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sepals 5, spreading, triangular; petals 5, white, sometimes pale cream (ser. Montaninsulae) or pale-pink (ser. Aestivales, ser. Molles), ± circular, sometimes

Calyces pale cream to pale greenish yellow, sometimes reddish violet to maroon on distal segments and/or with a thin vertical strip of pale reddish violet

Flowers: post-mature petals pale paper brown; stamens (5–) 10 or 20 (–47), rarely ca. 15, anthers pink to purple or white to cream. Pomes usually red, sometimes

included in hypanthium tube); filaments linear, 0.5–1.6 mm, glabrous; anthers pale cream-yellow to yellow, oval, 0.6–1.2 mm, apex with small, cupshaped gland;

bud; buds pendent. Flowers autogamous, not protandrous; petals white to pale cream, without zones or flecks of color, 5–10 mm; ovary subterete, not obviously

veins heavily suffused with purple (rarely green), sinuses between veins pale, cream colored; petals white, often pink or purple-tinged, claw equaling calyx

glandular-denticulate; petals pale cream in C. rivuloadamensis, post-mature petals pale-brown; stamens 10, anthers pale-pink to pink; styles 3–5. Pomes

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Flowers: petals usually pale cream to redbrown, fringed with brown hairs, apex squarish; anther apex abruptly

side at anthesis; petals 4, usually lavender or pink to dark reddish purple, pale-yellow or white, [rarely blue (C. tenella)], often spotted, flecked or streaked

inner somewhat longer than outer, rigid, apex acuminate. Flowers: perianth pale cream with distinct veins of lavender, reddish-brown, or brown, margins often

4.5–5.5 × 1.5–3 mm, base attenuate, apex obtuse; filaments spreading, pale cream, 1.8–2.5 mm, anthers 0.7–1 × 0.5–0.7 mm; pollen shed in very loose tetrads;

upper 2 almost black abaxially, dark reddish violet adaxially, lower 3 pale-yellow, cream, or ± white, lateral 2 bearded, with deep yellow to orange patch basally

deeper than abaxial and adaxial (C. plagiotoma); petals 5, corolla white to pale greenish proximally, usually becoming green, white, yellow, orange, red,

tepals cream to lemon yellow, orangish abaxially on midvein areas, broadly spatulate-apiculate, 20–30 mm; filaments cream-yellow; anthers pale-yellow;

throughout, to 30 mm; filaments and anthers pale-yellow; style pale greenish yellow; stigma lobes pale cream. Fruits reddish at maturity, obovoid, 40 ×

glabrous, adaxial pubescent; petals pale cream; anthers pink; styles 3–5. Pomes 1–5 (–6) per infructescence, pale reddish purple, becoming deep red to

× 1–3.5 cm; bracts proximally greenish to greenish brown, distally pale-yellow, cream, or yellow-green, sometimes yellow-orange or red (sometimes gradually

cm; bracts proximally greenish, distally yellow-green, green, pale-yellow, cream, or pale orange, often tinged with bright orange along margins, aging dull

mm) Gundlachia 14 Shrubs clambering, sprawling, or vinelike; rays pale rose-purple to pale pink (Atlantic coastal plain) Ampelaster 14 Shrubs not clambering

purple to violet, 7–12 (–15) × 1–1.7 mm. Disc-florets 30–60; corollas pale to cream-yellow, lobes pink-tinged, 5–7.6 mm, slightly ampliate, tubes equaling

Petals pale to bluish violet; cauline stipule margins laciniate. Viola walteri 44 Petals white or cream adaxially > 45 44 Petals not white or cream adaxially

usually unbranched, green. Leaves cauline, sometimes basal, green, purplish, or pale, scalelike to linear. Inflorescences 2–25-flowered cymes or flowers solitary;

48 Anther thecae dark or pale (not green), staminal filaments not hairy; e United States > 49 49 Ray florets 2–6, corollas pale yellow to whitish; disc

attenuate at base, stipelike base 0.1–3 mm; perianth various shades of white, cream, yellow, pink, or reddish, glabrous or pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially;

angulate, lobes acute or acuminate to triangular or ovate; corolla white, cream, yellow, yellow-orange, salmon-pink, red-orange, or reddish [purplish], sometimes

24 21 Perianths cream; se Idaho Eriogonum mancum 21 Perianths pale yellow to yellow; c and w Idaho, or e Oregon > 22 22 Perianths pale yellow; flowering

8, unequal, outer anthers darker-pink or purple, inner shorter and pale-pink or cream, rarely sterile (C. heterandra); ovary 4-grooved or 8-grooved or ribbed

Flowers: post-mature petals pale paper brown; stamens 10 or 20, anthers red, pink, purple, sometimes white, ivory, or cream. Pomes orange to red; pyrenes

surfaces pale green. Ceanothus spinosus 2 Leaf blades 3-veined from base (lateral basal veins sometimes obscure in C. fendleri), adaxial surfaces pale green

fruits mature, white, bright to pale-yellow, or yellow with white-tips, veins translucent, purplish, pink, rose, white, or cream, sometimes aging or drying

substrate in winter but never flat-topped. Roots diffuse. Stems unsegmented, pale to dark green or bluish green, ovoid, spheric, depressed-spheric, depressed

reflexed or erect, narrowly to broadly-triangular-ovate; petals 5, white to pale or bright-yellow, rarely red-tinged (D. pseudorupestris var. crumiana), narrowly

sometimes reddish at tips, sometimes ± purple; petals absent or (1–) 5, white, cream, yellow, orange, red, pink, or purple, often yellow, orange, or red-spotted;

narrowing to acute base on slender pedicel, without stipelike base; perianth cream, white to pink or rose, yellow, or red, rarely ochroleucous, usually glabrous

papery or membranous; distally ± scarious, often black, brown, castaneous, cream, gray, green, olivaceous, pink, red, white, or yellow), apices usually acute

ray florets (12–)16–20, laminae 5–8 × 0.5–1.2 mm; disc corollas pale yellow or cream, (2.5–)3–4.5 mm, lobes 0.5–1 mm; e North America Symphyotrichum racemosum

sometimes greenish, rarely cream or pale-pink [white], often purplish or gray-striped abaxially (anthers yellow or yellow-cream, sometimes darker; styles

or persistent. Pedicels usually present, usually glabrous. Flowers white, cream, green or greenish, pink, purple, reddish purple, blue, yellow, or orange

globose; tepals 6, similar, fleshy, distinct to or connate at base, whitish to cream or tinged slightly with green or purple, occasionally pubescent; stamens

not of Humboldt and Trinity counties, California > 5 5 Perianths cream, whitish, or pale yellow to greenish yellow, becoming reddish brown to rose or pink

stamens 5 or 6, 10, or 20, anthers usually ivory or rose, sometimes cream to pale-pink or salmon, red, or purple; styles (3–) 5. Pomes orange-red, bright

tepals green to yellow with margins tinged color of inner tepals; inner tepals pale-yellow to orange, pink to red or magenta, rarely white (unicolored) or with

thecae cream to purple Marshalliinae 26 Disc corollas usually orange to yellow, sometimes brown, pink, purple, red, or white; anther thecae pale or dark

maroon, 4–30 × 1.5–8.5 mm; ovary lacking scales and spines; stigma lobes cream, yellow, red, pink, or brownish green, 0.3–8 mm. Fruits indehiscent, usually

connate nearly their entire lengths, sometimes distinct or nearly so, white or cream to pink, bronze, or green, rarely red, corolla globose, cylindric, urceolate

proximally pale greenish to pale yellowish green, distally white, cream, or pale-yellow, sometimes pale greenish, pale yellow-green, or pale-yellow throughout

glandular. Flowers resupinate, often somewhat apically recurved, white, cream, or yellow (pink in S. sinensis); perianth parts distinct or sepals basally

sometimes cream to lemon or white. > 8 8 Pedicels 2–10 mm (to 35 mm proximally); corollas (8–)15–25(–30) mm, tubes white to cream, sometimes pale purplish

glandular-serrate to glandular-pectinate; stamens (5–) 10 (–20), anthers ivory, cream, or pink to pale-purple; styles 2–5. Pomes dull yellow to orange, ruddy, russet,

