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Stems usually 1, usually erect, (terete or 4-angled, often striate or sulcate) branched distally or ± throughout. Leaves usually cauline; usually opposite

lanceoloid or terete, 5–20 × 3–5 mm; scales pale to dark redbrown, midribs usually stramineous, smooth; proximal 1 or 2 scales often resembling involucral-bracts

glabrous or sparsely stipitate-glandular to densely hirsute; pappi usually stramineous, rarely tawny, bristles barbellate to ± subplumose. 2n = 38, 57, 76

linear to linear-lanceolate, glabrous to loosely cobwebby, inner usually stramineous (sometimes purplish), margins with minute spreading or reflexed hairs

often present) and/or cauline; mostly opposite (usually 1–10 pairs, distalmost sometimes alternate and usually smaller); petiolate or sessile; blades mostly

large, occasionally quite small, in loose to moderately dense mats, usually pale stramineous, occasionally light green, very rarely deep green. Stems to 10

cuneate, margins usually entire, usually plane, slightly undulate, or crispate, rarely undulate-erose, apex acute, obtuse, or emarginate, usually mucronulate

to ovatelanceolate, 4–9.2 × 2–4 mm (equal); petals (abaxial pair) usually stramineous to yellowish green, rarely pale-purple, (adaxial pair) purple, (slightly

3-18 mm wide, linear, spreading. Panicles 13-50 cm long, 7-24 cm wide, usually more than 1/2 as long as the plants, included at the base or exserted at

cymiform, or paniculiform arrays. Calyculi usually of 3–8 (–21+) bractlets or bracts (usually ± herbaceous, usually shorter than phyllaries and/or reflexed

in the sheaths in some species; branch axes flattened, usually narrowly to broadly winged, usually terminating in a spikelet, sometimes extending beyond

stamens 1–3; styles linear, 2–3-fid, base (tubercle) usually persistent, usually enlarged, usually different in appearance from achene. Achenes biconvex

species with erect capsules usually straight. Seta redbrown, usually dark redbrown with age, rarely cherry red or orangish, usually long (5–20 times capsule

perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 3–350 cm (usually, rarely not, aromatic). Stems 1–10+, usually erect, usually branched, glabrous or hairy (hairs basi or

constitute an involucre, usually number 5–21(–50+), usually are unequal (outermost usually shorter than the inner), and usually are arranged ± imbricately

(apices usually acute, sometimes apiculate or spinulose), faces glabrous or hairy, sometimes gland-dotted, often resinous. Heads discoid (usually short-pedunculate)

hairy (usually arachnose to tomentose, often glabrescent). Heads (sometimes nodding) usually radiate or discoid (rarely quasi-disciform), usually in corymbiform

proximally stramineous (to reddish), distally stramineous or green with a tooth usually present on some or all culms. Culms with their spikelets usually fruiting

sometimes woody, branched; stolons produced in some taxa). Stems usually 1, usually erect, usually branched distally, sometimes throughout, sometimes scapiform

strongly reflexed, usually lanceolate, sometimes ovate to triangular; petals 5, usually white, sometimes pink to rose-veined or cream, usually narrowly oblanceolate-elliptic

disintegrating, closely sheathing, thinly membranous to sometimes papery, apex usually acute to acuminate. Spikelets terete or laterally compressed in some species

Stems 1–15 (usually from basal rosettes), usually erect, sometimes ± prostrate, usually branched (scapiform in M. californica), usually glabrous (sometimes

persistent or readily falling, usually of outer setae or scales (0.1–0.4 mm), sometimes connate, plus 5–40 (–50), stramineous, barbellate bristles, sometimes

triangular; style-branch appendages triangular. Cypselae (stramineous) obconic, compressed, usually smooth or shallowly 1–10-ribbed, sometimes 2–10-ridged

Seeds 1.8–2.6 mm, including tails; stamens usually 6. > 3 2 Seeds 0.7–1.9 mm, including tails; stamens usually 3. > 4 3 Stems and leaves scabrous; auricles

in 3–5 series, 1-nerved (usually raised; keeled proximally), lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, usually strongly unequal (usually stiff), margins scarious

leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally red (to stramineous), distally green to stramineous, usually inflated, often callose, membranous to papery, apex

apices spreading to erect, usually spine-tipped, innermost usually with erect, flat, often twisted, entire or dentate, usually spineless apices (distal portion

trees, or vines. Leaves usually cauline, sometimes mostly basal or basal and cauline; usually alternate [opposite]; usually petiolate (rarely peltate)

linear (bases usually clasping), margins usually serrate to dentate, sometimes entire, crenate, or pinnatifid (especially proximal), faces usually glabrous

anatropous or campylotropous, bitegmic, usually crassinucellate, rarely tenuinucellate. Fruits usually capsular, usually 2-valved ((3 or) 4 (–6) in Rorippa

faces usually strigose to strigillose, sometimes glabrate, glabrous, glandular-puberulent, piloso-strigose, pilose, or villous. Receptacles usually flat

appressed to the branch axes, elliptic to obovate to ovate to orbicular, stramineous or brown. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous

Eleocharis sect. Parvulae), terminating rhizomes or among culm bases. Culms usually spongy with incomplete transverse septa, seldom hollow with complete transverse

tufted or openly rhizomatous. Stems 1–20+, ± erect, green, reddish, or stramineous. Leaves marcescent or winter-persistent, primarily basal, cauline 0–4

splitting, proximally red (to stramineous), distally red or stramineous or green, not callose, membranous, apex usually pale-red, broadly obtuse to narrowly

(sap usually milky). Leaves basal and/or cauline; alternate (proximal opposite in Shinnersoseris) [opposite]; petiolate or sessile; margins usually dentate

or throughout, usually glabrous, sometimes stipitate-glandular (mostly distally). Leaves basal and cauline or mostly cauline; basal usually petiolate (petioles

or filiform. Utricles included in tepals, stramineous, ovoid or oblong, somewhat compressed, membranous, usually indehiscent. Seeds 1, lenticular, subglobose

leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally red or stramineous, distally green, membranous, apex usually reddish, subtruncate to obtuse, not callose, tooth

vines), perennial, deciduous or evergreen, usually autotrophic, sometimes mycotrophic (subfam. Monotropoideae), usually chlorophyllous and autotrophic, sometimes

3. Shrubs or trees, rarely subshrubs, dioecious. Stems usually single, wood dense. Leaves usually persistent, cauline, alternate, imparipinnately compound;

than more distal cells, walls usually moderately incrassate, region opaque or pellucid across base. Branch leaves usually smaller and narrower; apex more

in G. wrightii; hairs white, usually arising primarily from between ribs, appearing to occur in longitudinal lines, usually obscuring faces, apices acute

erect to spreading (tomentose to pannose or glabrous, often spiny). Leaves (usually with fascicles of secondary leaves in axils of the primary; primaries sometimes

perennial; usually rhizomatous, often cespitose, sometimes mat-forming, rarely stoloniferous. Culms 2-300 cm, erect, geniculate, or decumbent, usually herbaceous

