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apices, reflexing at tube/lamina junction, or remaining ± straight and spreading). Peripheral florets (disciform heads) 50–200 in 1–4 series, pistillate

441, 445. Herbs, spreading to erect or prostrate polycarpic perennials and annuals, glabrous, hispid, tomentose, floccose, hirsute, villous, viscid, or

than funnelform (cylindric in sect. Conyzopsis) throats, lobes 5, erect, spreading, or reflexed, deltate, triangular, or lanceolate; style-branch appendages

strigose to hirsute-strigose, sometimes densely hirsute at very base. > 16 16 Leaflet abaxial surfaces strigose to hirsute-strigose, densely hirsute at very

capitate, uniparous due to suppression of secondaries; branches open and spreading or erect, typically trichotomously branched at proximal node, otherwise

238, 239, 571, 581, 591, 594. Plants not scapose; glabrous, pubescent, hirsute, or pilose. Stems usually erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent, decumbent

saucer-shaped to cupshaped, 2–6 mm; sepals 5 (–10 in G. glaciale), erect to erect-spreading, reflexed or not, deltate, deltate-ovate, or deltate-lanceolate; petals

narrower, the different morphologies alternating at 90° at each node, usually hirsute to villous, hairs bristlelike, often gland-tipped; bark (if any) thin, exfoliating

Liatris squarrosa 8 Stems hirsute to piloso-hirsute; phyllary apices (at least inner) acute-acuminate (all usually spreading to reflexed on distal 1/5–1/3

to broadly ovate, thick, usually leathery, abaxially glabrous to silky, hirsute, or tomentose; filaments slender, usually pubescent (except C. pitcheri

florets terete or weakly laterally compressed; calluses well-developed, hirsute; lemmas fusiform, 3-veined, convolute, usually glabrous or scabridulous

appressed-strigose and hispid, sparsely to abundantly long-hispid or hirsute (hairs spreading, long, cells osteolate, walls minutely pustulate). Leaves basal

caudex stems absent or woody, tightly compact to spreading and at or just below surface, or spreading to erect and above surface; aerial flowering-stems

(pollen sometimes brightly colored); styles abaxially usually papillate to hirsute (mostly distally), branches filiform to stout, adaxially continuously stigmatic

platyphyllus), glabrous, glabrate, puberulent, retrorsely hairy, canescent, pilose, hirsute, or glandular-pubescent, glaucous or not; basal and proximal cauline petiolate;

702, 704. Annuals; (usually glaucous distally), often sparsely to densely hirsute proximally, sometimes glabrous throughout. Stems unbranched or branched

Treatment on page 415. Mentioned on page 21, 398, 416, 417, 422. Shrubs, spreading to densely compact, (2–) 3–30 (–60) dm. Stems 1–10+, erect to arching;

included or exserted (exserted syles and stamens in heterostylous species), spreading. Nearly worldwide, especially n temperate regions Species ca. 60 (16 in

bases and/or distally, glabrate, glabrous, hispidulous, pilose, piloso-hirsute, piloso-strigose, scabrellous, sericeous, strigillose, strigoso-scabrellous

erect to decumbent or ascending, deflexed proximally, branched, usually spreading-hairy distally (hairs soft to stiff). Leaves basal and cauline; alternate;

appendaged beyond the stigmatic bands or lines, appendages usually papillate to hirsute distally on abaxial (or abaxial and adaxial) faces. Fruits (technically

hanging clumps, often aromatic, (0.1–) 0.3–6 (–6.5) dm, sparsely to densely hirsute, sericeous, villous, or pilose, sometimes glabrate, sparsely to densely

(surfaces pilose, pubescent, or villous), and (2) stiff and straight (surfaces hirsute); glandular-hairs of two types: (1) short-stipitate, and (2) sessile, both

villous-hirsute, hairs straight and spreading, 0.6–0.7 mm. Stipules villous-hirsute with straight, spreading hairs; petiole villous-hirsute with straight

Mentioned on page 540, 542. Shrubs, mostly 30–200 cm. Stems 1–5+, erect to spreading (tomentose to pannose or glabrous, often spiny). Leaves (usually with fascicles

rosettes forming at stolon apices). Stems glabrous or moderately hirsute (branches spreading). Leaves: blades lanceolate to broadly ovate or elliptic (not

Etymology: Greek eurys, wide, and baios, few, perhaps alluding to the few, wide-spreading ray florets Basionym: Aster subg. Eurybia Cassini Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom

often arising annually from taproots or woody caudices; herbage usually hirsute, hispid, scabrous, or velvety). Stems decumbent to erect, usually branched

lanceolate. Flowers: receptacle glabrous; sepals 5, spreading or reflexed from base, 2-6 × 1-4 mm, glabrous or hirsute; petals 5-12, 5-14 × 2-8 mm; nectary scales

or densely spreading-hirsute, or rarely glabrate or glabrous; distally minutely puberulent in 2 lines, sparsely or densely spreading-hirsute, or rarely

diverging to appressed, with 1-4 spikelets; pedicels 3-15 mm, spreading to appressed, scabrous or hirsute; pulvini glabrous or pilose. Spikelets 1.4-2.4 mm long

sparsely to densely hirsute or hispid > 15 14 Racemes without terminal cluster of sterile flowers; fruit valves glabrous (sometimes hirsute in S. glandulosus)

(var. jacinteus) (often purple, distal branches stiff, spreading-ascending), hispid (hairs spreading-deflexed, 0.1–0.4 mm), mostly eglandular. Leaves cauline;

Association Plants prostrate or creeping; branches spreading. Stems to 30 (–50) cm. Twigs often hirsute-hispid, especially when young. Leaves alternate (distal

to rounded; surfaces abaxially appressed-hirsute, usually sparsely so, adaxially glabrous or sparsely hirsute along veins, marginal hairs strongly curved

perennial; stolons absent. Stems erect, glabrous, glabrate, puberulent, hirsute, tomentose, or floccose, sometimes glabrescent, stipitate-glandular or eglandular

Plants perennial; cespitose or shortly rhizomatous. Culms 25-110 cm, erect, spreading, or prostrate; nodes glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths glabrous or pubescent;

perennials, to 100 cm (taprooted or roots fibrous). Stems hispid to hirsute (hairs spreading, 1+ mm). Leaves: blades elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate (not lobed)

14 Stems hirsute; leaf blades broadly ovate, 3-6 cm wide Mirabilis rotundifolia 14 Stems glabrous, puberulent, or spreading villous (if hirsute, then leaf

rounded or obtuse; surfaces abaxially appressed-hirsute, usually sparsely so, adaxially appressed-hirsute, at least along main veins, marginal hairs perpendicular

surfaces abaxially sparsely appressed-hirsute, at least proximally, adaxially glabrous or sparsely appressed-hirsute, marginal hairs perpendicular to margin

1-2 (3) branches at the lower nodes; branches usually erect, spreading to widely spreading at anthesis, sometimes the lower branches reflexed; Spikelets

to erect, usually branched, usually sparsely hispid-hirtellous (hairs spreading to upturned), stipitate-glandular or eglandular. Leaves basal and cauline;

stiffly ascending, slender, 2–10 (–15) cm, scabroso-hirsute to cinereo-puberulent, bracts appressed to spreading, linear, 1–5 mm, grading into phyllaries. Involucres

rounded, hirsute or hispid, hairs papillose-based; ligules membranous, ciliate, cilia 0.5-1.5 mm; blades 5-40 cm long, 3-18 mm wide, linear, spreading. Panicles

± crisped, tomentose, tips obtuse to acute, slightly spreading, abaxially usually densely hirsute, occasionally moderately so. Achenes: bodies densely

sparsely hirsute (hairs stiff, 2 mm). Inflorescences: axes often with glistening sessile-glandular hairs and pubescent to villous and hirsute (hairs stiff

rounded-acute. Flowers: receptacle glabrous; sepals spreading or variously reflexed, 4-6 × 2-4 mm, appressed-hirsute; petals 5 (-10), yellow, 7-13 × 4-10 mm. Heads