Involucres cylindric, 2.5–7 mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 10–22 in 5–6 series, (pale-pink to purple, rarely white, tightly appressed) striate or 1-nerved, mostly

sometimes pilose, 1-year old dark gray, pale-brown, tan, brown, or orangebrown, 2-years old usually medium pale gray; thorns on twigs numerous, straight

campanulate or rotate or petals sometimes recurved (H. clypeatus), white, cream, yellow, orange, pink, red, lavender, purple, or blue, usually red, purple

stamens (10) 20, anthers white to pink or red, sometimes cream; styles 3–5. Pomes pink, mauve, or pale green, sometimes scarlet, deep crimson, or purple, suborbicular

glabrous, papillate, or hairy, hairs sometimes moniliform); anther thecae pale; stigmatic papillae in 2 lines. Cypselae usually obpyramidal, sometimes clavate

or subcorymbose racemes, dark purple, reddish purple, pinkish, or pallid cream to nearly white, simple, sometimes inconspicuously branched, densely glandular-puberulent;

Flowers cream to pale orange with redbrown to red-purple spots; sepals 6–120 × 3–6 mm, apex acute; petals 6–120 × 3–4 mm, apex acute; lip white to pale-yellow

slightly expanded at apex. Capsules: dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds 4–25, pale-brown to dark-brown, ovoid to reniform, wings absent. x = 6, 7. w United

1–4 cm; bracts proximally green, rarely brownish purple, distally white, cream, pink, or purple on apices, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, (0–) 3–5 (–7) -lobed;

red, maroon, scarlet, orange-red, orange, pale orange, dull orange, pale yellow-orange, cream, yellow, pale yellow, or nearly white, sometimes golden yellow

bicolored, red, black-red, brown-red, brick-red, purple-red, cream, or green, often paler abaxially, bilaterally symmetric, proximally inflated, distally

present; twigs: new growth pubescent, 1-year old pale gray or grayish brown to tan or reddish-brown, older pale gray or gray; thorns on twigs absent or few

15 15 Petals usually white to cream or light yellow to pale green, rarely greenish > 16 15 Petals greenish yellow, cream, yellow to orange-yellow, or orange

epaleate. Florets (3–) 8–45 (–90); corollas usually white or whitish to cream, sometimes greenish, purplish or yellowish, throats mostly cylindric to narrowly

coat, when present, membranous. > 34 32 Petals pale pink to rose. Calochortus plummerae 32 Petals cream, yellow to deep orange, purplish, or red-brown

emarginate, sometimes truncate or obcordate; filaments 2–7 mm; anthers usually cream or yellow, sometimes dark-pink, orange-red, or nearly black, 0.8–1.5 mm;

lanceolate [spatulate]; petals 5, (often recurving), connate 1/2 length, cream or yellow to orange, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, oblongelliptic, triangular

usually pale green or nearly translucent; anthers versatile, color variable, usually purplish, becoming darker, oblong, 0.3–2.6 cm; pollen cream, yellow

± entire or glandular-serrate; stamens 20, anthers usually cream or ivory, very rarely pale-pink; styles 3–5. Pomes orange to deep red or brick-red to

19 Stems rigid; leaves spreading to deflexed, abaxial leaf surfaces pale green or pale yellowish green. > 20 20 Sepals, petals, and stamens 5; leaf blade

rose-purple, greenish, cream, or creamy white to yellowish, or pale pink > 8 8 Phyllaries and corollas usually creamy white, sometimes cream, greenish, rose-purple

inner (pale green, 3–4-striate) linear or narrowly lanceolate (often chartaceous, scabrellous, often glandular). Florets 40–90; corollas pale yellow-green

Flowers: caly× 4–7 mm, lobes lanceolate; corolla brownish yellow, pale-yellow, or cream, purple or reddish brown-lined, 10–15 mm, tube plus distinct throat

symmetric; sepals not persistent in fruit, (2-) 4-5 (-6), greenish white or cream to greenish yellow, sometimes pinkish or tinged with red, plane or ± concave

(sometimes tips incurved in A. flavescens), 8-180 mm; sepals blue, white, cream, yellow, pink, or red (A. flavescens with yellow or pink sepals). > 5 2 Spurs

obconic to campanulate, 2–5 mm; sepals reflexed together to 1 side; petals pale to pink-lavender or reddish purple, white near base and red-flecked or upper

lanceolate or ovate to obovate, grading into stamens; stamens yellow or cream-colored, inserted on lateral surface of ovary, spreading at anthesis, sometimes

glandular-serrate; stamens 20, anthers usually pink to purple, sometimes ivory to cream; styles 3–5. Pomes yellow, orange, ruddy, red, red-purple, or green, broadly

Sepals cream, white, or greenish white to green, sometimes with white or reddish margins or with some reddish tinge or suffused with pink; berries pale red

Plants 1–10 m, to 40 cm diam. Roots tuberous when young, woody with age. Bark pale gray or tan, smooth or finely rugose. Stems often canelike, becoming pendent

inconspicuously), glabrous or puberulent; bark becoming gray to dark gray, pale-yellow, or dark-brown, sometimes with black patches. Leaves alternate; stipules

pubescent). Flowers (zygomorphic); calyx urceolate; sepals white, greenish white, cream, yellow, rose, purple, lilac, maroon, reddish purple, or purple-black, (lanceolate

2–7 × 1.5–2 cm; bracts proximally pale green to pale yellow-green, distally pale to bright-yellow or cream, rarely pale orange, elliptic, narrowly ovate

if recurved, in distal 1/2 only, red, maroon purple, rose, cream, or white, more rarely pale yellow, rarely 2-colored, heavy- or fleshy-textured, adaxial

12–25 mm, tube light green or pale-yellow, sometimes cream, 7–13 mm; galea concolored, light green or pale-yellow, sometimes cream, 5–12 mm, beakless, margins

of distal leaves; pedicel 0–1 mm; perianth 30–42 mm, tube pale greenish, limbs cream or pale-yellow, 10–15 mm diam.; stamens 5 (–6). Fruits 6–9 mm, publerulent

anthesis or tardily caducous, (3 or) 4 or 5 (–7), green, sometimes yellow or cream, often becoming flushed with red post-anthesis, spreading to suberect; petals

glandular-serrate, abaxial surface glabrous; stamens 10, anthers cream, sometimes pale-pink; styles 3–5. Pomes pale orange, strongly pruinose, or deep red, suborbicular

peduncles 6–10 cm. Flowers: petal apex apiculate, corolla cream to white with darker veins, pale-yellow at base. Pepos 10–50 cm (to 200 cm in some cultivated

with purple midstripes and cream or gold (rarely pink) margins, oblanceolate, 10–25 × 5–8 mm; inner tepals yellow to cream (rarely pink), oblanceolate

anthesis, lanceolate to broadly ovate or deltate; petals (4 or) 5 (–10), pale to bright-yellow, less often dark reddish, reddish orange, or white, oblanceolate

brown, black, or appearing tan or whitish (dark testa completely covered by pale, tough, glabrous or rarely pubescent, tight-fitting aril or “funicular envelope”

druses (0.5–1 mm diam.) conspicuous to the naked eye. With practice, the thick pale-looking skin associated with a several-layered and/or druse-containing stem

abaxially glabrous; stamens (10 or) 20, anthers pale-pink to bright rose or dull purple, sometimes cream, 0.6–0.8 mm; styles 3–5. Pomes greenish with pink

basal stipuliform, falcate bracteoles absent. Flowers: post-mature petals pale paper brown; stamens 5 or 10–20, anthers white to ivory, pink, or purple

to truncate; petals 7–10, usually pink-purple with pale and darker stripes, less often white, cream with pink-orange stripes, ± orange, or yellow, oblanceolate

areoles bearing short feltlike wool of various colors, often tan or gray. Seeds pale-yellow to tan or gray, flattened to subspheric, angular to squarish or circular

mm, sparsely appressed-hairy. Flowers: hypanthium cream, 1–2 mm, densely appressed-hairy; sepals cream, turning purple as fruit matures, 0.1–0.3 mm, apex

distinctive bimodal coloration, with some populations exclusively pale yellow to pale orange and others pink-purple to magenta, as well as its specialized

anthers off white or cream, becoming pale-pink or yellow, 0.8–1.5 cm; pollen yellow or cream; pistil 7.5–10.4 cm; ovary 1.7–3.4 cm; style pale green; pedicel