1–3+ series; corollas usually present, usually yellow, sometimes white, ochroleucous, or reddish to cyanic. Disc (inner) florets usually bisexual and fertile

leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally dark red, distally red to stramineous or green, often callose, thinly papery (to membranous), apex dark redbrown

markedly expanded, apices obtuse to acuminate, usually stiffly, often markedly bristle-tipped, faces usually hairy, often stipitate-glandular. Receptacles:

distally, usually as in bracts, contrasting with bracts in a few species, radially or bilaterally symmetric, tubular, lobed distally in usually diagnostic

commonly entirely stramineous, apex rounded to subacute. Flowers: perianth bristles 6, stramineous, fairly stout to slender, usually equaling achene to

distal usually sessile; blades oblong, elliptic, or ovate to lanceolate or linear, margins entire or dentate to pinnately lobed (faces usually glabrous

abaxial sinus usually ± deeper than others). Cypselae (dark redbrown or stramineous) outer often arcuate, shorter, inner more columnar, usually some or all

3; anthers dark yellow to stramineous, 1.5–2.2 mm; styles 2-fid, very rarely some 3-fid. Achenes not persistent, stramineous or dark-brown, biconvex, angles

groups); staminate usually of 10–20+ (usually ± clavate, sometimes capillary, barbellate to barbellulate) bristles; pistillate usually of 12–20+ (capillary

sometimes red-tipped, usually actinomorphic, lobes usually (4–) 5, usually ± deltate, rarely lanceovate to lanceolate; anther bases usually ± tailed [not tailed]

annulus usually absent; operculum hemispheric to bluntly conic; peristome single; exostome teeth 16, at first ± coherent in 4’s, later in 2’s, usually reflexed

papery, apex usually redbrown, often callose, subtruncate to obtuse, tooth usually present on some or all culms, to 0.9 mm. Spikelets usually ovoid or ellipsoid

tapered, 5–10-ribbed (ribs usually muricate, prickly, or scaly), faces usually glabrous, sometimes scaley or muricate; pappi (usually borne on discs at tips

15–30, 6 per mm of rachilla, orangebrown or often stramineous or colorless, midrib region stramineous or greenish, ovatelanceolate, (2.2–) 2.7–3.2 × 1.5

glabrous or ± tomentose or villous, often unevenly glabrescent). Stems usually 1, usually erect. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile;

not, smooth, glabrous. Culms terete. Leaves all basal; sheaths green to stramineous, sometimes reddish proximally; ligules absent; blades rudimentary to exceeding

absent, stramineous to whitish, slender to stout, often unequal, rudimentary to slightly exceeding tubercle; stamens 3; anthers yellow to stramineous, 1.1–2

proximally bulbous. Leaves: distal leaf-sheaths stramineous to brown or reddish proximally, green to stramineous distally, subtruncate to obtuse, membranous

Leaf-blades serrate or dentate, entire or rarely pinnatifid, teeth or lobes usually bristle-tipped. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucres depressed-hemispheric

persistent, not splitting, proximally red, distally green to stramineous, papery, apex usually redbrown, broadly obtuse to subtruncate, callose, tooth absent

narrowly campanulate, 7–15 mm. Phyllaries 22–26 in 4–6 series, green to stramineous, sometimes purple-tinged, 3–7-striate, unequal, margins scarious (often

tomentose, or subpannose. Heads disciform, usually in glomerules borne in continuous or interrupted, usually spiciform, sometimes paniculiform, arrays (reduced

than achene; stamens 3; anthers stramineous, 0.9–1.5 mm; styles 2-fid. Achenes not persistent, yellow maturing to stramineous, biconvex, angles obscure, obovoid

sessile; blades (usually 1-nerved, sometimes obscurely 3-nerved or 5-nerved) elliptic, linear, oblanceolate, obovate, or ovate (usually coriaceous or succulent)

5–400 cm; taproots. Stems usually 1, thinly to densely gray or white-tomentose, sometimes ± glabrate; branches few–many, usually from above mid or near base

narrow glutinous ridge, apices usually stiffly ascending to spreading, linear-acicular, tapering to spines 7–35 mm; outer usually pinnately spiny, sometimes

smooth or obscurely papillose or rugulose at 20X. Tubercles stramineous, pyramidal, trigonous, usually acute, proximally trilobed, the lobes decurrent on achene

Mentioned on page 270, 315, 317. Perennials, 7–75 cm; taprooted (taproots usually not collected, often weakly developed), roots and caudices woody, branches

branches 2–15 cm, or leafy stems arising directly from roots; single plants usually bowl-shaped, with up to a 65 cm lateral spread. Stems erect or ascending

[lanceolate to ovate]), ultimate margins entire, faces usually glabrous, rarely hairy [pilose]. Heads usually radiate, sometimes discoid, in open, corymbiform

5-ribbed or 10-ribbed, glabrous or hairy; pappi persistent, usually of 40–60, white or stramineous, barbellulate bristles (in 1–2 series), sometimes 0 in ray-florets

Annuals or perennials, 5–80 cm (usually fibrous-rooted, sometimes rhizomatous, usually stoloniferous). Stems usually 1, erect. Leaves basal and cauline

ascending or spreading; twigs hairy, lepidote. Leaves persistent; blade usually oblong to elliptic, rarely obovate, coriaceous, margins entire or denticulate-crenulate

to 2-pinnatifid proximally, mid serrate, distal ± entire, teeth or lobes usually with apiculate callosities or cilia, not bristle-tipped. Heads radiate.

papery-fibrous scales). Leaves: distal leaf-sheaths stramineous to brown or reddish proximally, green to stramineous or brown distally, membranous to papery, apex

Phyllaries 11–29 in 3–5 series, 1-nerved (flat), linear to ovate, bases often stramineous or pale, margins chartaceous or weakly cartilaginous, not scarious (apices

spikes usually with 1–3 (–5) staminate and (7–) 9–13 (–16) pistillate flowers, 6.8–13 × 3.8–8.1 mm. Pistillate scales with colorless or stramineous margins

(fugaceous) and not evident, proximally green or stramineous, brown, reddish, or purple, distally stramineous to green or colorless, papery to membranous,