1 or 2 per node; peduncles and pedicels ascending or erect, sometimes spreading (P. comarrhenus, P. cyananthus, P. nudiflorus). Flowers: calyx lobes: margins

curved), slender. Flowers: sepals (deciduous), suberect, ascending, or spreading, oblong, (equal), lateral pair not saccate basally, (margins membranous);

to strigillose or hirsuto-strigillose (hairs usually ascending, rarely spreading, 0.1–1.2 mm), eglandular. Leaves basal (usually persistent through flowering)

tenuifolia 9 Pedicels 0.5–8 mm; corollas: adaxial lobes spreading, erect, or reflexed-spreading, rarely projected distal to corolla mouth, throats villous

row spreading ± 90º (pressed upward on dried specimens), stipitate-glandular hairs, ± glistening, grooves strigose, ridges usually sparingly hirsute (sepal

to pilose and hirsute (hairs stiff, scattered, 1–2 mm, densest along major veins). Inflorescences: axes pubescent to villous and hirsute (hairs stiff proximally

rows, proximal row spreading ± 90° to ± reflexed, usually glistening with sessile-glandular hairs, ridges sometimes sparingly hirsute. 2n = 28. Phenology:

around apices in R. heliopsidis) > 4 3 Stems and leaves coarsely hispid to hirsute; style branch apices subulate; e NorthAmerica Rudbeckia hirta 3 Stems and

than 0.1 mm diam., 5–20 cm, glabrous, puberulent, canescent, villous, or hirsute, shorter hairs often uncinate and longer hairs straight or irregularly twisted

decumbent, ascending, or erect, sometimes arching, creeping, sprawling, spreading, scrambling, pendent, climbing, or reclining, sometimes absent. Leaves

sometimes branched, hirsute (hairs unequal), ± minutely glandular. Leaves mostly basal (persistent; petioles prominently ciliate, hairs spreading, thick-based);

persistent) or basal and cauline (petioles prominently ciliate, hairs spreading, thick-based); blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 10–50 (–80)

divaricate, usually slender. Flowers: sepals (rarely persistent), erect or spreading, ovate or oblong, lateral pair not or, rarely, saccate basally, (margins

(often forming dense, rounded masses). Stems erect or spreading (glabrous or rough hairy [sparsely hirsute]). Leaves cauline; opposite (all or proximal) or

67, 68. Plants leafy-stemmed. Stems 30–110 cm, puberulent and hirsute or sparsely hirsute. Leaves: basal 10–45 cm, blade interruptedly lyrate-pinnate, major

481. Shrubs spreading to erect, 0.3–0.6 (–1.2) m. Twigs terete, viscid, puberulent, densely hispid. Leaves alternate; petiole 0.1–1 mm, hirsute-puberulent;

Symphyotrichum, and Solidago all originated on the continent and subsequently spread to Eurasia or South America. A few genera entered North America from neighboring

long-attenuate (surpassing discs) Helianthus neglectus 9 Stems hispid to hirsute; leaf margins serrate to serrulate; phyllary apices relatively short-attenuate

hollow, usually erect or ascending, rarely sprawling, in the spring often spreading, sometimes decumbent in the fall, usually branching from the mid or lower

simple or branched distally, 2–8 dm, appressed-hirsute or spreading-hirsute proximally, appressed-hirsute or glabrous distally. Leaves much smaller distally;

to 150 cm (rhizomatous). Stems glabrate to hirsute or strigose (hairs 1–2 mm, basal retrorse, others spreading). Leaves: blades ovate to subcordate or elliptic

shining) and hirsute (hairs sparse to scattered, 1 mm). Inflorescences: axes glistening with sessile-glandular hairs and ± ascending-hirsute (hairs stiff

obsolete or absent; stigma capitate or conical, entire or 2-lobed, lobes spreading or connivent, sometimes decurrent, distinct or connate, rarely elongated

distinctly longer in fruit than calyces; bracteoles absent. Flowers erect, spreading, or nodding; sepals 5 or 3 (in reduced forms), calyx bilaterally or radially

leaf-bases. Stems usually ascending to erect, moderately hirsute to hispidulous (hairs spreading-deflexed), minutely glandular at least distally. Leaves

bowl-shaped, with up to a 65 cm lateral spread. Stems erect or ascending (often purple, distal branches stiff, spreading-ascending, without axillary leaf tufts)

taproot slender. Stems arising directly from the root, erect to somewhat spreading, solid, not fistulose or disarticulating into ringlike segments, glabrous

or sessile (producing glucosinolates). Stems usually erect, sometimes spreading or procumbent; branched or unbranched. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged

10–15 in 1–2 series, erect (spreading in age), distinct, lance-linear to linear, equal, margins ± scarious (abaxial faces ± hirsute). Receptacles flat or convex

coiled or spreading hairs; hypanthial cups 2–4 × 4–7 mm; sepals 5, broadly deltate, 1–2.5 mm, acute-acuminate; stamens 20–61, anthers 1–1.5 mm, hirsute. Achenes

Treatment on page 419. Mentioned on page 416, 417, 420. Shrubs, erect to spreading, often tangled and tightly condensed where exposed or with open growth

caudices with relatively short and thick branches. Stems erect, hirsute to hispido-hirsute (often with slightly deflexed hairs), minutely to stipitate-glandular

2–7 mm, surface strigose to hirsute, not glandular-punctate, rarely stipitate-glandular; petiole (0.1–) 0.5–1.5 cm, hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile; blade

rows, proximal row spreading ± 90° (pressed upward on dried specimens), glandular-hairy, grooves strigose, ridges sparsely hirsute (sepal bases usually

oblanceolate to obovate teeth or lobes, sparsely to ± densely short-villous or hirsute, sometimes glabrate. Cauline leaves 1–5 (or 6). Flowers 5–12 mm diam.; epicalyx

Volume 5. Treatment on page 435. Illustrator: Copyright: Plants erect to spreading, 0.4–4 × 0.3–4.5 dm. Stems sparsely to densely glandular. Leaf-blades linear

at bases of aerial stems). Stems (branches ascending) moderately hirsute (hairs spreading, 1+ mm). Leaves: blades linear to spatulate (not lobed), bases

pubescent. Leaves evenly distributed; sheaths usually glabrous, rarely hirsute, occasionally reddish or purplish; auricles absent or to 1.8 mm, pale-brown;

Tradescantia reverchonii 27 Stems spreading, diffusely branched, 10–30 cm. Tradescantia subacaulis 28 Plants diffuse, spreading; stems much branched. Tradescantia

apices spine-tipped, (outer) spreading to reflexed or squarrose, faces (outer) sparsely to densely hispid, scabroso-hirsute adaxially, (inner) glabrous

often zigzag-curved, ± hirsute, long-soft-hairy, ± glandular. Leaves mostly alternate, 2–8 cm (often longest at midstems), hirsute, ± long-hairy, ± glandular

canescent-hirsute, densely stipitate-glandular (hairs finer). Heads (disciform) 1–4. Involucres 4–6 × 7–15 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, coarsely hirsute, densely

North America Association Plants leafy-stemmed. Stems 30–120 cm, hirsute to sparsely hirsute. Leaves: basal 10–35 cm, blade interruptedly pinnate, major leaflets

concave, without wings or very narrowly winged, internodes and nodes usually hirsute-villous, rarely glabrous or glabrate, hairs gland-tipped. Leaves sessile

nodes; nodes pilose, hairs spreading; internodes hirsute, hairs papillose-based. Sheaths usually shorter than the internodes, hirsute, lower sheaths more so

reflexed, slender or stout. Flowers: sepals (caducous), usually erect, rarely spreading or ascending, ovate or oblong, lateral pair saccate or not basally, (usually

cm long, 5-15 mm wide, linear, flat to conduplicate, straight or lax, spreading, glabrous adaxially. Panicles 10-30 cm long, 2.5-10 cm wide, open or contracted;

acuminate, rarely obtuse; surfaces abaxially sparsely hirsute, adaxially glabrous or sparsely hirsute along veins, marginal hairs ± perpendicular to margin

10–20 (–35) dm, polygamodioecious; rhizomatous in sandy soil. Stems 1–20+, spreading-ascending; bark brown, with age separating in papery sheets; long and short-shoots

Herbs, annual; taproots slender. Stems arising directly from the root, spreading or prostrate, sometimes erect, solid, not fistulose or disarticulating

oblong-cordate or sagittate; ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-locular, hirsute with stiff, upward-spreading bulbous-based hairs; ovules 3–5 per locule; style deciduous;

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Annuals; densely hirsute proximally, glabrescent distally. Stems usually branched basally, (widely)

obtuse to rounded (broadly acute); surfaces abaxially sparsely hirsute, adaxially sparsely hirsute only along veins, marginal hairs mostly curved toward apex

sinuate-dentate or subentire, surfaces usually glabrous, rarely sparsely hirsute, trichomes whitish, 0.3–0.4 mm. Cauline leaves: blade linear to narrowly

cm. Corms depressed-globose or globose to napiform. Stems puberulent to hirsute-puberulent. Leaves: (basal on relatively distant internodes usually withering

often with large teeth distally, venation palmate, surfaces strigose or hirsute. Inflorescences terminal, 3–8-flowered, panicles, open, ± as long as petioles