9–11.2 × 1.4–2.4 cm; anthers off white/cream, becoming pale-pink or dirty yellow; pollen very pale-yellow or cream. Capsules occasionally with 6 longitudinal

cm; bracts pale green to yellow-green or reddish purple throughout, or proximally pale green to yellow-green, distally white to cream or pale yellowish

mm. Fruits indehiscent (very rarely explosively dehiscent), white or cream to pale greenish [reddish], spheric to clavate or cylindric, proximally or almost

linear-lanceolate to linear (glabrous). Florets 25–50; corollas pale yellow-green or cream, often purple-tinged, 5–10 mm. Cypselae 3–7 mm, stipitate-glandular

glutinous. Involucres cylindric, 5–7 mm. Phyllaries 10–24 in 6–8 series, pale green to stramineous, 3–5-striate, unequal, (glutinous) margins scarious;

(pubescent), inner narrowly lanceolate (glabrous). Florets 11–22; corollas pale-yellow or cream, 4.7–6 mm. Cypselae 4–5 mm, silvery-setulose. Pappi of 25–34 white

lanceolate to ovate or nearly round, 2-7 × 2-3 mm; petals rose-purple, pink, cream, or pale-yellow, rarely white; outer petals (12-) 16-19 (-24) × 3-6 mm, reflexed

strongly, glandular-serrate; stamens 5 or 10 (–20), anthers white to ivory, cream, or pink; styles 2–5. Pomes bright red to purple (late Aug), reddish purple

Zika, Barbara L. Wilson, Richard E. Brainerd, Nick Otting Common names: Pale paintbrush Illustrated Basionym: Bartsia pallida Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 602

thin, not keeled or crested adaxially; petals 0 or 4 [–5], yellowish to cream, hooded, spatulate, not clawed; nectary thin, lining hypanthium; stamens

outer usually ± blunt, sometimes acute. Florets: corollas white to pinkish, cream, or bright to dark yellow, actinomorphic and ± equal, or peripheral enlarged

circular, lanulose. Spines soft and corky or spongy, harder at tips, white to pale gray, all radial or with 1 central and sometimes 0–1 intermediate spines

25–40 mm; filaments red-magenta (rarely pale); anthers yellowish; style white to pink; stigma lobes white to cream. Fruits maturing tan, 20–40 × 15–23 mm

glabrous; corolla 7–13 mm, tube white or cream to yellowish or pink to pinkish purple, 4–7 mm; galea white or cream to yellowish with purple spots at base

glandular-pubescent; palatal folds not prominent, pale or light yellow, glabrous; lips externally white, cream, or light yellow, sometimes reddish or purplish

populations; twigs: new growth tomentose young, glabrescent, 1-year old tan, older pale gray; thorns on twigs absent or frequent, rarely plentiful, ± straight or

apiculate emarginate; filaments pale-pink to magenta; anthers white to cream; style pinkish; stigma lobes whitish to pale-yellow. Fruits proliferating, forming

5 (–6.5) cm; perianth campanulate to globose; tepals distinct, white to cream or greenish white, often tinged pink or brown, broad to narrowly elliptic

colorless or pale-brown, shorter than achenes; spinules not evident at 45X; stamens 3; anthers (0.55–) 0.7 mm; styles 3-fid. Achenes stramineous (to cream), obovoid

teeth 5, erect, 0.3–1 mm. Flowers (1.5–) 2–3.5 mm; perianth white to cream, pink, or pale-yellow to yellow, glabrous or rarely sparsely pilose; tepals connate

11–18 mm; filaments white, ± slender, linear, less than 0.8 mm wide; anthers cream, yellow, red, or purplish red; pollen yellow or red; style white, 10–15 mm;

Flowers (5–) 6–9 mm, including 1–2 mm stipelike base; perianth pale to bright-yellow or cream to ochroleucous, villous abaxially; tepals monomorphic, obovate

purple, adaxial surface reddish purple or crimson. Stam inate flowers white, cream, or pink. Pistillate flowers: stigmas usually yellow; each locule with usually

yellow or cream, 0.6–1.4 cm, bearing filaments throughout, free portion of filaments not secund, 1–3 mm; pollen yellow-orange; styles cream, 1.5–5 mm;

sibirica 32 Calyces herbaceous, conspicuous pale commissures between veins absent, veins obscure > 33 32 Calyces with pale commissures between prominent parallel

solitary flowers or fascicles of 2 (–4) at stem or branch tips, white to cream, sometimes purple-tinged, simple, glabrous; bracts loosely ascending and

lanceolate, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 0.5–2 mm; petals white or cream to pale-bluish-violet on both surfaces, dark purple-veined, lateral 2 longer

margins glandular-serrulate, teeth 93–150+, apex obtuse, abaxial surface pale green, velvety puberulent, especially on veins, or glabrous, adaxial surface

linear; petals 5, distinct, white to cream, obovate to oblong-obovate, (15–) 20–greenish yellow, maturing yellowish or pale-brown, commonly mottled or with

gray-green (rarely variegated with linear cream stripes), to 1 m × 1.5–3.5 cm, finely appressed-scaly; sheath pale or slightly rust colored, ovate, not inflated

Flowers broadly urn-shaped to bell-shaped; sepals pale lavender to reddish purple, grading to cream-yellow toward tip, ovatelanceolate, 1.5-3 cm, margins

or greenish mottled with purple, may turn pale-brown in fruit; sepals erect, 7–14 mm; petals erect, cream to yellowish suffused with pink or purple, or

usually tan to dirty white, yellow-tipped. Glochids in dense adaxial tuft, pale-yellow, 0.5–3 mm. Flowers: inner tepals dark-pink to magenta to red-magenta

zygomorphic, elongate and expanded; inner fertile, corollas pink, purple, cream, or pale-yellow, zygomorphic or actinomorphic, ± bent at junction of tubes and

Leaf-blade 4-12 × 2-6 cm, base rounded, apex acuminate; surfaces abaxially pale, glabrate, midrib and veins pubescent, adaxially lustrous, glabrous, midrib

trees, 30–70 dm. Stems: trunk bark cream to cinnamon brown or light gray-brown in patches, in shade darker patches pale tan or olive green, exfoliating with

Flowers: inner tepals pale to bright-yellow throughout, 20–30 mm diam.; filaments yellow to orange; anthers pale-yellow to cream; style and stigma lobes

fringed; inner tepals ca. 11–26 per flower, generally white, cream, pale tan, greenish white, or pale-rose-pink, midstripes usually ± sharply defined (sometimes