(–5), light-brown to stramineous, stout, usually unequal, rudimentary to equaling achene; stamens 3; anthers dark yellow to stramineous, 1.2–2 mm; styles

brown, stout, slightly to usually greatly exceeding tubercle; stamens usually 3; anthers brown to yellow, 0.3–0.6 mm; styles usually 3-fid and 2-fid in same

not at all, gland-dotted. Heads usually in corymbiform to paniculiform arrays, rarely borne singly. Involucres usually campanulate to obconic, sometimes

nodes. Culms 20-210 cm, stout, not woody; nodes puberulent; internodes usually with papillose-based hairs, sometimes nearly glabrous, not succulent. Leaves

divergently branched from the lower and middle nodes, usually succulent, slightly compressed, glabrous; nodes usually swollen, sometimes constricted on robust plants

ligules 1.5-3.5 mm, of hairs; blades 3-30 cm long, 3-30 mm wide, flat, usually hirsute or sparsely pubescent, hairs papillose-based, sometimes glabrous

enlarged. Spikelets 1.7-3.3 (3.5) mm, silvery-green to stramineous or purplish; rachillas usually not prolonged beyond the base of the distal floret, sometimes

spikelike. Spikelets pedicellate or sessile, 2.5-10 mm, laterally compressed, stramineous to brown at maturity, with 3 florets, lowest 2 florets staminate or reduced

of hairs; upper lemmas usually more or less rigid and chartaceous-indurate, usually shiny, glabrous or (rarely) pubescent, usually smooth, sometimes verrucose

to fibers, 5–10 mm, papery, finely to coarsely fibrous. Culms terete or usually with 4 or 5 (–6) angles, often sulcate; 5–90 cm × 0.2–0.5 (–0.8) mm, firm

Annuals (sometimes persisting, usually monocarpic) [perennials], mostly 20–100 cm (taprooted; often glaucous). Stems usually 1, erect or lax (branched throughout

villous, glabrate. Leaves sessile; blade rhombic-ovate, oval, or obovate, usually longer than broad, 0.5–2.5 × 0.3–1.5 cm, apex rounded, apiculate, sparsely

Mentioned on page 30, 485, 488. Annuals, 10–30 (–80+) cm. Stems usually 1, erect to ascending, usually branched distally, glabrous. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate;

glabrous or lightly scurfy-puberulent. Leaves usually all basal; petiolate (petioles narrowly attenuate, usually scurfy-puberulent, especially proximally);

485, 487. Subshrubs or shrubs, 10–80+ [–150] cm. Stems usually 1, procumbent to erect, usually branched, glabrous [hairy]. Leaves mostly cauline; alternate;

bristles sometimes present. Achenes lemon yellow, stramineous, or yellow-green, finely rugulose and usually finely cancellate at 10–20X, with 8–12 (often obscure)

Perennials, 2–70 cm (fibrous-rooted, rhizomatous, not stoloniferous). Stems usually 1, erect (branched from bases or distally, woolly-tomentose to sericeous)

partly or completely dark orange to redbrown, rarely stramineous, midrib greenish to stramineous, not gibbous, obscurely to prominently 3–11-veined, midrib

mostly 20–80 cm; taprooted. Stems usually 1, usually erect, sometimes decumbent to procumbent (± woolly-tomentose, usually stipitate or sessile-glandular

revolute), abaxial faces usually tomentose [minutely stipitate-glandular or gland-dotted and/or hirtellous], adaxial faces usually glabrous or glabrescent

semiwoody. Stems several (rarely 1), erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent, usually much-branched from base, slender, 1–5 (–10) dm, densely or sparsely villous-tomentose

7–12 mm. Phyllaries in 3–5 series (margins broad, stramineous, midveins orange, thin), glabrous, usually eglandular, rarely minutely glandular. Ray (pistillate)

long, slender, roots fleshy). Stems (1–4), ascending to erect, simple, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely pilose proximally, densely stipitate-glandular

deltate (not constricted at bases), terminals usually larger than laterals, usually prickly-dentate. Peduncles usually stipitate-glandular, sometimes glabrous

cuneate, margins entire (usually revolute), faces bicolor, abaxial gray, tomentose, adaxial green, glabrous. Heads disciform, usually in ± capitate to loose

annual (or sometimes perennial?). Stems ascending or procumbent to erect, stramineous or whitish, simple or much branched at base, obtusely angled in age, mainly

Annuals, rarely perennials, 15–80 cm; caudices taprooted, woody. Stems erect, usually simple (annuals), sometimes proximally branched (perennials), sparsely pilose

obscurely petiolate; blades oblanceolate to spatulate, margins dentate (faces usually scabridulous, mostly near margins). Heads borne singly or (2–3) in loose

asexual reproduction by brood bodies usually in proximal leaf-axils. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta stramineous, shorter than 1 cm, not or scarcely twisted

Mentioned on page 541. Annuals, (2–) 4–12 (–30) cm (usually glabrous but for axillary tomentum). Stems usually 1, erect, simple or branched near bases. Leaves

Flora of North America Association Stems erect, branched, stout to robust, usually 1.5–3 m (occasionally to 9 m!) × 30 cm. Leaves: petiole 1/3–2/3 length of

distally green to stramineous or red, thinly papery to membranous, apex usually redbrown, obtuse to subacute, often callose, tooth to 0.5 mm usually present on

smooth or dentate rims, faces usually ± roughened (outer) or smooth (inner), glabrous, attachment scars lateral; pappi 0 or (usually only inner cypselae) ± persistent

than 1/2 the abaxial surface and usually less than twice as wide as high. Inflorescences (1) 3-4.8 cm, contracted, usually panicles, sometimes racemes, erect

fertile, corollas usually ± zygomorphic (with reduced laminae and inner lips), sometimes reduced to tubes; innermost florets usually bisexual and fertile

page 543. Perennials, mostly 30–100 cm (rhizomes fibrous-rooted). Stems usually 1, erect (seldom branched, fistulose). Leaves basal and cauline; alternate;

leaf-sheaths persistent or fugaceous, proximally stramineous to red, distally colorless to stramineous or whitish, closely sheathing to prominently inflated

lanceoloid, 7–40 × (4–) 7–10 mm, base usually cuneate to rounded; scales often loosely imbricate, bright orangebrown to stramineous, often obscurely lineolate-spotted

markedly arched, not spirally twisted, not contracted near spikelet, when dry usually with several blunt to acute ridges and sulcate, subterete to slightly compressed

Spikelets 4-6 (10) mm, stramineous to purplish-tinged. Glumes subequal, lanceolate, membranous to chartaceous, midveins usually greenish; lower glumes

or more of culm to amplexicaulous, usually variably in same plant; subproximal scale empty or with flower, usually empty in some spikelets and with flower

involute to flat, usually glabrous, sometimes scabridulous abaxially, gray-green, lax to curled at maturity. Inflorescences usually sparingly branched

115. Plants annual or perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes rhizomatous, rarely stoloniferous. Culms 10-250 cm, usually erect, rarely prostrate, glabrous

when flat, usually involute, 0.5-2.5 mm in diameter when involute; flag leaf-blades 5-39 cm. Panicles 9-40 cm long, 10-25 mm wide, stramineous. Glumes 8-15

Ray-florets 0. Disc-florets 30–40 (–80+), bisexual, fertile; corollas usually ochroleucous or whitish, sometimes greenish, tubes shorter to longer than

Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants annual, rarely perennial, usually densely tufted; rhizomes rarely evident, 0.2–0.3 mm thick, internodes 1–5

perennating by production of basal rosettes). Stems erect (often reddish purple), usually simple, glabrous. Leaves: basal blades oblanceolate to linear, 15–70 × 1–7