Mentioned on page 364, 365, 395. Annuals, mostly 5–25 cm. Stems erect to spreading, branched from bases. Leaves mostly basal; subopposite or alternate; petiolate;

appressed-pubescent, becoming glabrate. Pedicels in leaf-axils, erect or spreading. Flowers solitary, often irregular by twisting of petals; sepals deciduous

Involucres 1–4 cm diam. Phyllaries spreading to reflexed, green, linear to lanceolate, herbaceous. Ray laminae spreading, eventually reflexed, elliptic to

mm, triangular; upper glumes smooth, papillose-hirsute, 3-veined; lower lemmas smooth, papillose-hirsute or glabrous, 3-veined; upper florets white. 2n

some­times also sparsely glandular puberulent, villous, or sparsely hirsute with spreading, pustulate-based hairs, or some­times glabrate. Stems unbranched

either glabrous or spreading-bristly, with valves not awn-tipped. In some specimens of R. refracta, though, capsule pubescence is spreading or even patent

× 5–30 mm, margins coarsely dentate to pinnatifid, faces ± hirsute (hairs coarse, spreading). Heads usually 2–7 in loose arrays, sometimes borne singly

shoots, becoming glabrate. Stems prostrate, green to reddish, to 1 m, ± hirsute, sericeous. Leaves 2–4.5 × 1 cm; stipules 1–5 × to 1 mm; leaflets 6–12 (–16)

30–100, hirsute, styles subbasal, clavate; ovule 1. Fruits aggregated achenes, individually deciduous, 30–100, obliquely ovoid, 1.4–1.8 (–2) mm, hirsute; hypanthium

shorter than 1 mm, truncate, entire or lacerate; blades (1) 2-4 (6) mm wide, spreading or ascending, often involute, sometimes folded, abaxial surfaces glabrous

distally hirsute. Leaves thick, firm, margins (slightly undulate) scabrous, adaxial faces glabrous or strigose, scabrous, adaxial ± sparsely hirsute to scabro-hirtellous

arrays, branches widely spreading to ascending, sparsely to moderately leafy with ± large leaves. Peduncles 0.2–3+ cm, ± hispid or hirsute to villous, bracts

strigillose, villous, or hirtellous, rarely glandular-puberulent. Stems erect to spreading or pros­trate and then often rooting at nodes, sometimes floating, submerged

basally, glabrous). Flowers: sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading to reflexed, ovate to oblong, linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, lateral

0.9–1.5 mm. Euphorbia capitellata 5 Stems usually both strigillose and hirsute; involucre 0.5–0.7 × 0.4–0.6 mm, appendages 0.1–0.2 × 0.1–0.3 mm; styles

dentate or subentire. Racemes much-elongated in fruit; rachis hirsute, trichomes spreading, straight. Fruiting pedicels horizontal, straight or slightly

appearing merely fibrous-rooted. Stems erect or slightly basally ascending, hirsute or hirsuto-villous to strigose or glabrate, eglandular. Leaves basal (persistent)

of North America Association Annuals 10–50 cm, puberulent and hispid to hirsute, hairs white; branches present. Leaves: blade ovate, 2–6 (–8) × 3–5 cm,

(when fully open), 6–10 mm wide dried; calyx 3.9–7 × 3.6–7.2 mm, stellate-hirsute, capitate-glandular hairs (0.4 mm) abaxially, adaxially glabrous within

hispidulous to hirsute, usually minutely glandular. Leaves mostly basal (in tufts, persistent) (petioles prominently ciliate, hairs spreading, thick-based);

yellowbrown or greenish, sometimes glaucous) erect, glabrous, hispid, ± hirsute, or scabrous. Leaves cauline; all or mostly opposite to mostly alternate;

scandent, widely and diffusely branched, sparsely to densely short-pilose or hirsute, especially distally, eglandular. Leaves cauline; alternate; sessile; blades

rachis hirsute, trichomes spreading, straight. Fruiting pedicels horizontal, straight or slightly recurved, (terete), 2.8–5 × 0.3–0.4 mm, hirsute. Flowers:

sparsely to densely hirsute and not glaucous on the adaxial surface; nodes sericeous. > 26 26 Spikelets 2.1-2.9 mm long; culms spreading to weakly ascending;

villous and often viscid, or sometimes hirsute, hair types often mixed, spreading-pubescent. Leaves ascending to spreading at 10–90°; petiole 0–4 cm; blade green

margins coarsely serrate, apices acute, abaxial faces hirsute on main nerves, adaxial sparsely hirsute to somewhat scabrous; mid to distal cauline subsessile

Association Plants to 7 dm, hirsute to hispid. Stems simple or branching. Leaves to 20 cm. Inflorescences: peduncle proximally spreading-hispid, distally appressed-hispid

usually glaucous. Leaves often crowded basally; sheaths rounded, glabrous or hirsute, hairs fragile, papillose-based, margins sometimes ciliate distally; ligules

to erect (straight), proximally glabrate, distally uniformly villous or hirsute, or glabrous (var. glabratum). Leaves thin, margins scabrous, apices mucronate

Mentioned on page 231, 233, 249. Perennials, 35–110 (–150) cm; taprooted, spreading by rhizomes. Stems 1–30 (–100), ascending to erect (sometimes reddish-brown

(6) 25-100 cm, 0.5-3.5 mm thick, spreading to weakly ascending, usually freely branching; nodes pilose, hairs spreading to ascending; internodes pilose

pedicels ascending, straight, (2–) 4–12 (–14) mm, (glabrous or hirsute). Flowers: sepals spreading, oblong, 1.6–2.8 × 0.6–1.2 mm; petals yellow, obovate or spatulate

flowers), not or slightly keeled, (hirsute-hispid in fertile flowers, glabrous in sterile flowers); petals: (abaxial pair spreading and reflexed, adaxial pair

keeled to linear and reduced or absent. Calyptra smooth to papillose or hirsute (sect. Haplohymenium). Spores 9–20 (–23) µm. North America, Mexico, West

slightly curved, 7–15 mm, hirsute (trichomes spreading, simple and branched). Flowers: sepals 4–6 × 1.5–2 mm, hirsute (trichomes spreading, simple and branched);

deep; valves thick, smooth, strongly reticulate-veined, hirsute and puberulent, (trichomes spreading, mixed with smaller ones); style obsolete, included in

sometimes rooting, unbranched or branched, solid, usually densely to sparsely hirsute, stellate-hairy, or glabrescent, hairs 1–2 mm, distal stem usually more

glabrous or soft hirsute adaxially, soft hirsute abaxially. Inflorescences primarily terminal, few branched, open; peduncle 3–6 mm, spreading-pubescent, sometimes

Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants densely hirsute basally, trichomes primarily simple, to 1 mm, these often mixed with smaller

prostrate to suberect, green to reddish, to 0.8 m, densely sericeous, ± hirsute, especially at nodes. Leaves 2.5–8.5 × 1–2.6 cm; stipules 3–9 × 1–4 mm;

cm. Stems greenish, hirtellous to puberulent. Leaf-blades (ascending to spreading, lowermost sometimes deflexed) bright green (especially adaxially), 3-nerved

branched, (18–) 30–100 cm; branches spreading-ascending, obtusely angular, retrorsely short-sericeous and hispid. Leaves spreading; blade lanceolate, 12–60 x (2–)

downy, hirsute, eglandular. Flowers erect; epicalyx bractlets 2–6 mm; hypanthium green or green with slight maroon tinge; sepals erect-spreading, 6–11 mm;

rosettes, or caudex simple or branched); not scapose; often pubescent or hirsute, sometimes glabrous or glabrate, trichomes stalked, stellate, sometimes

or ascending, stolons prostrate, rooting nodally, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, not bulbous-based. Tuberous roots absent. Basal leaves simple and undivided

rarely capitate; spikelets 1–80+, rarely single; involucral-bracts 2–5, spreading or rarely erect, scalelike or leaflike. Spikelets mainly ovoid to lanceoloid