13–19 mm with usually dark red, sometimes cream, anthers, distal set of filaments 8–10 mm with yellow-cream anthers; ovary densely silky-pilose (hairs

yellow, white, or cream (sometimes pink, reddish, or brownish red in forms of E. citrinum). > 12 11 Style 10–15 mm; anthers white to cream. > 13 12 Anthers

distally pink, pink-purple, magenta, deep rose, crimson, cream, or white, sometimes red, pale orange, or red-orange, lanceolate to broadly elliptic or

forked, those of longer filaments pointed, conspicuous; anthers white, cream, yellow, or blue, 1–2 mm; ovary longer than stipe; pedicel 1–9 cm (–12 cm

glandular-pubescent; corolla (8–) 15–25 (–30) mm, tube white to cream, sometimes pale purplish tinged distally, sometimes with purple veins, slightly constricted

glabrous. Flowers: hypanthium cream to mottled purple, 1.2–2 mm, densely appressed-hairy; sepals mottled purple and cream, 0.1–0.4 mm, apex rounded or acute

apex acute to mucronate; filaments white to greenish yellow; anthers cream to pale-yellow. Fruits indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent, green, subspheric

white, pale-rose-pink, or pale lavender-pink, darker centrally, midstripes ± inconspicuous, (9–) 11–19 × 1.5–2.5 (–3.5) mm; outer filaments cream; anthers

5–11 mm, apex round-obtuse, mucronate; petals spreading, usually cream-white, sometimes pale-yellow, broadly ovate or obovate, (4–) 4.5–6.5 × 3–5.5 mm; filaments

crustose-toothed mostly near apices. Involucres 10–15 mm. Florets 7–14; corollas cream to pale-yellow, aging pink or purple, ligules 15–25 mm, exserted 10–20 mm beyond

obovate-cuneate, 12–18 mm, (apex deeply emarginate); filaments 6–7 mm; anthers cream, yellow, or reddish-brown, oval, 1.1–1.5 mm. Tubercles absent or not (or

pilose, or hirsuto-pilose proximally, ± densely so distally. Leaves (abaxially pale or grayish green, adaxially dark green) initially ± firm or membranous, becoming

acute to obtuse, apiculate; petals overlapping or not, spreading, cream-white to pale-yellow (red-tinged in var. crumiana), narrowly to broadly obovate

mucronate tip, sometimes acute; petals not overlapping, spreading or reflexed, cream-white to yellow, narrowly to broadly obovate or ovate to nearly round, 2–6

mm. Flowers 2–4 per cluster, strongly recurved, 1.4–1.7 cm; perianth cream to pale-yellow, tube urceolate, 5–7 × 4.5–5.5 mm, limb lobes erect to incurved

mm, white to pale pink with darker veins; cymes loosely paniculate Lewisia cantelovii 5 Petals (8-)10-20 mm, usually pink-purple with pale and darker stripes

reddish-brown midstripes and white to cream or pinkish margins, oblanceolate, 13–23 × 3–7 mm; inner tepals white to cream or pink, oblanceolate, 25–30 × 5–7

glabrous. Inflorescences racemes, sometimes thyrsoid, pale-yellow, white, or tan proximally, purple or pale lavender distally, sometimes branched, densely glandular-pubescent

longer than 10 cm. Flowers 8–16 per cluster, erect, 4.5–7.5 cm; perianth cream to pale-yellow or light green, tube not shallow, urceolate, 10–18 × 10–16 mm

spatulate, 15 mm, apiculate; filaments pale green basally to purplish distally; anthers orange-yellow; style cream to pale green, sometimes faint purple-pink

calyx pale green; corolla: tube white or cream to yellowish; galea white or cream to yellowish with purple spots at base; abaxial lip white or cream to yellowish

dark reddish maroon to purplish, fading purple with age, sometimes cream, yellow, pale green, pink, or white (see discussion). Phenology: Flowering spring

Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 38. 1753. Norlan C. Henderson Common names: Yellow iris pale-yellow iris yellow flag yellow water iris fleur-de-lis iris jaune IntroducedIllustrated

erect, oblong-linear, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals cream or pale-yellow (with dark purple or brown veins, longer than sepals), spatulate

oblong-lanceolate, or linear-subulate]; petals 5, connate 1/2–2/3 length, white, cream, or pale green [orange to yellow], oblong-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 5–10 mm

acuminate, abaxial surface glabrate, adaxial villous; stamens 10, anthers cream or pale-pink, fading purple; styles 3–5. Pomes in drooping or erect infructescences

Geum fades upon drying. Both white and yellow petals ultimately turn cream to pale yellow, thus rendering an important key character for fresh plants unreliable

linear-lanceolate, 5–6 × 0.8–1.3 mm. Disc-florets ca. 10; corollas cream to pale-yellow, tubes 1 mm, throats tubular-funnelform, 3 mm, lobes 0.5 mm. Cypselae

campanulate; sepals 5, lanceolate; petals 5, distinct nearly to base, [cream] pale-yellow or white with [darker and brighter] yellow [greenish] center, oblong-ovate

glandular-denticulate above middle, glands 26–52, apex obtuse, abaxial surface pale green, appressed-puberulent, glabrescent, adaxial surface grayish green,

Crataegus dodgei 7 Anthers pink or rose > 8 7 Anthers white to cream, sometimes pale yellow > 9 8 Leaf surfaces: adaxial short-appressed pubescent young;

appendage lacerate or spine-tipped. Florets 25–35; corollas cream white (rarely pink or pale-purple), those of sterile florets 12–13 mm, slender, inconspicuous

rarely racemelike, 0.7–3 cm. Flowers: sepals and petals white to cream, sometimes pale blue or lavender; nectary yellowish green, brown, or blue. Capsules

concealing stamens and ovary to spreading distally, soft pale sulfur-yellow, fading to ± cream, sometimes slightly spirally twisted, widely spatulate, clawed

dense tuft, pale-yellow, tan to redbrown, aging brown, to 5 mm. Flowers: inner tepals yellow with red basal portions, 25–40 mm; filaments pale-yellow; anthers

subacute to obtuse, abaxially pubescent; stamens (5–) 10 (or 20), anthers cream or ivory, sometimes pink; styles 3 or 4 (or 5). Pomes scarlet to deep red

anthesis, 6.5–9 mm in fruit, including 0.5–0.8 mm stipelike base, with perianth cream or rarely yellow, suffused with blush of pinkish red to maroon, glabrous

Association Rhizomes and erect stems with turions; subterranean turions cream-brown, appearing as tubers, surface smooth; turions from erect stems olive-green

circumscissile line, erect to reflexed. Achenes basiparietal, (1–) 4–10 (–12), cream to pale-brown, (3–) 4.5–7 × 2–4 mm. Generated Map Legacy Map B.C., Calif., Idaho

× 2.5–4.5 mm; sepals persistent, erect. Achenes basiparietal, 1–11, cream to pale-brown, 3.5–5 (–6.5) × 2.5–4 mm. 2n = 14, 28. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug

white to often pale rose, pale-purple or lavender, laminae (7–) 10–15 (–20) × 1.1–1.5 mm. Disc-florets (15–) 25–30 (–40); corollas cream or pale-yellow becoming

tunic pale to dark-brown. Leaves 4; blade flat, 25–35 cm × 8–15 (–20) mm, glaucous. Inflorescences umbellate, 5–15-flowered, 25–35 cm; spathe pale-brown

violet to purple; e United States Monotropsis 5 Inflorescence axes pink to cream; Pacific Coast (British Columbia to California). Hemitomes 6 Petals glabrate

straight, pale-pink to white, 2.5–3 cm, length 1/2 petals, bearing filaments nearly throughout, free portions of filaments not secund, 1–2 mm; pollen pale-pink

Zika, Barbara L. Wilson, Richard E. Brainerd, Nick Otting Common names: Pale or yellow paintbrush Illustrated Basionym: Castilleja pallida subsp. caudata Pennell