Annuals, biennials, or perennials, 10–80 (–200+) cm; taprooted. Stems usually 1, erect, branched distally, glabrous or hairy (internodes winged, margins

Phyllaries ± stramineous proximally, green, often purple-black blotched or spotted, or with a purple-black midstripes, rarely nearly all black, usually ovate

margins sparsely serrate to serrulate, apices usually acute, sometimes obtuse to rounded; proximal cauline usually withering by flowering, petiolate (petioles

blades elliptic to obovate, oblanceolate, or lyrate, bases cuneate, margins usually sinuately lobed to dentate, sometimes entire or pinnatifid, abaxial faces

lanceolate, 0.7–1.3 mm. Cypselae tan to stramineous, fusiform, ± compressed, 3.8–4.8 mm, ribs 7–10 (stramineous), faces glabrous or sparsely strigillose;

leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally brown, red, or stramineous, distally stramineous, green or reddish, papery, apex sometimes reddish, obtuse,

bases usually ± cuneate (rounded-truncate in V. pulchella), margins usually toothed (rarely entire), apices acute to attenuate, abaxial faces usually ± scabrellous

subshrubs (perhaps flowering first-year, usually short-lived), (10–) 40–100 cm. Stems erect, usually whitish or stramineous, sometimes reddish or grayish, glabrous

hard, cortex persistent, longer internodes from very short to 5 mm, scales usually clearly evident, disintegrating to fibers, 20–25 mm, papery. Culms terete

elliptic, abruptly pointed, stramineous. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas glabrous, 5-veined; upper florets stramineous, lemmas with a few minute

elliptic to ovate, glabrous, stramineous. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas 5-veined; upper florets stramineous, lemmas glabrous throughout

Roché, Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Plants perennial; usually decumbent, rooting at the nodes. Culms 30-130 cm, decumbent; nodes glabrous

conduplicate, glabrous or pubescent, apices involute. Panicles terminal, usually composed of a digitate pair of branches, a third branch sometimes present

rhizomes absent. Culms 2–20 cm × 0.2–0.3 mm. Leaves: sheaths green to stramineous; distal blade mostly much longer than sheath, to 3 cm × 0.2 mm. Inflorescences:

branch axes, elliptic to narrowly ovate, glabrous, stramineous (rarely partially purple). Lower glumes usually absent; upper glumes glabrous, 1-veined, margins

glabrous, stramineous, apices obtuse. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes 3-veined, lower lemmas faintly 3-veined; upper florets stramineous. Caryopses

light-brown to stramineous. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes and lower lemmas pubescent, 3-veined; upper florets 1.1-1.3 mm, stramineous. Caryopses 0.7-0

mm. Principal phyllaries: bodies greenish or stramineous, ovate, scarious-margined, appendages stramineous, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by a stout

scattered-hairy, especially distally [arachno-tomentose]; roots fibrous). Stems usually 1, erect. Leaves basal and cauline; alternate; petiolate (petiole bases

perennials, 10–100+ cm; tap or fibrous-rooted, sometimes rhizomatous. Stems usually 1, erect, branched distally, hirsute to hispid or setose (hair tips often

Gunn Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants 1–5+ dm. Stems usually erect. Leaf-blades obovate to lanceolate, 2–6 (–8+) cm × 8–25 (–40+) mm

monoecious, aquatic or semi­aquatic, usually not forming dense stands. Stems often branched, to 1 m. Turions absent. Leaves usually alternate or opposite, rarely

Bermuda, South America, Africa Usually all the floral scales fall from the rachilla at maturity. The achene epidermis is usually translucent, revealing the

oblanceolate, 10–40+ cm, pinnatifid 1/2–2/3 distance to midveins, larger usually with broad sinuses, lobes broad, few lobed or dentate, main spines 2–9 mm

lower glumes usually shorter than the lowest floret; lemmas of lowest florets entire, bilobed, trilobed, or 4-lobed, 3-veined, veins usually extended into

121. Mentioned on page 8, 124, 126, 131, 137. Herbs, annual or perennial, usually cespitose, rhizomatous or not. Culms sometimes solitary, scapose, stiff

basipetal with the glumes often persistent and the florets usually falling intact. Glumes usually shorter than the adjacent lemmas, 1 (3) -veined, not lobed

Involucres ovoid, body 25–35 mm, usually ± tomentose. Outer phyllaries ascending or ± spreading, 35–50 mm, usually not more than 1.5 times as long as

Culms medium to robust, ascending to erect, rarely delicate or spreading, usually green or red-purple, rarely bluish-green, often branching at the base. Panicle

fleshy lateral roots, often perennating by root sprouts. Stems 1–several, usually erect, often stout, glabrous to densely tomentose; branches 0–many, spreading

1–3 mm, bases clasping, margins often revolute; distal sessile, blades usually linear, sometimes awl-shaped, 50–180 × 5–10 mm, strongly reduced distally

blunt, resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous and glandular (glands usually stipitate, sometimes sessile, seldom in pits), sometimes

distally staminate; bracteoles cream to stramineous to purple, with distinct reddish or brown margins, usually ovate to depressed-ovate or obovate, sometimes

10–17 mm; style tips 1–4 mm. Cypselae brown, 3.5–7 mm, apical collars stramineous, 0.2–0.3 mm; pappi 17–28 mm. 2n = 30, 32, 34. Generated Map Legacy Map

cylindric, 6–30 × 5–11 mm; rays 3–12, 0.4–5 (–7) cm; rays and rachis glabrous; usually only 1–2 spikes of inflorescence on elongate rays, other spikes sessile

mucronate, ± spinulose, faces glabrous, ± gland-dotted, resinous. Heads usually in dense, cymiform arrays (to 7 cm wide), rarely borne singly, not overtopped

[mostly redbrown], membranous; apex acuminate. Spikelets: basal spikelets usually present, bisexual; often proliferous, ellipsoid or obovoid, laterally compressed

apically; sheaths at base of culm, 2–3, (5–) 10–25 cm, loose, papery. Leaves usually bladeless, blades when present, cross ribs prominent, especially adaxially

freely distally. Blades 5-12 mm wide, spreading, those of the flag leaves usually more than 1/3 as long as the panicles. Panicles about 1/2 as long as the

relatively contracted, usually nodding, not fully exerted; branches ascending to appressed; pulvini almost absent. Upper florets stramineous to orange, not disarticulating

to obovate, usually as broad as long, 1.3–3 × 1.1–1.7 cm, apex rounded, pilose, glabrate. Inflorescences axillary, sessile; heads stramineous, globose to

Association Herbage cobwebby-tomentose proximally, glabrous distally. Stems usually 1, leafless distally. Leaves: basal blades oblong, 10–25 cm, margins pinnately

to oblong-hexagonal, 20 × 35 µm. Sexual condition autoicous. Seta stramineous, usually dark red with age, 1–5 cm. Capsule not cleistocarpous, red, dark

at 10–15X, apex usually conspicuously constricted to short neck 0.4–0.7 mm wide, usually wider at tubercle base. Tubercles stramineous to medium brown