Leaves nearly distichous, mostly spreading, to 2/3 length of culms; sheaths ciliate, sheath backs often pilose-hirsute; ligule present, complete; blades

leaves stipitate-glandular, hirsute, woolly, lanulate, or sericeous-tomentose, not silky-sericeous. > 7 7 Phyllary apices spreading to reflexed, attenuate to

with apex broadly obtuse, distal more acute, surfaces hirsute, trichomes mostly simple, spreading). Fruiting pedicels divaricate-ascending, straight, (expanded

1927 ,. Bruce A. Sorrie, Alan S. Weakley, Gordon C. Tucker Common names: Hirsute huckleberry Endemic Synonyms: Lasiococcus mosieri (Small) Small Treatment

ventricose, 2.5–5 (–7) mm; teeth (2–) 3 (–4), spreading to strongly divergent, glandular or slightly hirsute; awns divergent, (0.5–) 1–2.5 (–3) mm. Flowers

pedicels erect, spreading, ascending or divaricately-ascending, often slender. Flowers: sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading, oblong [ovate]

pilose or hirsute at the lowermost sheath, especially distally; ligules shorter than 1 mm; blades 8-35 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, ascending or spreading, abaxial

mm; peduncle 20–100 mm, hirsute; ocreolae overlapping, margins ciliate with bristles 0.2–1 mm. Pedicels ascending to spreading, 1–4 mm. Flowers (1–) 2–5

hard, cormlike bases; nodes puberulent to sparsely hirsute; internodes all elongated, puberulent to hirsute; fall phase with decumbent culms, developing divaricate

basally); glabrous or hirsute. Stems (several from base), branched basally, 5–10 dm, (usually glabrous, rarely sparsely hirsute). Basal leaves: blade (usually

3–15 × 3–4 mm, base obscurely narrowing to stem, margins ciliate, surfaces hirsute to glabrescent, hairs simple. Scapes usually 1, 2–7 (–10) cm, sparsely hairy

margins ciliate, apices acute to acuminate, mucronate, faces glabrous or ± hirsute (particularly on abaxial midveins); basal withering by flowering (new vernal

puberulent, hirsute, eglandular. Flowers erect; epicalyx bractlets 1–2 mm; hypanthium green; sepals spreading but soon reflexed, 3–10 mm; petals spreading, white

± flat; capsules poricidal (sect. Rhoeadium). > 7 7 Peduncles markedly spreading-hispid distally; capsules less than 2 times longer than broad. Papaver

with 3 or more leaves. Phyllaries: outer spreading linear (bases ± broad), abaxial faces arachnose to hirsute; inner appressed ± lanceolate (apices rounded

drying. Stems simple or branched distally, 3–9 dm, spreading-hirsute proximally, appressed-hirsute or glabrous distally. Leaves much smaller distally;

20–60 cm. Culms erect or spreading, slender, stiff. Leaves: sheaths hirsute; principal blades linear to lance-linear, 5–12 cm, hirsute-hispid-ciliate, surfaces

in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 614. Mentioned on page 612. Annuals; hirsute or glabrous, trichomes simple proximally, simple, with branched, smaller

decumbent at base, branched, to 100 cm, finely hirsute, glandular-puberulent distally. Leaves: blade hirsute on both surfaces; basal usually withering by

decumbent, light to dark-brown, proximally glabrous, distally hispiduloso-hirsute or hirtellous, stipitate-glandular. Leaves (yellowish to dark green) thin

radians 2 Fruiting pedicels smoothly recurved or straight and stiffly spreading, 2-7(-12) mm; fruits 2.5-6(-9) mm wide, wings with indistinct rays or (0-)0

Volume 3. Shrubs or small trees, often aromatic and resinous. Branches spreading, terete, glabrous or pubescent, often gland-dotted. Leaves persistent or

epicalyx bractlets 2–5 mm; hypanthium green; sepals spreading in flower, erect in fruit, 6–10 mm; petals spreading, yellow, orbiculate to obcordate, 9–16 mm, longer

lanceolate, 1-6 cm × 0.5-6 (-10) mm; surfaces nearly glabrous to densely silky-hirsute. 2n = 16. Phenology: Flowering spring–summer. Habitat: Moist mountain meadows

margins variously thickened or not, and the apex narrowly acute and often hirsute-ciliate. Inflorescences are green, green-brown, or red-brown, mostly sessile

crispate, tomentose, tips obtuse, spreading, abaxially finely tomentose. Achenes: body pilose, hairs of rim spreading; beak (2.5-) 3-4.5 (-5.5) cm, plumose

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Herbs, erect or spreading, annual, 0.5–6 (–7) dm, hirsute, greenish, grayish, tawny, or reddish. Stems: caudex absent;

lanceolate to linear, 5–100 × 0.5–15 mm, secondary lobes usually ± linear, spreading), bases ± truncate to broadly cuneate, ultimate margins usually entire

(delicate or robust, stems relatively few-to-many, erect or spreading); puberulent to hirsute, glandular-pubescent. Leaves: petioles 3–45 mm; blades ovate

adaxial surfaces inconspicuously pubescent to hirsute. Panicles 8-16 cm long, 2-3 (5) cm wide; branches spreading to erect. Spikelets 3-4 mm long, 1.3-1.8 mm

D. Benson Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems erect or spreading, 2-6 mm thick, hirsute or strigose, at least distally. Basal leaf-blades 3-parted

FNA Volume 3. Stems hirsute. Flowers: receptacle hemispheric to spheric; sepals reflexed 1-3 mm above base, pubescence of spreading hairs; petals 7-13 mm

Treatment on page 56. Stems hairy (hairs spreading proximally, ascending distally, ca. 1 mm). Leaves hirsute (hairs longer than 1 mm). 2n = 38. Phenology:

ovate, 2×-lobed with 2 pairs of primary lateral lobes, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; primary lobes lanceolate to obovate, apex obtuse or rounded, sometimes

2–5 dm, glabrous, usually glaucous, occasionally hirsute proximally. Leaves basal; petiole 2–6 cm, hirsute; blade oblong-ovate to oblong or rounded to reniform

puberulent, sometimes resin-dotted, often resinous. Leaves ascending, spreading, or deflexed; sessile; blades with evident midnerves plus sometimes 1–2

erect, terete to weakly quadrangular, with free tips terminal, erect or spreading; floral-tube slightly curved upward or straight, 15–47 mm; petals rhombic

multicellular scales on midvein, adaxial surface strigose-hirsute or pilose. Pedicels drooping, spreading to erect in fruit, filiform, 1–3 cm, stipitate-glandular

cylindric to cylindric-campanulate, not inflated, 17–28 (–30) mm, hispid-hirsute to hirsute, lobes 4–7 mm, ovate to ovate-deltate, apex attenuate-acute. Flowers

ovate, 13–18 × 6–10 mm, middle pairs largest, surfaces densely appressed-hirsute, veins and margins sericeous. Pedicels 15–20 mm in flower, 25–36 mm in fruit

Mentioned on page 60. Plants leafy-stemmed. Stems 50–84 cm, sparsely hirsute proximally, hirsute distally. Leaves: basal 14–30 cm, blade interruptedly lyrate-pinnate

0.5-2 mm; blades 10-30 cm long, 2-8 mm wide, flat, glabrous or sparsely hirsute on 1 or both surfaces. Panicles 4-25 (40) cm long, 3-14 cm wide, exerted

densely pubescent. Sheaths 3-14 cm, not overlapping, frequently inflated or spreading from the culm, chartaceous, glabrous or pubescent; ligules 0.5-1.5 mm,

long, 2-12 mm wide, flat or involute, ascending, adaxial surfaces densely hirsute basally, less densely so elsewhere, bases attenuate, apices acute. Panicles

slender or stout. Flowers: sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading, oblong or ovate to lanceolate, (usually forming urceolate calyx, sometimes

cm, short-stipitate-glandular, longer hairs usually retrorse, sometimes spreading, white; blade cordate to reniform, ± as long as wide, (0.4–) 1.1–4.7 (–8)

widely spreading (well-developed), densely small-leaved. Peduncles ascending (secund in well-developed arrays?), 0.3–4.5 cm, densely strigoso-hirsute, sometimes

erect, ascending, or spreading. Bark exfoliating in grayish, brown, or reddish-brown sheets. Branches erect, ascending, or spreading, sometimes arching;

widening above the base, (3) 4-5 (7) -veined, smooth or scabrous, sometimes hirsute, margins firm, awns (10) 15-25 (30) mm, straight except the awns of the

sometimes purplish distally), proximally sparsely to moderately hispiduloso-hirsute or pilose, distally moderately to densely so, stipitate-glandular. Leaves

annual; taproot slender. Stems arising directly from the root, erect to spreading, slender, solid, not fistulose or disarticulating into ringlike segments

annual, biennial, or perennial. Taproots slender. Stems ascending or spreading to often prostrate, much-branched from base, mat-forming, terete. Leaves

gradually reduced distally, hirsute to piloso-hirsute. Heads in loose, racemiform to spiciform arrays. Peduncles 0 or (peduncles spreading to ascending) 1–10 mm