5–12 cm. Flowers: sepals and petals usually white to cream, sometimes pink-tinged; nectary cream. Capsules 4–5 mm wide, weakly lobed near apex; valves

anthers yellow to orange-yellow; style cream to yellow, sometimes basally greenish; stigma lobes greenish cream, cream or yellow. Fruits yellowish, drying

species by their fresh leaves, which bend—rather than break—when bent; by their pale silvery—not reddish brown—winter buds; by their seed-cone scales, some or

fruit, apices erect, blunt, ± rigid. Florets: corollas white to pinkish, cream, or pale-yellow, 4.5–6.5 mm (inner); peripheral corollas spreading, zygomorphic

triangular-deltate, 8-12 mm, abaxially pale-tomentose; outer petals 3 (-4), white or cream, ovate to oblong or obovate, 3.5-7 cm, abaxially pale-puberulent, veins impressed

Arts 22: 480. 1887. Geraldine A. Allen, Kenneth R. Robertson Common names: Pale fawn-lily Endemic Synonyms: Erythronium citrinum var. roderickii Shevock

acute, ribs green, intercostal areas light green. Corollas pale-yellow to cream or nearly white, pale orange, golden yellow, or orange-yellow, not spotted or

without broad rim and few, ferruginous, long-crisped hairs; blade (white or pale green abaxially), ovate to lanceolate, (1–) 2–8 × 1.5–3 cm, coriaceous, margins

cones 1–4 at node, ovoid, 6–8 mm, sessile; bracts in 6–9 whorls of 3, cream to pale-yellow, ovate, slightly clawed, 2–4 × 2–4 mm, membranous; bracteoles

herbaceous, margins often scarious, apex acute. Flowers: perianth cream or very pale-yellow, with deeper yellow or lavender veins; floral-tube linear,

sepals 5, oblong-triangular; petals 5, distinct or nearly so, cream or light yellow to pale greenish, ovatelanceolate, 1–2 mm, glabrous, corolla rotate.

filaments green to yellow; anthers cream to yellow. Fruits indehiscent or irregularly dehiscent, green to tan or pale-red, barrel-shaped, 15–20 × 7–15 mm

acute, sometimes obtuse and apiculate; petals ± overlapping, spreading, cream-white to bright-yellow, broadly obovate, (3–) 4–8 (–10) × 3–8 mm, usually

mm; sepals persistent, usually erect. Achenes basiparietal, (1–) 5–20, cream to pale-brown, (3–) 3.5–4.5 (–5) × 2–3 mm. 2n = 28. Phenology: Flowering Feb–Nov

Treatment on page 156. Flowers: tepals bright-yellow, with narrow pale zone at base; anthers cream, yellow, red, or purplish red. Phenology: Flowering spring–summer

lanceolate, 5–7 mm; petals pale-yellow with white-tips, cuneate, 7–9 mm, apex truncate, erose; filaments 2.5–4 mm; anthers cream, 0.5 mm; style 2–3 mm. Nutlets

acuminate); outer ovate, inner lanceolate. Florets 45–60; corollas pale-yellow or cream, often purple-tinged, 8.5–14 mm. Cypselae 8.5–10 mm, sericeous, glanddotted;

Leaf-blades distinctly glaucous on both surfaces. Flowers: petals cream-colored, rarely pale-yellow, rose-tipped. 2n = 32. Phenology: Flowering early spring–early

5–6 cm × 2–3 mm, herbaceous, apex acute. Flowers: perianth lavender, cream, or pale to deep yellow; floral-tube funnelform, 0.5–1 (–1.5) cm; sepals oblanceolate

gray-black with pale tips, terete or abaxial ones slightly flattened, the longest to 3 cm; marginal bristlelike spines shorter, 0–4; sheaths pale-yellow becoming

Spines 12–25 (–30) per areole, gold to pale-brown, aging dark-brown, longest to 3 cm; sheaths translucent yellow to pale-brown. Glochids in adaxial tuft and

of margins; c, se Arizona. Agave chrysantha 24 Perianth greenish cream to cream to pale yellow or light green, apex of limb lobes and filaments flushed

inside; sepals greenish cream, lanceolate, 10–12 × 3–3.5 mm, abaxial surface densely glandular puberulent; petals cream to pale-yellow, 12–22 × 9–13 mm

cm; outermost tepal margins entire; inner tepals white, greenish or cream to pale-pink, with tan, pink, greenish, or brownish midstripes, 11–19 × 2–2.5

glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent. Flowers pink or purple with pale margins, keel sometimes cream, distally greenish yellow, (2.4–) 2.9–5.1 (–5.4) mm; sepals:

petals erect-spreading, not recurved or only in distal 1/2, white (rarely pale-pink), usually with dark madder-purple flecks, rarely almost entirely covered

30 per flower, pale-yellow, ca. 30 mm; outer filaments white or pale-yellow; anthers orange-yellow; stigma lobes 5–8, white or cream, (2.5–) 5–8 mm. Fruits

5–2 × 2–5 mm; sepals persistent, erect. Achenes basiparietal, 4–17, cream to pale-brown, 3.5–5 × 2.5–3.5 mm. 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug. Habitat:

Flowers: sepals pale green or yellow, 0.8–1.2 mm, apex acute; corolla whitish to cream, urceolate, 3.5–4.5 mm, lobes spreading, whitish to cream, ovate, 1 mm

puberulent, hairs short-stipitate-glandular; abaxial lip yellowish, cream, or soft pale-yellow, lacking spots, moderately conspicuous, pouches 3, conspicuous

aging or drying pale-pink or yellow, veins rose), cuneate to obovate, 12–18 mm (apex sometimes obcordate); filaments 5 mm; anthers cream, yellow, dark-pink

to densely short-hairy, not or sparsely septate-glandular. Petals cream-white to pale yellowish. 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug. Habitat: Rocky,

5) mm, glabrous; sepals somewhat overlapping, spreading or reflexed, cream to pale yellowish green or dull reddish-brown, reddish color deepening with age

subglabrous; petals rose-purple to pale-pink, obcordate, 3.5–6 (–7) ×2–4 mm, apical notch 0.5–1 mm; filaments cream, those of longer stamens 1.8–4 mm,

Shoots redbrown to tan, distally red or pale-hairy, becoming gray-brown, distally glabrous or sparsely pale-hairy. Leaves: petiole 2-6 mm. Leaf-blade

eglandular, sometimes sparsely to moderately septate-glandular. Petals (cream-white) pale to bright-yellow. Phenology: Flowering May–Jul(–Aug). Habitat: Rocky

apex acute to mucronate. Perigynia ascending to spreading, green, gold, or cream colored, conspicuously 7–11-veined abaxially, conspicuously 0 (–2) -veined

ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet to purple, banner white, cream, or pale lilac, 6–9 mm, sparsely glandular; banner length 0.9–1 times wings,

some trichomes capitate to clavate, glands obviously stalked. Flowers cream to pale-yellow; sepals distinct to base, 5 × 1 mm; lateral sepals appressed;

± evenly arranged; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; blade abaxially green, drying to pale-brown to brownish green, oblongelliptic, lance-elliptic, or, sometimes, linear

Flowers pendent; perianth campanulate or rarely globose; tepals distinct, cream or greenish, often tinged rose or rosy brown, narrowly elliptic to broadly

narrowly lanceolate (3–4-striate, glabrous). Florets 13–22; corollas pale-yellow or cream, often purple or red-tinged, 6–8 mm. Cypselae 2.8–4 mm, densely pubescent

ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet to purple, banner white, cream, or pale lilac, 6–9 mm, sparsely glandular; banner length 0.7–0.8 (–0.9) times

base obtuse, margins entire, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial surface pale green to cream, adaxial surface darker green, both densely stellate-hairy. Inflorescences

acuminate); outer lanceovate, inner lanceolate. Florets 20–24; corollas pale-yellow or cream, often purple-tinged, 6.2–7.5 mm. Cypselae 3.5–5 mm, hispidulous;

