8.5 mm; stigma lobes cream to pale-yellow, 5–6 mm. Fruits greenish white to dull pinkish tan or maroon, ovoid to short cylindric, 10–15 (–20) × 7 mm, juicy

campanulate, 2.7–3.5 × 2.2–3 mm, densely pilose; glands 4–5, green to pale greenish yellow, reniform, 0.6–0.7 × 1.4–1.6 mm; appendages white, obdeltate to

mm diam. proximally. Leaves: stipules usually inconspicuous, dull white to tan, broadly triangular, 1.5–4.5 mm, apex acute to short-acuminate; blade ± linear

sparsely and coarsely setose. Florets 5–7 (–13); corollas greenish yellow, 8–10 mm. Cypselae tan to yellow, fusiform, subterete or angled, 4–5 mm, indistinctly

mm, bases sparsely arachnose. Phyllaries in 4–6 series, outer (brown or greenish brown) broadly ovate-triangular, lengths ca. 1/2 inner, apices acute to

obscurely erose-denticulate, apices acute to short-acuminate; petals white to greenish white, obovate, 6–8.8 (–10) × 3–5.4 mm, margins entire or obscurely erose-denticulate;

glabrous, sometimes sparsely strigose (margins chartaceous to scarious); outer greenish to stramineous, lanceolate to linear, shorter; inner stramineous to reddish

lobes pale greenish yellow. Fruits red, subspheric, 15–28 × 12–23 mm, fleshy, glabrous, spineless; umbilicus 4–5 mm deep; areoles 24–36. Seeds tan, subcircular

tepal margins densely minutely fimbriate (at 10×); inner tepals greenish white to greenish yellow, 14–17 (–25) × 2–3 mm; stigma lobes yellow-green to pale

genera); DNA-based phylogenetic analyses have supported this distinction (Tan F. X. et al. 2001, 2002; O. Maurin et al. 2010). Within the latter subfamily

(1–) 2–4 (–5) per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth greenish proximally, creamy or tan distally, occasionally tinged pink, glabrous, not glandular-punctate

3 (–0.5) mm; carpels (3–) 10–20 (–40), styles 1–2 mm. Achenes greenish white to light tan, 1–1.8 mm, faintly rugose, ± carunculate. Phenology: Flowering

phyllaries. Phyllaries in 5–8 series, imbricate to subequal, proximally greenish, distally darker, becoming brownish, linear to narrowly lanceolate, outer

or glabrate. Calyculi 15–18, ascending, later spreading and recurving, greenish or purplish, broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate (herbaceous) bractlets

(–4) cm, thinly arachnoid. Phyllaries in 10–20 series, strongly imbricate, greenish with subapical darker central zone, ovate (outer) to lanceolate (inner)

yellow, oblong, 0.4–0.7 mm; carpels 2–8, styles 1.2–2 mm. Achenes greenish white to light tan, 1.7–2 mm, smooth, ± carunculate. Phenology: Flowering summer

new growth color not recorded, pubescent, 1-year old light-brown to olive-tan or mid brown, 2-years old dark gray or reddish-brown overlaid dark gray, older

fine unbranched trichomes. Phyllaries in 5–7 series, strongly imbricate, greenish, or with purplish tinge, lanceolate to ovate (outer) or linear-lanceolate

long fringed, reaching 1 mm; inner tepals usually white, cream, pale tan, greenish white, or pale-rose-pink, sometimes appearing pale orange proximally

margins entire or obscurely erose-denticulate, apices acute to obtuse; petals greenish white to yellowish white, obovate, (4–) 4.5–9 × 3.3–5.5 mm, margins entire

9–12 mm, slightly shorter than pappi. Phyllaries 70–140 in 4–5 series, greenish, densely thick-nerved, lanceolate to linear (innermost), unequal, coriaceous

(at most obscurely nerved); pappus bristles distinct or basally connate, tan to reddish Lessingia 27 Cypselae linear to narrowly obovoid or narrowly oblong