Treatment on page 672. Mentioned on page 670, 673, 674. Stems erect, 30–90 cm, hirsute to pilose, hairs glandular and eglandular. Leaves densely pilose; proximal

Flowers: receptacle glabrous; sepals 4-5, spreading or reflexed from base, 1.5-3 × 1-1.5 mm, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; petals 1-3, 1.5-2 × 0.5-1 mm; nectary

unbranched or sparsely branched, 5–50 cm; internodes densely spreading, pilose or hirsute to glabrous. Leaves spirally arranged, sessile; blade linear-lanceolate

at an angle to the sheaths, surfaces glabrous or the adaxial surfaces hirsute, margins hispid, with papillose-based hairs. Panicles 8-16 cm long, 1-3

leaning, smooth except in inflorescence. Leaves: proximal sheaths hispid-hirsute, median smooth, distal progressively shorter, smoother; principal blades

Stems erect, not viny, 2-4 (-6) dm, pubescent or pilose to ± tomentose or hirsute. Leaves simple. Leaf-blade elliptic-lanceolate to ovate, unlobed, 3.5-8

short and thick. Stems ascending (greenish proximally), densely hirsute (hairs spreading), densely minutely glandular. Leaves basal (persistent) and cauline;

Treatment on page 55. Mentioned on page 54. Stems glabrous or sparsely hirsute (hairs spreading). Leaves: basal blades mostly broadly elliptic to ovate, 1.5–3

Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants annual. Culms 30-200 cm, spreading, decumbent or stiffly erect; nodes usually glabrous or the lower nodes

thick-based, spreading); blades linear-oblanceolate, 20–40 × 1–2 (–3) mm, margins entire, often coarsely spreading-ciliate, faces hispido-hirsute to hirsute or glabrous

concealed or exposed, glabrous. Leaves evenly distributed; sheaths villous-hirsute, pilose, or occasionally glabrate, occasionally reddish-brown; auricles

inflorescences, essentially smooth mericarps, relatively small calyx, spreading-hirsute stem base, and lack of rhizomes. It is more restricted in range and

ciliolate distally, green zones lanceolate, sometimes foliaceous, apices spreading to ± squarrose, usually acute to obtuse or ± long-acuminate, mucronulate

Association Herbs, annual, 3.5–7 dm, monoecious. Stems erect, pubescent, sparsely hirsute, and stipitate-glandular. Leaves: petiole 1.5–6.5 cm; blade ovate, 3–8 ×

41. Herbs, annual. Stems prostrate, to 0.7 m, copiously sericeous and hirsute with white or gray antrorse hairs. Leaves obovate in outline, 1–4 × 2–4

proximally (terminal lobes larger than laterals, faces glabrate to sparsely hirsute; distal sessile, lanceolate, reduced). Heads in open, corymbiform to thyrsiform

crenate, faces finely hirsute to hispid (at least adaxial). Heads in paniculiform to corymbiform arrays. Peduncles hairy (hairs spreading to erect, relatively

petiole 1–5 cm, glabrous or sparsely hirsute; blade obovate to round or reniform, 1–5 × 1–5 cm, sparsely villous to hirsute and green on both surfaces, becoming

leaf-axils, (30–) 50–120 cm, well branched in distal 1/2, densely erect-hirsute to sometimes glabrous. Leaves: stipules narrowly deltate, 0.05–0.15 × 0

purplish; nodes densely bearded with spreading to retrorse hairs above a glabrous ring; internodes pilose or ascending hirsute, hairs papillose-based, also puberulent;

Mentioned on page 442. Plants hirsute, hispid, or glabrous. Stems unbranched or branched, (0.5–) 2–10 (–21) dm, (often hirsute or hispid, sometimes glabrous

rhizomes. Stems 1–5+, erect (light-brown to grayish brown), densely hispidulo-hirsute. Leaves light green, thin to firm; basal withering by flowering, sessile

(–3) × 0.5–3 dm, hirsute. Leaves basal; petiole 0.1–0.5 cm; blade narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, 0.5–2 × 0.8–2 (–2.2) cm, hirsute. Inflorescences

widely spreading, divaricate to ascending, sometimes secund, ± densely leafy. Peduncles well developed, 0.3–3 (–5) cm, branches to 10 cm, spreading, bracteate

Cindy Roché, Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants spreading to prostrate. Leaves mostly cauline; blades to 16 cm long, 2.8-8.3 mm wide

cm; taprooted, caudices branched. Stems erect, densely pilose to hirsute or villoso-hirsute (hairs usually slightly ascending, loose, often mixed in orientations

cm, becoming woody proximally, hirsute-pilose on at least proximal 2/3, hairs curved, loosely and irregularly spreading, nonseptate. Leaves basal and cauline;

arrays, branches strongly ascending, leafy. Peduncles 0.5–2.5 cm, to erect, hirsute, bracts 3–5, linear, grading into phyllaries. Involucres narrowly campanulate

throughout, 3–15 dm, minutely pubescent, often glandular, sometimes spreading villous or hirsute in basal portions, minutely pubescent, sometimes glandular, glabrate

elongated, sparsely scaly. Stems 1–20+, erect (stout), conspicuously spreading-hirsute, at least distally. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline usually withering

with loosely ascending to spreading hairs at least proximally, not glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1–0.5 cm, spreading-hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile;

sparsely hirsute, often densely hirsute along veins, trichomes at 40× smooth, 0.5–1 mm, adaxial surface green, glabrate or sparsely hirsute, sometimes

retaining old leaf-bases. Stems erect, hirtellous to sparsely hirsute (hairs straight-spreading, not deflexed), densely minutely glandular. Leaves basal (persistent)

are appressed-hairy to glabrate (versus densely hirsute) and sepals that are lanceolate and spreading in fruit with sharply involute margins (versus subulate

Leaves basal; petiole 0.4–1.5 cm, hirsute; blade oblong to round, (0.3–) 0.5–1 (–1.4) × (0.3–) 0.5–1 (–1.4) cm, hirsute and greenish to yellowish on both

1–3 cm, hirsute; blade round, 0.5–3 × 0.5–2.5 cm, short-hirsute and greenish on both surfaces, margins plane. Inflorescences cymose, open, spreading, 5–30

Leaves basal; petiole 1–6 cm, hirsute; blade round to reniform, (0.5–) 1–2.5 (–4) × (0.5–) 1–2 (–3) cm, short-hirsute on both surfaces and greenish, margins

exserted, with 12-32 spikelets; branches short, stiff, spreading; pedicels mostly 4-8 mm, spreading. Spikelets 2.4-3.2 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide, ellipsoid

arrays, branches ascending to spreading, ± racemiform. Peduncles 0.3–2 cm, ± pilose, bracts 5–12+, ascending or recurved-spreading, lance-elliptic to lanceolate

angles weakly ridged, internodes glabrous or sparsely hirsute, hairs minutely gland-tipped, nodes hirsute, hairs eglandular. Leaves: petiole 1–5 mm; blade broadly

angles sharp, without wings or very narrowly winged, internodes and nodes hirsute-villous, hairs gland-tipped. Leaves sessile, subsessile, or petiole 0.5–1

angles sharp, without wings or very narrowly winged, internodes and nodes hirsute-villous, hairs gland-tipped. Leaves sessile, subsessile, or petiole 0.5–1