(sometimes aging or drying pale-yellow basally, veins white or purplish), cuneate, 7–13 mm; filaments 4–6 mm; anthers cream to yellow, oblong-sagittate

pistillate flowers pale green to greenish white, ovaries 1-locular; ovules 1–4; staminate portion of spadix white, cream white, or pale-yellow; sterile flowers

red (rarely whitish), 30–40 mm; filaments, anthers, and style whitish to cream; stigma lobes yellow-green to green. Fruits dark red to purple throughout

mm, apex acute; petals not or scarcely overlapping, ± spreading, cream-white to pale-yellow, obovate-elliptic, sometimes broadly so, (3–) 5–8 × (2–) 4–6

throughout, or distally white or pale-yellow, sometimes distally dull pink, pink, salmon, orangish, pale pink-orange, buff, or cream, lanceolate, similar to distal

spreading; twigs ± straight, new growth glabrous or hairy, 1-year old golden to pale tan, older light gray; thorns on twigs few to numerous, straight to recurved

sometimes pale greenish yellow or whitish, spatulate, 18–35 mm, emarginate-apiculate; filaments deep purple to pink-purple, sometimes green; anthers pale-yellow;

mm on ovary apex, pale-yellow, 1.8–3.1 mm diam., obscurely 4-lobed, glabrous; style pale-yellow, 0.9–1.7 mm, gla­brous, stigma pale green to white, globose

striped; corollas white or pale lavender to pink > 18 18 Corolla lobes white; Pacific Northwest. Dodecatheon dentatum 18 Corolla lobes pale lavender to pink; Utah

suffused with purple; lateral sepals 10–13 × 5–6 mm, apex oblique; petals ovate, pale green, pink, purple, or yellowish, 9–11 × 4–6 mm; lip indistinctly veined

stipitate-glandular. Flowers: corolla brick-red to cream, bicolored, sometimes unicolored, paler abaxially, abaxial lobe often cream to white, 7–9 mm, throat relatively

27–51 (–60?) per areole, snowy white or gray, except inner central spines pale-yellow or tan proximally, reddish-brown to nearly black in distal 1/2 or

proximally paler, 10–17 × 2–4 mm; outer filaments colorless or white to rose; anthers orange-yellow; stigma lobes (4–) 5–6 (–7), white, cream, or pale-pink,

purplish-blue to lavender, laminae 7–13 × 0.8–2 mm. Disc-florets 19-25; corollas cream to pale-yellow turning reddish purple, sometimes also brownish, 5.2–6 mm, tubes

corollas usually blue to pale lavender, sometimes white, laminae 9–18 × 1.0–1.2 mm. Disc-florets 30–50; corollas yellow or cream becoming pink or purple

distally pale green or cream, sometimes pale yellowish or reddish purple to deep purple, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, rigid, veins prominent, pale and contrasting

irregularly lacerate); inner tepals white or cream, usually with sharply defined midstripes of green, yellow, tan, pink, pale-purple, or reddish, 4.5–8 × 1.5–2.7

blade lobe apices acute and sinuses moderately deep, LII 20–33%; anthers cream or pale pink; Minnesota, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, to Quebec and Newfoundland

5–11.5 mm; outer filaments reddish or orange; anthers pale to bright-yellow; stigma lobes 6–11, cream to creamy pink, yellow, or orange-yellow, 3–7 mm. Fruits

tinged, faces glabrous or ± hispid. Ray-florets 20–50 (–60); corollas usually pale to dark blue, lavender or purple, seldom white or pink, laminae (7–) 12–18

(inner), abaxial faces glabrous or sparsely strigillose. Rays 14–30; laminae pale lavender or purple, 10–15 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Disc-florets (20–) 25–30 (–50); corollas

or reddish, sometimes green with margins yellow or cream, lanceolate to oblong. Calyces proximally pale green, distally light yellow, (13–) 16–18.5 mm; abaxial

Flowers: inner tepals bright-yellow, 25 mm; filaments green; style cream; stigma lobes pale yellow-green. Fruits yellow, aging gray, cylindric to ellipsoid

hypanthium shallowly cupulate, 0.5–1 × 2–3 mm; sepals 1.5–2.5 mm, ± acute; petals pale-yellow, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, 1.5–2.5 mm; stamens 5, filaments

pistillate 4–6.5 mm. Phyllaries distally usually brown, sometimes cream, gray, or pale-yellow. Corollas: pistillate 2.5–4 mm. Pappi: pistillate 3.5–5 mm

ape× subacute to rounded; corolla blue-violet to purple, banner white, cream, or pale lilac, 4–6 (–9) mm, sparsely glandular; banner length 0.7–0.8 times

acute, ribs green, intercostal areas light green. Corollas usually pale-yellow or cream to yellow, not spotted or striped, palate ridges yellow to golden

mm, apex acute to acuminate; petals overlapping or not, spreading, cream-white to pale-yellow, broadly obovate, 4–6 × 3–6 mm, usually longer than, sometimes

Inflorescences 10–30 × 3–4 cm; bracts pale-yellow to cream throughout, or proximally pale greenish near base, distally pale-yellow to cream, broadly lanceolate, 3-lobed;

Phyllaries: apices petaloid, initially light yellow or cream, fading to cream, sometimes pale lavender to rose, slightly flaring-divergent or nearly straight

usually with swollen base. Flowers: sepals ascending or spreading, pale green to cream adaxially, ovate-deltate, 0.9–2 × 1–1.9 mm, margins minutely papillose-strigillose

purplish-tipped, faces glabrous. Ray-florets 18–38; corollas pale lilac or lavender to pale-purple, laminae 9–11 × 0.9–1.7 mm. Disc-florets 24–37; corollas

greenish, 7–10 mm; abaxial lip pale green to yellowish, reduced, 0.5–1.5 mm, 7–17% as long as beak; teeth reduced to apiculations, pale green to yellowish, 0.5–0

apical notch 1–2.5 mm; filaments pale-pink, those of longer stamens 2.4–4.2 mm, those of shorter ones 1.2–2.6 mm; anthers pale-yellow, 0.5–1.1 × 0.3–0.7 mm;

margins ciliate, apices attenuate, nectaries absent; corolla rotate, petals cream [white], with maroon lines or spot basally, these sometimes faint or absent

the longest 20–30 (–45) mm; major adaxial spines erect or spreading, white, pale-yellow, or tan to brown (rarely deep redbrown), terete, the longest 22–35

John Little, Landon E. McKinney† Common names: Cream or cream-white or pale or striped or striped cream violet violette strièe Endemic Synonyms: Lophion

var. bridgesii 3 Heads well spaced; phyllary apices light yellow or cream (rarely pale lavender), flaring-divergent slightly or not at all, petaloid portions

Ray-florets 15–33; corollas pale blue, pink, or lavender to white, laminae (4–) 5–7 (–8) × 1–1.7 mm. Disc-florets 15–30; corollas cream to pale-yellow turning pink

anthers cream, oblong-oval, 1 mm, apex rounded; ovary glabrous; styles connate to middle, 6–8 mm, villous in proximal 1/2. Berries palatable, pale-purple

patelliform, 0.5–2 × 2–4 mm; sepals (1.2–) 1.5–4 mm, acute; petals white or pale-yellow, oblanceolate to narrowly spatulate, 1.5–2.5 mm; stamens 5, filaments

Oreg., Wash. Forms from the southern part of the range with cream-white tepals and pale anthers have been described as subsp. leucandrum. This species

recorded, margins barely glandular-serrate; stamens 18–20, anthers white to pale-pink, sometimes medium pink or puce; styles 4 or 5 (arising from small tuft

fissures, bark flaky; branchlets gray, densely appressed-hairy; lenticels pale, round or lenticular spots. Leaves: petiole 5–12 mm; blade elliptic, ovate