(perhaps flowering first-year), 30–150 cm. Stems erect, whitish, stramineous, or reddish, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pilose near bases. Cauline leaf-blades

flowering first or second-year), 30–50 (–150) cm. Stems erect, stramineous to pinkish, usually villosulous to hirtellous and/or stipitate-glandular, sometimes

35–70 (–90) mm, lengths 2–4 (–10) times widths, bases usually clasping (± cordate), margins usually entire, rarely serrate to denticulate (teeth apiculate)

Pedicels 0.9-7 mm, usually 1-2 times as long as the spikelets, gradually thickening to the apices. Spikelets 2-3.3 (3.5) mm, usually appressed to the secondary

remote linear lobes, apices acute; cauline linear, usually not much smaller except among heads, usually entire. Heads radiant, in open, rounded or ± flat-topped

Stems usually 1, erect, sparingly branched, loosely tomentose, sometimes glabrate. Leaves loosely tomentose, soon glabrate; basal petiolate, usually absent

scales 7–26, 1–2 per mm of rachilla, green to stramineous or pale-brown, often minutely dotted reddish, usually with conspicuous dark-brown to blackish submarginal

leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally red or stramineous, distally green to stramineous, inflated, papery, apex dark-brown, broadly obtuse to

moderately large, in loose to moderately dense mats, light green to pale stramineous. Stems to 6 cm, creeping, terete to somewhat complanate-foliate, regularly

(perhaps flowering first-year), 15–30 (–60) cm. Stems erect, usually reddish, sometimes stramineous, glabrous. Cauline leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate

resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces usually hirtellous to scabridulous and glandular (glands usually in pits, sometimes sessile, seldom stipitate)

436. Mentioned on page 428. Perennials, 40–80 (–120) cm. Stems erect, stramineous to reddish, glabrous (resinous). Cauline leaf-blades oblong to oblanceolate

leaf-sheaths persistent, not splitting, proximally dark red, distally stramineous or reddish, thinly papery, apex often red to brown, obtuse to subtruncate

Cypselae whitish to stramineous, 4–5.5 mm, apices ± coronate, faces striate or furrowed; pappi of 2 straight to curled, usually smooth, sometimes barbellulate

light stramineous. Lower glumes absent; upper glumes glabrous, 5-veined; lower lemmas glabrous, 3-veined; upper florets 1.4-2 mm, white to stramineous. Caryopses

232. Plants usually unbranched or with age in some populations to 30 branches, most branches of largest clumps often immature, stems usually stiff and erect

undulate, shallowly to deeply pinnatifid, lobes ovate to broadly triangular, usually separated by broad sinuses, spinose-dentate or lobed, main spines 1.5–7

cuneate to rounded; scales often loosely imbricate, orangebrown to stramineous, usually obscurely lineolate-spotted, 7–10 × 3–4 mm, membranous and translucent

distally staminate; bracteoles cream to stramineous or purple with distinct, reddish or brown margin, usually ovate to depressed-ovate, sometimes elliptic

stiffly ascending, secondary ones stiff, racemiform (usually not secund). Peduncles slender, usually stiff (sometimes lax), (0.5–) 1–5 cm (rarely subsessile)

(3–) 3.5–5 mm; floral scales 115–220, 1–3 per mm of rachilla, stramineous to pale-brown, usually with pale to dark-brown submarginal band, midrib region sometimes

perennial, forming dense clumps, not stoloniferous, rhizomatous. Rhizomes usually present, caudexlike, ascending, 1 mm thick, hidden by crowded culms; internodes

Perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 20–250 cm (root crowns woody). Stems erect, usually much branched, glabrous or lanate-tomentose to scabrid or short-villous

cordate to rounded or abruptly attenuate, margins crenate-serrate, apices usually rounded to obtuse, rarely acute; proximal cauline often withering by flowering

disintegrating, stramineous, green, redbrown, or spotted or streaked-redbrown, membranous, translucent, apex obtuse or acute. Spikelets: basal spikelets usually present

lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering to acute apex, 2–3.5 × 0.3–0.4 mm, usually sharply keeled, margins recurved on one or both sides, plane to erect distally

Association Plants large, in thick, loose mats, green, yellow-green, or stramineous, tail-forming, widespreading. Primary-stems inconspicuous, stoloniform

erect (straight to distally flexuous, stout 5–11 mm diam., usually reddish purple), usually densely to sparsely hirsute or hispid, glabrescent, often proximally

floral scales 30–40, 8–10 per mm of rachilla, orangebrown to stramineous, midrib region stramineous, broadly ovate, papery or sometimes membranous, 3–4 × 2

dark-brown, midrib regions often stramineous or greenish, oblong, 1.7–2.5 × 1 mm, apex entire, broadly rounded, usually recurved, mostly carinate. Flowers:

spreading from the branch axes, elliptic, brown to stramineous, often purple-tinged. Lower glumes usually absent, if present, to 0.9 mm, triangular; upper

blades to 20 cm long, 1.5-3.8 mm wide, flat, pubescent. Panicles terminal, usually composed of a digitate pair of branches, 1-5 additional branches sometimes

rhombic to rhomboidal, 35–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae 1 (or 2), bulbiform, oblong or elliptic

5-7 m tall, 1-2.5 cm thick, emerging at an angle, broadly arching above, usually thin-walled and hollow, solid in some cultivars; nodes not swollen; internodes

distally. Leaves: basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapering to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm, margins entire

478. Mentioned on page 474, 475. Shrubs, 5–20 dm. Stems brown, gray, or stramineous, branched, glabrous to densely strigose; bark deciduous, exfoliating or

linear-rhomboidal, 60–105 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae in dense clusters, oblong-linear to

rhombic to rhomboidal, 50–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae single, bulbiform, cherry red, ± black

5-0.8 mm; blades 7-23 cm long, 1.5-8 mm wide, flat. Panicles terminal, usually composed of a pair of branches, a third branch sometimes present below the

3 mm; blades to 52 cm long, 3-18 mm wide, flat, glabrous or pubescent, usually densely pubescent behind the ligules. Panicles terminal, with 1-6 racemosely

spreading from the branch axes, elliptic, brown to stramineous, often purple-tinged. Lower glumes usually absent, if present, to 0.9 mm, triangular; upper

Treatment on page 185. Mentioned on page 183. Perennials, 50–170 cm. Stems usually several, erect, unbranched or sparingly branched distally, villous with

orange-punctate at 10–15X. Culms 3–25 cm × 0.2–0.3 mm. Leaves: sheaths usually reddish proximally; distal blade rudimentary to 6 cm × 0.2–0.5 mm. Inflorescences:

rhombic to rhomboidal, 60–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae in dense clusters, rarely few or single

mm wide, flat or conduplicate, glabrous or pubescent. Panicles terminal, usually composed of a digitate pair of branches, 1-3 additional branches sometimes

wide, broadly winged, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, margins scabrous, usually slightly conduplicate, occasionally purple. Spikelets 2.2-2.6 mm long, 1