(4–) 5–7 (–8) mm, sparsely hirsute-villous, hairs gland-tipped; calyx lobes narrowly triangular, apices acute; petals spreading, pink to lavender-rose or

broadly acute. Flowers: receptacle hirsute; sepals spreading or reflexed ca. 1 mm above base, 4-6 × 1.5-3 mm, glabrous or hirsute; petals 5, yellow, 4-6 × 3.5-5

narrowly elliptic to linear or lanceolate, (0.5–) 4–25 (–30) mm, sparsely hirsute; petiole 6–20 mm; blade elliptic or oblanceolate, 6.5–17 × 1.5–6 cm, base

page 55. Mentioned on page 54. Stems glabrous or sparsely hirsute (hairs antrorse to spreading). Leaves: basal blades ovate, 1.5–3.5 cm wide, lengths to

bases attenuate, margins entire, apices acute, faces glabrous or sparsely hirsute; basal petiolate or sessile, 10–25 × 0.5–1 cm; cauline sessile, 1–25 × 0

sometimes glabrous. Panicles 10-20 cm, open, nodding; branches ascending, spreading, or drooping. Spikelets 15-25 mm, elliptic to lanceolate, terete to moderately

perennials, to 100 cm (taprooted). Stems softly pilose to woolly (hairs spreading, 1–4 mm, longer ones toward bases). Leaves: blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate

present in perennial forms, short. Culms solitary or in tufts, erect or spreading, slender, 20–90 (–125) cm, glabrous or hairy. Leaves: sheaths often purplish

blade elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4–12 × 2–5 mm, apex ± obtuse, hirsute with long, straight, eglandular hairs or subglabrous except for midrib and

FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 504. Plants 30–80 cm. Stems ± densely hirsute, particularly distally. Leaves membranous, becoming thickish, brittle; basal

embedded; bractlets clasping or spreading to slightly reflexed, sepals clasping; torus wine red, not shiny (skin slightly hirsute), usually oblong-ovoid, sometimes

Treatment on page 54. Mentioned on page 53. Stems villous-hirsute (hairs antrorse to spreading). Leaves: basal blades lanceolate to narrowly elliptic to

contracted, erect or nodding; branches erect to spreading. Spikelets 20-30 mm. Glumes glabrous, pubescent, or hirsute; lower glumes (4) 5-9 mm, 1-veined; upper

densely pilose; auricles 1-2.5 mm on most lower leaves; ligules 0.8-1.4 mm, hirsute, ciliate, truncate, erose; blades 20-30 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, flat, usually

blade elliptic-oblong, 5–14 × 1.5–3.5 mm, apex obtuse, densely glandular-hirsute. Inflorescences lax, 1–3-flowered cymes; bracts ovatelanceolate, margins

pustulate-based. Leaves: stipules persistent, lanceolate, simple, 5–8 mm, hirsute; petiole as long as blade in proximal leaves, much reduced in distal leaves;

page 55. Mentioned on page 54. Stems glabrous or sparsely villous-hirsute (hairs spreading). Leaves: basal blades broadly lanceolate to ovate, 2–6.5 cm wide

sparsely to densely hirsute-hispid (at least basally, proximally rarely subglabrate). Stems usually branched distally, (widely spreading), 3–20 dm. Basal

68, 70. Plants leafy-stemmed. Stems 25–110 cm, puberulent and hirsute to densely hirsute, some hairs 2–2.5 mm. Leaves: basal 12–25 cm, blade simple or

sparsely to densely hirsute. Stems erect, unbranched or branched distally (or, rarely, basally), 3.5–15 dm, at least sparsely hirsute basally. Basal leaves

fistulose, 0.5–2 (–3) dm, glabrous, minutely hirsute or short-hispid proximally. Leaves basal; petiole 1–6 cm, hirsute; blade broadly oblong, (0.5–) 1–2.5 (–4)

erect to ascending, densely and evenly puberulous-hirsutulous (hairs spreading to spreading-descending or ascending, often crinkly, bases not thickened), minutely

convex, the other narrower, flat or concave, internodes and nodes hirsute to hirsute-villous or hispid-villous, hairs minutely gland-tipped. Leaves: petiole

(–150) × 1.5–5 (–12) mm, margins entire, usually spreading ciliate, faces sparsely to moderately hirsute to glabrate, eglandular; cauline mostly linear (sometimes

densely hirsute, eglandular. Flowers erect; epicalyx bractlets 0.5–2 mm; hypanthium green; sepals spreading but soon reflexed, 2–5 mm; petals spreading, yellow

to densely short-hirsute or strigillose, especially on leaf blade margins and ± veins. > 2 2 Leaf blades usually densely short-hirsute on margins and ±

puberulent in 2 lines, rarely spreading-pubescent; distally stems usually puberulent in 2 lines, occasionally glabrate, rarely spreading glandular-pubescent. Leaves

margins extending nearly full length of awn, not corrugate, villous-hirsute; teeth spreading to divergent, equal, 0.5–1 mm, awns uncinate with longer ones 1–2

blade oblanceolate, 0.5–2.5 × 0.3–1 cm, thinly pubescent adaxially, soft-hirsute abaxially. Inflorescences with involucres in open clusters 2–4 (–6) cm diam

cuneate, margins entire, apex acute, surfaces glabrate to strigillose or hirsute; bracts usually much reduced, sublinear. Inflorescences sparse racemes,

Common names: Great or great hairy willowherb codlins and cream épilobe hirsute Synonyms: Chamaenerion hirsutum (Linnaeus) Scopoli Epilobium amplexicaule Lamarck

distally. Leaves basal; petiole 0.5–2.5 cm, hirsute, slightly winged; blade spatulate, 2–6 × 0.5–2 cm, hirsute and greenish on both surfaces, margins plane

to densely hirsute proximally, glabrous distally. Cauline leaves: blade conduplicate distally, margins entire or denticulate, surfaces hirsute. Racemes secund;

Treatment on page 713. Mentioned on page 712. Stems 1.5–4.5 (–7) dm, densely hirsute proximally, sparsely to moderately so distally. Cauline leaves: blade flat

margins toothed, apex acute. Flowers: receptacle glabrous; sepals spreading, 7-9 × 2-4 mm, hirsute; petals 5, yellow, 10-15 × 8-11 mm. Heads of achenes nearly

lignescent offsets. Stems ascending-erect, hispidulous to piloso-hirsute (hairs straight, spreading, 0.2–1 mm), eglandular. Leaves cauline; (ascending) blades

wide), laminae spreading, tardily coiling. Disc corollas 2.4–3.2 mm. Cypselae (oblanceoloid-oblong) 2–2.3 mm, 2-nerved, faces strigoso-hirsute; pappi: outer

slenderly taprooted, caudices simple. Stems erect (herbaceous), sparsely spreading to deflexed-villous proximally, sparsely strigose (hairs straight) distally

densely hirsute proximally, sparsely pubescent distally. Cauline leaves: blade flat distally, margins dentate, surfaces densely to moderately hirsute. Racemes

(–16) mm, sparsely hirsute, hairs gland-tipped; calyx lobes narrowly triangular to oblong-triangular, apices acute; petals spreading, bright to pale lavender-rose

ascending, hirsute, minutely glandular. Leaves basal (persistent) and cauline (petioles prominently ciliate, at least on proximal portions, hairs spreading, thick-based);

hispid-hirsute at neck, rim, and calyx lobes, hairs yellowish, eglandular; calyx lobes triangular, apices acuminate-aristate; petals spreading, dull lavender

to dentate, teeth 3–5 per side, apex acute to obtuse, surfaces villous-hirsute, hairs whitish, thickened, flattened, stiff, gland-tipped. Flowers plesiogamous

Stems erect to ascending, densely hirsutulous (hairs deflexed) to spreading-hirsute at least proximally, eglandular. Leaves basal (persistent) and cauline;

perennial, 0.3–1.3 m, hairs usually spreading, simple, sometimes stellate-hairy distally. Stems erect to ascending, sparsely hirsute proximally, stellate-hairy

10–40 cm, becoming woody proximally, sparsely to densely pilose, hairs spreading irregularly to ± deflexed, nonseptate, longer hairs 0.6–1.2 mm. Leaves

glabrous or sparsely villoso-hirsute, distal sometimes also glandular. Heads 1–5 (–8) in corymbiform arrays (on straight, spreading peduncles). Involucres 5–11

terminal leaf tufts. Stems erect, moderately to densely hirsute to hirtellous (hairs retrorsely spreading), usually eglandular, sometimes sparsely minutely glandular

5–15 (–25) cm, often becoming woody proximally, hirsute-pilose proximally, hairs curved, irregularly spreading or slightly deflexed, sometimes ± antrorse on

or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, not glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1–3 (–7) cm, glabrous or appressed-pubescent to hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile;

and/or awns 1-4 mm long. > 20 20 Panicle branches appressed to slightly spreading; culm nodes 1-4. > 21 21 Awns 2-5 mm long; anthers 2-3.5 mm long; blades

laminae not coiling or reflexing, spreading. Disc corollas 2.5–3 mm. Cypselae 1.8–2 mm, 2-nerved, faces sparsely strigoso-hirsute; pappi: outer of setae, inner

inflorescence sparsely hirsute with spreading, pustulate-based hairs, and often glandular puberulent and villous. Flowers: buds with free tips spreading, 2–6 mm; floral-tube