2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 3–6 times longer than wide, abaxially with conspicuous cream-colored or pale-yellow farina and dull, light-brown, narrowly lanceolate, ciliate

compound thorns on trunks present; twigs: new growth pubescent, 1-year old pale gray; thorns on twigs usually numerous, ± straight to ± recurved, 1-year

Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 500. 1753. Joseph R. Rohrer Common names: Cream or Virginia or pale avens Endemic Synonyms: Geum flavum (Porter) E. P. Bicknell G.

hypanthium densely appressed-hairy; sepals 0.4–1 mm; petals cream, 2.6–3.8 mm. Drupes pale blue, violet plumbeous, or blue-violet, often turning whitish

Phyllaries usually creamy white, sometimes cream, greenish, pinkish, rose-purplish, purplish, yellowish, or pale-pink, thinly arachnoid-pubescent and sessile-glandular

glabrous or finely ciliate. Flowers: hypanthium white, pale greenish, greenish white, or cream, narrowly campanulate, 1.6–3 mm, glabrous, rarely very sparsely

rarely verrucose, flesh whitish to yellowish or pale orange, soft, not bitter. Seeds whitish to cream or tawny, narrowly to broadly elliptic to obovate

not overlapping, spreading to reflexed, pale green to white, linear-oblong, 5–7 mm; petals connivent, erect, pale green to nearly white, becoming pink tinged

greenish, rarely dull reddish purple, distally white to cream, rarely pale-yellow or dull, pale-pink (sharply differentiated from proximal coloration),

5 cm; bracts pale green to yellow-green or pale, dull reddish-brown throughout, or proximally so colored but changing gradually to cream or yellowish on

to very sparsely villous. Calyculi of 12–16 (–20), appressed to spreading, pale, ovate to elliptic or lanceovate to lanceolate (sometimes thin) bractlets

apiculate, faces glabrous. Ray-florets (10–) 13–20 (–25); corollas usually pale to azure blue to violet-purple, (rarely rosy, white or bluish white), laminae

rarely pink, laminae 5–8 × 0.5–1.2 mm. Disc-florets 10–20 (–25); corollas cream or pale-yellow becoming pink or red, (2.5–) 3–4.5 mm, tubes shorter than narrowly

purple, laminae (10–) 15–17 × 1.6–3 mm. Disc-florets 35–50+; corollas cream to pale-yellow becoming pinkish, 5.8–6.8 mm, tubes shorter than funnelform throats

basally into 0.2–1 mm tube, (0.3–) 0.5–2.5 mm, pilose-ciliate; anthers cream to pale-yellow, oblong, (0.2–) 0.5–0.7 mm. Achenes brown, lenticular, 1.5–2.5

acuminate, surfaces hir­tel­lous. Flowers: sepals ascending with reflexed tips, pale green abaxially, creamy white adaxially, often tinged with pink or red, ovate-deltate

corollas pale blue-violet to lavender or rose-purple, rarely white, laminae 5–10 (–12) × 1–1.7 mm. Disc-florets 20–30 (–35+); corollas cream or light yellow

6–9.5 × 1.1–1.9 cm; anthers cream, sometimes spotted minutely with magenta on abaxial surface, becoming yellow; pollen pale-yellow to occasionally yellow

1.5–4 cm; bracts proximally greenish to pale yellow-green, sometimes brownish purple, distally white to cream or light yellow, sometimes light pink or

1.5–3 cm; bracts proximally green to dull pale purplish, distally red, scarlet, rose, yellow, orange, or cream, sometimes pink or white, lanceolate to oblanceolate

cm; bracts green throughout, or proximally green, distally white to rarely cream on apices, with a tuft of erect, white, soft hairs, especially when immature

Scape 20–50 cm, usually scabrous. Flowers: perianth usually straw-colored to pale-yellow, tube 3–7 mm, much shorter than lobes, lobes ascending to reflexed

Fruiting pedicels 3–10 mm, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. Flowers: sepals cream or pale-yellow, 5–6 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; petals white (without

Flowers: calyx ribbed, 6–7 mm, stellate-hairy, lobes triangular; petals cream or pale-yellow with reddish spot at base, 10 mm; staminal column glabrous; style

to almost entire, teeth 7–15, apex rounded to ± truncate, abaxial surface pale green to yellowish green, puberulent, hairs curly, glabrescent, adaxial surface

orangish, or purplish, oblong-rounded, 6–16 mm; petals nearly connivent, erect, pale orange, oval to oblong, not conspicuously revolute or inrolled, 4–6 mm; nectary

Pedicels 2.5–7 mm. Flowers (8.5–) 9.5–14 mm; outer sepals and wings cream to greenish or pale-pink in bud, occasionally deep pink, apex of upper sepal usually

margins ciliate), inner lanceolate (glabrous). Florets 18–33; corollas cream to pale-yellow, often red or purple-tinged, 6–7.5 mm. Cypselae 3–4 mm, sparsely

flowers, others having pistillate unisexual flowers, 15–20 mm diam.; calyx pale green, rarely purplish, campanulate, not contracted at mouth or base, inflated

yellow with red basal portions, to 35 mm; filaments yellow; anthers pale-yellow; style cream; stigma lobes yellow-green. Fruits often sterile, sometimes proliferating

campanulate, 5–6 mm; sepals lanceolate to subulate, 5–8 mm; corolla cream to pale creamy yellow, campanulate, 6–9 cm (staminate shorter); anther-filaments

cm wide; branchlets green, maroon, or dark red, appressed-hairy; lenticels pale round or lenticular spots, with dark central pore. Leaves: petiole 5–17 mm;

bracts greenish throughout, or proximally greenish, distally white, cream, pale-pink, or pale-purple on apices, linear-lanceolate, 5–7 (–9) -lobed, sometimes

inner tepals yellow throughout, 20–25 mm; filaments pale green to yellow; anthers yellow; style pale green or white, pink tinged; stigma lobes color unknown

2–3 mm; stigma lobes yellow-green to pale green, 2–3 mm. Fruits whitish green proximally, pale green distally with pale rose-purple on sunlit portions, obovoid

margins subentire or glandular-denticulate; anthers pale-pink to purple, sometimes ivory to cream; styles 3–5. Pomes red or green to yellow, suborbicular

Zika, Barbara L. Wilson, Richard E. Brainerd, Nick Otting Common names: Pale small-flowered paintbrush Endemic Basionym: Castilleja oreopola subsp. albida Pennell

; sepals triangular, 4 mm, distal margins glandular-serrate; anthers cream to pale or deep purple; styles 3–5. Pomes yellow or red, suborbicular, 7–12 mm

in Eriogonum chrysops (on pale greenish-yellow flowers) and in E. mancum (with cream-colored flowers). Populations with pale yellow flowers here assigned

petals pale-pink, pale-veined, pistillate 7–9 mm, bisexual (10–) 14–20 (–25) mm; staminal column 6–8 mm, stellate-puberulent; anthers white to cream or pale-yellow;

reaching 1 mm; inner tepals usually white, cream, pale tan, greenish white, or pale-rose-pink, sometimes appearing pale orange proximally due to reflection of

flower, ascending or recurved only at tips, pale dull creamy yellow or pale greenish tan to pale yellow-orange or pale apricot, usually with well-defined darker

toothed, glabrous on adaxial distal surface; veins raised, green, rarely cream colored, prominent, branches divergent, extending nearly to apex; basal calli

Iris missouriensis 23 Pedicels stout; spathes herbaceous, 8–15 cm; perianths pale blue-violet or nearly white with prominent yellow ridge on sepal claws; capsules

spreading, green to yellowish, pink, red, orange, or white, sometimes with pale-yellow, scarious margins, broadly ovate to obovate, 2.5–4 mm; petals widely

apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences 4.5–18 × 1.5–6 cm; bracts white, cream, pale-yellow, pink, salmon, orange, or dull red throughout, or proximally greenish

involucral tubes 2–3 mm, lobes 1–2.5 mm. Flowers 4–8 mm; perianth pale-yellow to cream. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat: Sandy to gravelly slopes