America Association Plants in mats to deep wefts, widespreading, green, stramineous, or yellowbrown when dry, bright green when moist. Secondary stems 10–20

branches, or terminal and axillary, or only axillary, usually completely exposed at maturity; rachises usually terete, with (1) 5-many fascicles; fascicle axes

2.8–4.9 mm; floral scales 85–160, 1–3 per mm of rachilla, stramineous to pale-brown, usually with pale to dark-brown submarginal band, obovate to oblong

clonal patches) simple. Leaves 5–7 pairs, mostly cauline (basal leaves usually withered by flowering); sessile or subsessile (proximalmost with connate-sheathing

yellow, 4.5–6.5 mm. Cypselae 3.5–4 mm, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent; pappi of 30–35 tawny, usually barbellate, sometimes subplumose, bristles

spikelet spreading or ascending; floral scales persistent, 3–5, appressed, stramineous to brownish, 4-ribbed laterally, oblongelliptic, 3.5–4.5 × 1–1.8 mm, membranous

constricted at bases), terminals usually larger than laterals, entire or dentate (teeth not notably prickly). Peduncles usually setose to stipitate-glandular

widths, bases ± clasping, margins crenate (teeth usually 7–9, sometimes 3–6, per cm, rounded to blunt, usually resin-tipped), apices obtuse to acute, faces

simple or branched among heads. Leaves 2–3 (–4) pairs (basal 1–2 pairs usually withered by flowering, petiolate, petioles broadly winged, blades round-ovate

adaxial piloso-hirsute. Heads (5–) 25–50 in usually narrow, thyrsiform arrays (lengths of arrays usually 3–6+ times diams., sometimes shorter). Peduncles

occasionally stramineous, 2–2.7 × 1.4–1.7 mm, apex acute. Staminate scales with margins ferruginous to castaneous or occasionally stramineous, 2.5–3.6 ×

caudices). Stems decumbent-ascending to erect, simple (essentially scapose), usually distally finely, loosely tomentose, sometimes stipitate-glandular. Leaves

15–40 dm. Stems erect to ascending, green, weathering brown, gray, or stramineous, glabrous or sparsely strigose (especially at nodes); bark deciduous,

ciliate, apices acuminate to attenuate, faces glabrous or hirtellous. Heads usually borne singly, sometimes in 2s or 3s or in open, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles

hypanthium usually glabrous, rarely moderately strigose; sepals ovate or ovatelanceolate, 7–14 × 5–8 mm, apex acuminate to acute, abaxial surface usually glabrous

179, 181. Plants 30–100+ cm, herbage ± glabrous. Stems ± stramineous, glabrous. Leaves usually all cauline, dark green; blades lanceolate to elliptic or

with somewhat bluish tinge, fading to yellowish green, then brownish stramineous. Stems to 7 cm, creeping but ascending from substrate, terete-foliate

Specialized asexual reproduction absent. Sexual condition dioicous; perigonia usually on short lateral branches, leaves to 6 mm; perichaetial leaves ± strongly

rhombic to rhomboidal, 45–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae 2–8, elongate, extending beyond leaves

linear-rhomboidal, 60–105 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae in dense clusters, isodiametric to

7. Treatment on page 212. Mentioned on page 209. Plants 10–38 cm. Stems usually sparsely branched proximally (without a dominant central stem); glabrous

rhombic to rhomboidal, 65–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae 2–6, spheroid to obovate, shorter

linear-rhomboidal, 60–105 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae in dense clusters, dimorphic, isodiametric

branched distally, 3–10 dm, sericeous-tomentose with white hairs. Leaves usually crowded at base, few on stems, sessile or short-petiolate; blade lanceolate

narrowing abruptly to a bottlenose-shaped beak, usually smooth, occasionally wrinkled, shiny, usually straw-colored, with occasional brown areas basally

mm, usually 3-foliolate, leaflets petiolulate, lanceovate to lanceolate, (10–) 20–50 (–100) × 5–20 (–40) mm, bases cuneate, ultimate margins usually serrate

second-year), 8–60 (–250+) cm. Stems usually erect, sometimes prostrate, decumbent, or ascending, usually green to stramineous, brown, or reddish, sometimes whitish

Plants of B. coruscum are usually more enriched with yellow than B. albicans, which is much paler and whitish to stramineous. The leaf acumina are erectopatent

Culms 60-131 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Sheaths often pubescent; collars usually pubescent; auricles pubescent; ligules 0.5-1.8 mm; blades 25-51 cm long

obtuse, resin-tipped), apices obtuse or acute, faces usually hirtellous and glandular (glands usually in pits, seldom sessile or stipitate), sometimes glabrate

50–100 (–160+) × (5–) 10–25 (–40+) mm, bases cuneate to rounded, margins usually coarsely dentate to serrate, sometimes ciliate, apices acute to acuminate

4 mm; floral scales (28–) 45–135, 2–3 per mm of rachilla, stramineous to pale-brown, usually with pale to dark-brown submarginal band, midrib region sometimes

cells, often isodiametric at achene base, apex usually constricted to neck 0.5–0.6 mm wide. Tubercles stramineous, lamelliform to high-pyramidal, 0.8–1.1 ×

inclined, horizontal, or pendent, reddish orange, usually short-ovoid, rarely ovoid-elongate, usually not curved or, when longer, slightly curved dorsally

reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae 2–8, obconic to oblong, shorter than leaves, yellow, pink, or green, leaf primordia usually at apex

University Plants annual; tufted, without innovations. Culms (2) 6-25 cm, usually erect, sometimes decumbent, glabrous, with elliptical, yellowish, glandular

blades ± deltate to ovate overall, 50–100 (–150+) × (15–) 30–80 (–120+) mm, usually laciniately 1-pinnatisect or 3–5-foliolate, primary lobes or leaflets ±

spikelets per branch. Glumes and lemmas bronze or stramineous to green, or various shades of purple; anthers usually yellow or orange, occasionally red or purple

branches usually erect, without axillary pulvini, stiff, straight, lower nodes associated with 2-10 spikelets. Glumes tan to brown, fading to stramineous. Lower

thick at the base, erect, rarely branched. Leaves mostly cauline; sheaths usually longer than the internodes, remaining intact at maturity, glabrous or appressed

large, in moderately dense mats, light green, yellow-green, or whitish stramineous. Stems to 7 cm, creeping, terete-foliate, irregularly pinnate, branches

occasionally small, in moderately dense mats, light green, becoming whitish stramineous or golden yellow in exposed habitats. Stems to 10 cm, creeping to ascending

much reduced distally, margins entire, apices acute, mucronate, faces usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely strigoso-hispid; basal withering by flowering