Whittemore Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems erect to spreading, 1-3 mm thick, hirsute or sometimes glabrous. Basal leaf-blades 3-parted or sometimes

Candolle) Hultén Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems erect or spreading, 4-8 mm thick, hirsute. Basal leaf-blades 3-parted, rarely 3-foliolate, ultimate segments

or cutting. Culms 30-80 (95) cm, stiffly erect; nodes glabrous or short hirsute. Leaves tending to basal; ligules 0.5-1.5 mm; blades 5-25 cm long, 2-4.5

initially erect, later ascending to decumbent (herbaceous), proximally spreading to deflexed-villous, closely to loosely strigose on distal 1/3–1/2, eglandular

page 147, 158, 159. Perennials, 100–200 cm (rhizomatous). Stems erect, hirsute. Leaves cauline; mostly opposite; petioles 0.4–2 cm; blades (3-nerved from

Involucres 5–10 × 8–20 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series (purple-tipped), hirsute (hairs spreading), minutely glandular. Ray (pistillate) florets 20–60; corollas

Treatment on page 405. Mentioned on page 385. Herbs, erect or slight spreading, annual, 1–5 (–7) dm, mostly glabrous, usually greenish. Stems: caudex

mm, cauline spreading, gradually reduced distally, margins usually entire, rarely serrate-dentate, faces glabrous or sparsely villoso-hirsute, distal sometimes

faces strigose to strigoso-hirsute, eglandular. Heads 1. Involucres 5–8 × 10–15 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, loosely hirsute to hirsuto-villous, sometimes

both on the same side of the keel; lemmas glabrous or sparsely hirsute, keels hirsute, at least distally, hairs 0.3-1 mm, margins sparsely hairy, apices

Mentioned on page 40. Herbs, annual. Stems prostrate to decumbent, to 0.7 m, hirsute and strigose with white antrorse hairs, becoming glabrate. Leaves usually

sometimes with rooting plantlets at tips), densely hirsutulous (hairs spreading-deflexed, of relatively even lengths and orientations), sparsely minutely

Treatment on page 332. Mentioned on page 331. Stems hirsute to hirsuto-villous (hairs spreading). Phenology: Flowering (May–)Jun–Aug. Habitat: Gravel

glabrescent, or sparsely strigillose, distally strigillose or ± villoso-hirsute (at least in arrays). Leaves basal and cauline, firm, only midnerves evident

ascending-erect, often wiry and brittle. Phyllaries hispido-hirsute (hairs translucent, spreading, stiff, relatively thick-based), sometimes slightly glandular

adaxial surfaces sometimes somewhat scabrous or hirsute. Panicles 7-22 cm; branches erect or sometimes spreading, smooth or somewhat scabrous, spikelet-bearing

glabrous, smooth. Sheaths closed for less than 1/2 their length, glabrous, hirsute, or scabrous, persistent; collars glabrous; ligules 0.1-0.5 mm; blades 0

long as blades, sometimes narrowly winged, sheathing, densely pilose or hirsute), blades ovate to lanceovate, 10–60 × 10–35 mm, deeply to shallowly cordate

apices mucronate, faces scabrous, abaxial strigose to piloso-strigose or hirsute, adaxial strongly strigose; basal withering by flowering, long-petiolate

sometimes stout, older often dark purple), glabrous proximally, moderately hirsute distally. Leaves thin, margins scabrous, apices mucronate, abaxial faces

rarely sparsely pubescent, trichomes spreading, simple. Flowers ascending at anthesis; sepals sparsely hirsute; petals usually lavender, rarely white

and tips often purplish, loose, linear-lanceolate, apices spreading), sparsely strigoso-hirsute to strigose (hairs appressed or slightly loose), sometimes

Pubescence hirsute or sparingly to densely pubescent; flowers unisexual > 15 15 Petals white; capsule teeth slightly reflexed or spreading Silene latifolia

relatively slender, rhizomelike caudex branches. Stems ascending, sparsely spreading-hairy, eglandular. Leaves cauline; proximal blades narrowly oblanceolate

constricted neck, 7.5–10 mm, hirsute, hairs gland-tipped; calyx lobes triangular, apices narrowed to linear-oblong extensions; petals spreading, lavender-rose, 2–2

FNA Volume 3. Stems hirsute. Flowers: receptacle obpyriform to cylindric; sepals reflexed ca. 2 mm above base, pubescence of spreading hairs; petals 8-11

rhizomes none. Stems sparsely and loosely strigose (hairs ascending to spreading, 0.5–1 mm). Leaves: basal broadly oblanceolate or oblanceolate, 5–15 (–20)

Stems erect or ascending, rooting at proximal nodes, glabrous or sparsely hirsute. Roots not thickened basally, glabrous or somewhat canescent proximally

obovate or spatulate, 30–80 (–100) × (2–) 4–15 mm, margins entire, sometimes spreading-ciliate (sometimes with conspicuously raised primary and secondary venation)

Leaf-blades elliptic-ovate, bases gradually cuneate, faces villoso-hirsute (hairs spreading, 1–3 mm). Peduncles 2–10 cm. Outer phyllaries 7–10 × 2.5–4 mm.

Leaves mostly basal (persistent; petioles prominently ciliate, hairs spreading, thick-based); blades oblanceolate-spatulate to oblanceolate, 30–60 × 3–6

20. Treatment on page 145. Mentioned on page 144. Stems distinctly spreading-hirsute. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering Aug–Oct. Habitat: Dry woods Elevation:

strigoso-hirsute or mixed-hispid, minutely glandular. Leaves mostly cauline (proximal internodes elongate; petioles prominently ciliate, hairs spreading, thick-based);

without central axes. Stems ascending (greenish), sparsely pilose (hairs spreading-ascending), strigose proximally, eglandular. Leaves basal (persistent)

branches. Stems ascending (often purplish proximally), hirsutulous (hairs spreading-deflexed), eglandular. Leaves basal (usually persistent) and cauline; basal

Flowers sessile; receptacle glabrous or pilose; sepals 3, spreading, 1-2 × 0.5-1 mm, hirsute; petals 3, 1-2 × 0.5-0.8 mm. Heads of achenes hemispheric

Herbage moderately to densely hairy (induments relatively harsh, hairs spreading, ca. 1–2 mm). Stems mostly green to purplish. Basal leaves: petioles 2–12

often strongly ventricose, 3–5 (–6) mm; teeth 4, spreading to strongly divergent, glandular or strongly hirsute; awns straight, (0.3–) 0.5–1.2 mm. Flowers 1;

3–30 cm, glabrous proximally, conspicuously short hirsute distally with stout-based hairs. Stems spreading to ascending or erect, branched from base. Leaves:

decumbent-ascending (greenish proximally), usually densely hirsute to hirtellous (hairs spreading to deflexed, gradually attenuate, basal-cells erect), sometimes

(often multiple from bases; of previous year often persistent) ascending to spreading (proximally reddish in early season, sometimes proximally woody or lignescent)

(hairs ascending, attenuate, basal-cells erect), uncommonly hirsute or hirtellous (hairs spreading-deflexed), eglandular. Leaves basal (persistent) and cauline;

densely hispid or hirsute, rarely subglabrate. Stems erect, unbranched or branched distally, (0.8–) 2–10 (–16) dm, at least sparsely hirsute basally. Basal

glabrous or sparsely to moderately hirsute. Stems erect, unbranched or branched distally, 1.7–12 dm, usually hirsute basally. Basal leaves soon withered;

Mentioned on page 492, 494, 496. Annuals; usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hirsute, (trichomes cylindrical). Stems (usually few-branched from base, rarely