1–2 mm. Flowers 3–6 mm, including 0.1–0.2 mm stipelike base; perianth cream to pale-yellow, sparsely pubescent abaxially; tepals monomorphic, obovate to

(2.5–) 3–3.5 mm, lobes 1–2.5 mm. Flowers (4–) 5–6 mm; perianth cream, whitish, or pale-yellow to greenish yellow, without large reddish spot on midrib

margins usually plane. Inflorescences capitate or umbellate. Perianths pale-yellow to cream or ochroleucous. 2n = 40. Phenology: Flowering May–Jul. Habitat:

sepals 7 mm, margins glandular-denticulate, abaxially glabrous; anthers cream or pale-pink. Pomes brick-red to red, pruinose on drying, suborbicular, 8–12

plane. Inflorescences umbellate or compound-umbellate. Perianths pale-yellow to cream or ochroleucous. Phenology: Flowering May–Jul. Habitat: Sandy to

mm, usually less than 1/2 as long as sepals; hypanthium interior pale green or cream to maroon; sepals (1.2–) 1.5–2.5 mm; petals white; filaments white

greenish or cream, raised, roundish, covering much of ovary; stamens nearly as long as petals; filaments linear, 0.6–1.1 mm, glabrous; anthers pale-yellow to

with red basal portions, 25–35 mm; filaments pale-yellow; anthers yellow; style whitish; stigma lobes cream to yellow. Fruits green to yellowish to dull

toothed near base); inner tepals bright-yellow, paler near base, 20–30 × 4.5–8.5 mm; stigma lobes cream to pale-yellow, 5–6 mm. Fruits greenish white to dull

5–2.5 cm, base cuneate, apex abruptly acuminate or rounded, abaxial surface pale green, adaxial surface gray-green, both surfaces with hairs appressed, sparse;

pink-purple, or reddish purple throughout, sometimes distally white, cream, or pale-pink, lanceolate, oblong, broadly elliptic, or ovate, 0–5 (–7) -lobed;

villous (particularly along midveins). Calyculi 10–15, appressed to spreading, pale to dark purplish green, ovate to elliptic bracklets in 2 series, 6–8.5 ×

parallel, green, with pale commissures, margins dentate, lobes broadly ovate (as broad as long), 1–2 mm, not ciliate; corolla cream or white, tinged purple

hairs. Flowers: calyx prominently 10-veined, veins parallel, green, with pale commissures, broadened in lobes, narrowly campanulate and 7–11 × 3–4 mm in

anther-filaments glabrous; ovary pubescent. Pepos green to gray-green with cream stripes or mottling, golden yellow to orange, dark purplish green or bluish

dm. Stems: twigs: new growth canescent, 1-year old reddish-brown, older ± pale gray; thorns on twigs absent or few, straight or slightly curved, 1-year

glandular-pectinate to glandular-serrate, abaxially pubescent; stamens 20, anthers pale-yellow or cream; styles 3–5. Pomes red to ruddy, broadly ellipsoid, 7–10 mm diam

widely and evenly spaced, conspicuous, radiating like star or pincushion, pale to deep redbrown, sometimes tipped yellow, 3–8 mm. Flowers: inner tepals

2-segmented > 20 19 Ovaries and young fruits unsegmented > 23 20 Petals cream or pale yellow with dark purple or brown veins; ovules 4-6 per ovary. Carrichtera

maturity creamy to chalky white or pale to (infrequently) dark-brown, readily exfoliating in paper-thin sheets; lenticels pale, horizontal, in maturity dark

Misc. Mag. 1: 229. 1819. Zack E. Murrell, Derick B. Poindexter Common names: Pale dogwood cornouiller oblique Endemic Synonyms: Cornus amomum subsp. obliqua (Rafinesque)

widely spread at full anthesis; branches moderately pubescent; bracteoles cream to pale green, often suffused light red especially distally, narrowly elliptic

Abaxial and adaxial surfaces of young leaf blade densely tomentose, hairs pale blond or tan; fully emerged leaf blade oblong to obovate, margins obscurely

glabrous. Flowers usually white or cream, sometimes greenish tinged, drying white to brownish green, corolla usually becoming pale yellowish apically, 3–6 mm;

abaxially glabrous; stamens 10, anthers cream; styles 3. Pomes often in large, ± pendent infructescences, cream young (mid Aug), turning salmon, then red

mostly white to pale-pink or lilac or light blue, laminae 4.5–8 (–10) × 0.8–1.5 mm. Disc-florets (8–) 10–15 (–20); corollas whitish to cream becoming pink

minutely and obscurely papillose. Rhododendron catawbiense 5 Corollas white or pale to dark pink to rose or purple, petals connate 3/4+ their lengths; capsules

disc pale green, thin, partially covering ovary; stamens as long as petals; filaments linear, 1–1.1 mm, glabrous; anthers maroon, sometimes cream, oval

lanceolate, apex acute. Inflorescences 2–7 (–10) × 1–3.5 cm; bracts greenish to pale greenish yellow throughout, often aging dull reddish-brown or reddish purple

pilose, mainly on midveins). Calyculi 14–20, appressed (to spreading), often pale green, ovate to elliptic-ovate bractlets in 2–3 series, 5–8 × 2.8–4.5 mm

densely pubescent; sepals greenish or pale green, triangular, 3–5 mm, margins glandular-denticulate, apex ± red or paler red, abaxially glabrous, adaxially

involucral tubes 2–3 mm, lobes 1–2.5 mm. Flowers 4–8 mm; perianth pale-yellow to cream or whitish, rarely greenish white. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep.

glandular-laciniate, abaxially glabrate; stamens 5 or 6, or 10, anthers cream to pale-pink or salmon; styles 4 or 5. Pomes bright red, suborbicular, 10–12

sparsely villous. Calyculi of 10–12, spreading to eventually reflexed, often pale, sometimes purplish-tinged, lanceovate to broadly lanceolate (thin) bractlets

nearly throughout, free portions of filaments not secund, 2.5–5 mm; pollen cream to yellowish orange; styles white to pink, 3–16 mm; stigmas pink or yellow

inner acute to obtuse, glabrous. Ray-florets 10–20, usually white, rarely pale-yellow (conspicuous); laminae 7–7.3 × 1.4–1.6 mm. Disc-florets 30–36; corollas

nearby. The flowers of E. artificis are usually pale yellow, but occasionally plants are found with cream-colored and distinctly yellow flowers. None. None

shortly stipitate-glandular, veins parallel, slender, tinged dark red, with pale commissures, lobes ovatelanceolate, obtuse, 2–3 mm, margins scarious; corolla

narrowly triangular, margins glandular-serrate; stamens 20, anthers pink to pale-purple; styles 2–5. Pomes orange-red to russet, often green-mottled, suborbicular

blade, adaxially grooved, villous, often scattered dark glandular; blade pale yellow-green abaxially, dark green when mature, red in fall, oblong-obovate

larger petals (4.5–5.5 × 2–3 versus 2–3.5 × 0.8–1.4 mm) that are pale yellow or cream (versus white), and longer fruiting pedicels 4–10 [versus 1–4.5(–8)]

2 2 Leaves 0.5–1 mm wide; involucres 3.5–5 × 6–11 mm; rays 15–25, blue to pale lavenderor pinkish; pappus bristles 20–30 Erigeron elegantulus 2 Leaves 0

seeds 0.7-1 mm wide. Boechera serotina 4 Fruits pendent; petals white to pale lavender; (c Colorado). Boechera oxylobula 4 Fruits ascending to erect; petals