Spikelets 4-9 (10) mm, stramineous to purplish-tinged. Glumes subequal, lanceolate, membranous to chartaceous, midveins usually greenish; lower glumes

branching at the base and, in late fall, sometimes at the aerial nodes; nodes usually 4-5; internodes glabrous, distal portions of the lower internodes with a

short-bristly; basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapered to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades 5–15 cm, margins pinnately lobed or dissected;

Involucres cylindro-campanulate, (4–) 5–8 mm. Phyllaries in 4–5 series, usually appressed, rarely outer recurved, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (outer)

cm, branched mostly distally. Leaves: faces usually glabrate (proximal margins ± ciliolate, hairs usually stiff, spreading and hispid on nerves, hairs

long and 6 mm wide when flat, usually tightly convolute and sharply pointed. Panicles 12-35 cm long, 15-20 mm wide, stramineous. Spikelets 12-14 mm. Glumes

wide, imbricate, ovoid, densely pubescent; bristles 15-43; outer bristles usually present, flattened or terete; inner bristles 4-8 mm long, 1.2-3 mm wide

young, becoming stramineous at maturity, awned, awns 0.5-2.5 mm, apices acute, entire or bidentate, teeth 0.3-0.5 mm; anthers usually 3, 0.3-1 mm. Caryopses

herbage ± sparsely hairy. Stems rigidly erect, openly branched above, stramineous. Leaves basal and cauline; basal often absent at anthesis, petioles winged

leaf-sheaths not splitting abaxially, proximally dark red to brown, apex usually reddish. Spikelets ovoid, 5–17 × 2.5–5 mm, apex acute; spikelets on stolons

knotty rhizomes less than 4 mm thick. Culms 20-65 cm, erect, viscid. Sheaths usually viscid, hairy at the apices and on the collars and margins, hairs to 6 mm;

linear-lanceolate, plumbeous to stramineous, with 4-12 (14) florets; disarticulation irregular to basipetal, paleas usually persistent. Glumes oblong to lanceolate

corymbiform arrays, becoming paniculiform with age, branches ascending, usually relatively short compared to plant height. Peduncles 10–65 mm, sparsely

scales 40–180, 2–3 per mm of rachilla, stramineous to pale-brown, flanks sometimes minutely dotted reddish, usually with pale to dark-brown, reddish, or

6-16 (23) cm long, 2.4-5 mm wide, ovate to linear-elliptic, flattened, stramineous, with reddish-purple margins or completely reddish-purple, with 10-45

422, 424. Plants medium-sized to large, in dense mats, green to pale stramineous. Stems to 8 cm, ascending to upright, terete-foliate, quite loosely irregularly

Culms (5–) 10–20 cm. Leaves 1/2–2/3 length of culms; sheaths brownish to stramineous, glabrous or scabrid along ribs; blades spreading-recurved, filiform,

than 1 mm. Spikelets 8-14 mm long, 1.4-3 mm wide, ovate to lanceolate, stramineous with a reddish-purple tinge, with 5-10 florets; disarticulation basipetal

Treatment on page 372. Mentioned on page 368. Plants 20–80 (–150) cm. Stems usually branched from mid heights or distally. Leaves 4–10 pairs, mostly cauline

branches few from mid to distal nodes, sparsely pilose. Leaves: basal usually withering by flowering, blades linear-oblanceolate, 30–60 × 3–8 mm, margins

erect or ascending, arachnoid-tomentose or ± glabrate; branches 0–5+, usually in distal 1/2, ascending. Leaves: blades linear to oblong, oblanceolate

fresh, weathering through gray to black, dark tips usually only on largest central spines, usually pink to orangebrown or purplish brown (very rarely blackish);

spikelets usually confined to the distal 1/3 and in discrete clusters at the branch tips, lower branches 3-9 cm; pedicels 0.6-2.3 (3) mm, usually shorter

cespitose; usually with branched caudices, sometimes long-rhizomatous. Stems 1–4+, ascending to erect (straight), glabrous. Leaves thin, margins usually entire

swollen or not; nodes usually glabrous, occasionally puberulent to densely hairy. Sheaths smooth; ligules 1-3 mm, obtuse to truncate, usually ciliate; blades

the achenes are usually distinctly rugulose or rough, often pitted-cellular, their apices usually truncate, and the tubercles are usually brown, often rudimentary

obscure), lanceovate or linear-lanceolate to linear, coriaceous, margins usually entire, sometimes remotely spinulose-toothed, often revolute apically, indurate

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 24. Treatment on page 753. Plants perennial; usually cespitose, sometimes weakly rhizomatous. Culms 5-130 cm, erect. Sheaths

lobes 2–4 pairs, linear to lanceolate, spreading to antrorse, lobules usually inconspicuous to subequaling lobes, rarely lacking, faces glabrous and ±

lateral rhizomes or roots). Stems erect or ascending (often purplish), usually simple, sparsely to densely silky-sericeous (hairs sometimes long, twisting

below the nodes, rarely with a glandular ring, glands usually dull, greenish-gray to stramineous; primary branches 0.5-6 cm, diverging 20-100° from the

(–120) cm, colonial; long-rhizomatous. Stems 1 (–3+), ascending to erect (usually flexuous, sometimes ± straight, sometimes stout, older often dark purple)

(remotely serrate), coarsely ciliate, apices rounded, short-mucronate, faces usually hirsute, rarely glabrous, often also stipitate-glandular; proximal cauline

form­ing dense stands. Stems often branched, to 1 m. Turions absent. Leaves usually in whorls of (3 or) 4, often subverticillate or irregular, sometimes alternate

cauline sessile, gradually reduced distally; distal oblong, bases ± clasping, usually less deeply lobed and often spinier than proximal. Heads 1–6+, borne singly

30–90 cm. Stems proximally usually glabrous, sometimes piloso-hirsute (hairs 3–8+ mm) and/or stellate-pubescent, distally usually glabrous. Leaves: basal

(sometimes pale), 7–11 mm. Cypselae (usually black, sometimes redbrown) columnar, 3–4 mm; pappi of ca. 50+, stramineous bristles in ± 2 series, 4–5 mm. Phenology:

Plants 15–70 cm, usually in clumps, sometimes in large clones, densely long-stipitate-glandular distally; woody, branched, thick, usually short rhizomes

on page 282. Plants 20–45+ cm. Stems proximally usually piloso-hirsute (or lanate, hairs 5–8+ mm, usually curled and tangled), sometimes nearly glabrous

Treatment on page 430. Plants usually densely, sometimes loosely, cespitose, without rhizomes. Culms (5) 8-50 (60) cm, usually smooth and glabrous, occasionally

overall, wider inner bristles, and outer bristles that are usually flattened rather than usually terete. None. None. "decumbent" is not a number."elongated"