68. Plants leafy-stemmed. Stems 30–85 cm, sparsely downy to scattered-hirsute proximally, downy distally. Leaves: basal 6–40 cm, blade interruptedly pinnate

truncate, surfaces not glandular, villous-tomentose abaxially, puberulent to hirsute, glabrescent adaxially, lobes straight-sided to sometimes cuneate, margins

rounded), ultimately entire, coarsely ciliate, faces sparsely to densely hirsute, ± minutely glandular. Heads 1. Involucres 5–7 × 8–11 mm. Phyllaries in

erect, rarely spreading, not coiling or reflexing. Disc-florets 3.8–4.8 mm. Cypselae 3–3.8 mm, 2-nerved, faces strigillose to strigoso-hirsute; pappi: outer

densely strigose (hairs appressed to ascending, 0.1–0.8 (–2) mm, sometimes spreading at bases or throughout), eglandular or glands minute, noncapitate. Leaves

appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems prostrate or sometimes floating, glabrous or hirsute, rooting nodally. Leaves: basal leaves absent, cauline leaf-blades reniform

adaxially sparsely hirsute; anthers pale-yellow; styles 2 or 3. Pomes red, ± ellipsoid, 8–10 mm diam., glabrous; sepals spreading, 7 mm; pyrenes 2 or

fibrous-rooted or taprooted. Stems erect, sparsely piloso-hispid (hairs spreading), sometimes strigose distally, eglandular. Leaves basal (usually withering

wide, stiffly erect, not or only sparingly branched; nodes hirsute, hairs 2-6 mm, stiff, spreading, tan; internodes glaucous below the nodes. Leaves cauline;

finely stellate-hairy, hairs spreading, distally glaucous, glabrous. Leaves cauline, mostly on abaxially, bristly-hirsute adaxially. Inflorescences erect

surfaces glabrous, smooth or scabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous, scabrous, or hirsute, hairs to 0.6 mm. Panicles 10-15 cm, contracted, usually partially enclosed

Stems 1–10+, erect (usually simple), rough-puberulent or shortly spreading hirsute, or proximally glabrate. Leaves: basal petioles 1.5–7 mm, blades spatulate

Stems erect, branched distally, (2–) 4–12 (–16) dm, sparsely to densely hirsute basally, glabrous or glabrate distally. Basal leaves rosulate; petiole 1–10

Stems single or in dense patches, erect, solid, hairy, hairs simple, spreading, bristly. Leaves cauline, evenly arrayed on stem; stipules asymmetric-ovate

Volume 5. Treatment on page 406. Mentioned on page 384. Herbs, erect or spreading, annual, 1–5 (–7) dm, glabrous or infrequently slightly floccose, greenish

producing tubers late in growing season). Stems erect, scabro-hispid to hirsute (sometimes glaucous). Leaves mostly cauline; opposite or alternate proximally

scabrous or ± hirsute, sometimes glanddotted. Heads 1–12. Peduncles 8–12 mm. Involucres hemispheric, 10–24 mm diam. Phyllaries 20–25 (loose or spreading), linear

glabrous or sparsely hirsute to villous, densely glandular. Leaves basal (persistent) and cauline (petioles prominently ciliate, hairs spreading, thick-based);

ascending (branched at or below midstems), pilose on proximal 1/3 (hairs spreading-deflexed), loosely strigose distally, eglandular. Leaves basal (usually

triangular-lanceolate, 2.5–2.5 mm, coarsely hirsute; petals scarlet, sometimes white or pink, clawed, claw equaling calyx, limb spreading, obovate, deeply 2-lobed, 6–11

Wyoming > 3 2 Stems to 5 mm diam. near base, base stellate-bristly or hirsute, bristle hairs 2 mm; inflorescences 1.5–2.5 cm; 1100–2300 m. Sidalcea oregana

cauline; basal sheaths villous; upper sheaths glabrous or sparsely to densely hirsute, hairs papillose-based; ligules (1) 1.5-4 mm, entire to lacerate; blades

sheaths glabrous or variously pubescent (puberulent, ciliate, or sparsely hirsute); ligules (0.1) 0.5-1 (1.5) mm, ciliate; blades 2-5.5 cm long, 2-3 mm wide

perennial, usually densely to sparsely hirsute, rarely glabrous; from a thickened base, rhizomatous. Stems spreading or ascending, unbranched or few-branched

adaxially sparsely hirsute; anthers pale-yellow; styles 3 (–5). Pomes orange-red to red, suborbicular, 8–15 mm diam., glabrous; sepals spreading, 7 mm; pyrenes

cultivated form is sterile, although pieces of the plant root readily if they are spread. It is an herbaceous perennial readily recognized by its erect, feathery

bractlets linear to narrowly oblanceolate or elliptic; mericarps 11–15, densely hirsute apically. Malva moschata 4 Petals (12–)16–30(–45) mm, length 2 1/2–3(–4)

present, rarely absent); not scapose; usually glabrous or pubescent, rarely hirsute or hispid, trichomes simple or branched, 2–14-rayed, sometimes dendritic

appears to be spreading rapidly in the United States. The species produces numerous bulblets in a basal cluster and apparently also can spread laterally by

Involucres 4.5–5.5 × 8–12 mm. Phyllaries in 3–4 series, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, densely stipitate-glandular. Ray-florets 75–130; corollas white, 8–14 mm

plants, erect, sometimes branched distally, solid, glabrous or moderately hirsute, hairs retrorse, simple proximally, becoming ± finely stellate-hairy distally

0.5-1.7 mm; pedicels and ovaries multicellular eglandular-hairy (i.e., hirsute); leaf blades: apex rounded/mucronate to obtuse or acute, length/width ratio

slightly spreading; blades usually glabrous or scabridulous. > 42 42 Lemma awns 5-15(20) mm long at midspike; blades of all leaves usually spreading or lax

Sp. Sidalcea, 21. 1957. Steven R. Hill Common names: Torch-flowered or spreading checkerbloom Conservation concernEndemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume

reddish-brown), moderately to densely strigose, sparsely to mederately long-hirsute, sometimes proximally glabrescent with age, eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular

the lower and middle nodes. Sheaths usually sparsely to densely papillose-hirsute, occasionally glabrous; ligules 4-6 mm, usually lacerate, not ciliate; blades

ascending, base decumbent, usually rooting, usually stellate-hairy and/or spreading-bristly to glabrate, hairs to 2 mm. Leaves basal and cauline; stipules

younger parts sparsely to densely strigillose and sparsely to densely hirsute, older stems glabrate; from a taproot. Stems ascending to erect, with decumbent

flowering-stems ascending to erect, proximal and midstem densely spreading-long-hirsute, bristles 2–3 mm, often on swollen pads, rarely subglabrous, base

ascending-erect (sometimes brown), appressed-strigose, mostly proximally long-hirsute, moderately to densely stipitate-glandular. Leaves: proximal cauline petiolate

155. 1913 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs perennial, moderately hirsute (hairs often with reddish purple, pustulate bases), alsostrigillose and

caulescent, glabrate to strigillose, usually also sparsely hirsute; from slender taproot and spreading by rhizomes. Stems many, erect, 4–60 cm. Leaves in a basal

crenate-dentate, apex acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially and adaxially appressed-hirsute. Inflorescences cymes, dense, 4-8 mm wide, subtended by narrow bract; peduncle

thick, erect or geniculate at the base, branched at maturity; nodes shortly hirsute, pilose with erect hairs, or glabrous. Leaves usually basal (sometimes cauline

1 Plants 40–120 cm; stems proximally sparsely hirsute, distally densely so; leaves firm, basal and proximal long-petiolate, petioles ± winged, proximal

leaves and the compact habit of Erigeron engelmannii but sparsely spreading-hirsute stems; they may be intermediate between E. engelmannii and E. concinnus

slender. Flowers: sepals (rarely persistent), erect, ascending, or, rarely, spreading, ovate or oblong [elliptic], lateral pair not saccate or subsaccate basally;

New World (H. S. Paris et al. 2006), and since the 17th century they have spread over the tropics and subtropics and temperate regions. After its introduction

Involucres cylindro-campanulate, 12–17 × 8–14 mm. Phyllaries (loose to spreading) in 5–7 series, narrowly lanceolate (outer, usually longer than inner,

strigose stems with the hairs spreading to ascending were treated as var. ericoides. Plants with densely divaricate-hirsute stems and slightly smaller heads

corollas, yellow petals, usually with recurving apices; and pendulous, hirsute-villous, orange-red fruits. It is grown as an ornamental, especially for

page 146, 160, 166. Perennials, 50–150+ cm (rhizomatous). Stems erect, hirsute to villous. Leaves mostly cauline; mostly opposite (sometimes alternate

Volume 10. Herbs perennial, caulescent, strigillose and often also sparsely hirsute; from slender taproot. Stems 1–several, ascending to decumbent, 7–65 cm

prolonged as an awn to 1.5 mm, apices obtuse, somewhat bifid; calluses sparsely hirsute; lemmas 1.7-2.5 mm, acute, erose-ciliate; upper lemmas shallowly bifid,

structures are variously described in the literature as trichomes (“spreading hirsute,” “scabrous-hispid,” “coarsely hispid,” “rigid, rather pungent setae