Flora of North America Association Plants 15–40 (–90) cm. Stems proximally usually piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–6+ mm), rarely glabrous, distally glabrous. Leaves:

often glaucous). Stems proximally piloso-hirsute (hairs 2–5+ mm), distally usually ± piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–3+ mm) and stellate-pubescent, sometimes stipitate-glandular

(–150+) × 6–12 (–30+) mm, lengths 3–6+ times widths, bases cuneate, margins usually entire, sometimes denticulate, apices obtuse to acute, faces piloso-hirsute

cuneate, margins usually entire, rarely denticulate, apices obtuse to acute, abaxial faces piloso-hirsute (hairs 2–5+ mm), adaxial usually piloso-hirsute

producing tuberiform swellings 1–15 cm below soil surface). Stems usually scapiform, usually branching from bases, proximally glabrous or sparsely to densely

corollas yellow, 6–9 mm. Cypselae (usually black, sometimes redbrown) columnar, 2–3 mm; pappi of 36–40+, white or stramineous bristles in ± 2 series, 3.5–5

2–5 times widths, bases usually cuneate, sometimes rounded to truncate, margins ± dentate or entire, apices acute, faces usually ± piloso-hirsute (at least

(21–) 60–75+ mm, l/w = 2–4 (–5+), abaxially usually glabrous or glabrate, sometimes hirsutulous on veins, usually resin-gland-dotted, adaxially ± scabrellous

proximally stellate-pubescent, rarely piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–3+ mm), distally usually densely, sometimes sparsely, stellate-pubescent. Leaves: basal 5–8+, cauline

Mentioned on page 348. Plants spreading, 5–25+ cm, branched throughout (stems usually ± strigose). Leaves: faces closely strigose; proximal blades narrowly spatulate

toothed or entire. Heads usually in paniculiform to racemiform, rarely corymbiform arrays. Involucres 3.5–5 mm. Phyllaries usually strigose or hispidulous;

3–6+ mm). Heads 6–25+ in ± corymbiform to paniculiform arrays. Peduncles usually glabrous, sometimes stellate-pubescent and/or stipitate-glandular. Calyculi:

entire, dentate, or pinnately lobed, distal usually narrowly lanceolate to lance-attenuate, margins usually entire or with 1–2 lobes near bases, sometimes

scattered points or in rows on stem; axillary hairs not well developed, usually few, distal cells 1 or 2, hyaline. Stem-leaves ovate or narrowly ovate,

spikes 5–7, usually gynecandrous; proximal spikes with 2 staminate and 11–23 pistillate flowers, 8–15 × 3.3–5.8 mm; terminal spikes usually with 2–4 staminate

narrowly scarious, ± erose, densely ciliate, apices usually appressed, often squarrose, usually acute, sometimes obtuse, mucronulate, faces glabrous or

forming dense stands. Stems often branched, to 2.5 m. Turions absent. Leaves usually in whorls of 3 or 4 (or 5), rarely opposite, distal emersed leaves alternate

white-spinulose, faces glabrous or sparsely villous, short-stipitate-glandular. Heads usually borne singly, sometimes in open, corymbo-paniculiform arrays, branches ascending

reduced distally, bases subauriculate, subclasping to ± clasping. Heads usually borne singly or in open, paniculiform arrays (sometimes terminating lateral

entire, apices acute or obtuse, callus-pointed. Heads in ample, foliaceous, usually dense, paniculiform arrays, branches ascending to spreading, ± racemiform

siliceous-ridged, stramineous when dried; leaves obtusely and narrowly elliptic-spatulate, margins scabrous and revolute, stramineous when dried; calyx

Plants 15–60+ cm. Stems proximally usually glabrous, sometimes piloso-hirsute and/or stellate-pubescent, distally usually glabrous, sometimes stellate-pubescent

19. Mentioned on page 531. Subshrubs, 100–350 cm, mildly aromatic. Stems usually 1–15, erect, brown, simple (wandlike, brittle, bases woody), glabrous. Leaves

lanceolate, 30–80 × 10–25 mm, lengths 2–4+ times widths, bases cuneate, margins usually toothed, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces piloso-hirsute, adaxial

25–150 × 10–35+ mm, lengths 2.5–5+ times widths, bases cuneate, margins usually entire, apices ± acute, faces piloso-hirsute (hairs 3–5+ mm). Heads 3–25+

lanceolate, 20–80 × 7–20+ mm, lengths 3–4 times widths, bases cuneate, margins usually dentate, sometimes entire, apices acute to acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous

rounded-apiculate. Florets (9–) 18–24 (–30). Cypselae 2.5–3.5 mm; pappi usually purplish, sometimes stramineous, outer scales 20–25, 0.5–1 mm, contrasting with 35–40+,

or rounded-apiculate. Florets 12–24+. Cypselae 2–3 mm; pappi usually whitish to stramineous (rarely purplish), outer scales or bristles 20+, 0.3–1+ mm,

lanceolate, 20–80 × 6–20+ mm, lengths 2–8+ times widths, bases cuneate, margins usually entire, rarely dentate, apices rounded to acute, faces piloso-hirsute (hairs

2–4 mm, l/w = 17–25 (–40), abaxially densely sericeo-tomentose, adaxially usually glabrate, sometimes sparsely arachno-tomentose. Heads in corymbiform arrays

to truncate (± clasping), margins entire, apices obtuse to acute, faces usually piloso-hirsute (hairs 0.5–1.5+ mm), sometimes glabrous. Heads 6–10+ in ±

caudices branches relatively short or long, sometimes relatively thick. Stems usually decumbent to ascending, (bases greenish) glabrous, eglandular. Leaves basal

Leaves basal, sometimes few cauline; blades oblanceolate to spatulate (usually folding), 10–40 × 2–7 mm, cauline bractlike or 0, margins entire, faces

sweetly fragrant), 40–90 cm; taprooted. Stems stipitate-glandular throughout (usually persistently lightly white-tomentose distally). Leaf-blades (not crowded

spatulate, 40–80 × 18–45+ mm, lengths 3–5+ times widths, bases cuneate, margins usually entire, apices rounded to obtuse, abaxial faces piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–3+

or lanceolate, 6–16 (–20+) cm × 18–48+ mm, l/w = 2.5–4 (–6+), abaxially usually puberulent to tomentose or pannose (hairs ± erect, ± curled), seldom glabrate

(petioles distally usually broader-winged, clasping), blades ovate to lanceolate, 50–120 × 20–50 mm, gradually reduced distally, bases usually truncate or rounded

winged distally, wings 0.2-0.4 mm wide, usually entire, lateral-veins conspicuous, smooth; sterile florets usually 1, hairy, if 2, lowest floret to 0.7 mm

35–60+ cm. Stems proximally usually piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–8+ mm) and stellate-pubescent, sometimes glabrous, distally usually piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–8+

(–50+) cm. Stems proximally usually glabrous, sometimes piloso-hirsute (hairs 1–7+ mm) and/or stellate-pubescent, distally usually glabrous, sometimes piloso-hirsute

Stems usually 1, erect, sparingly branched, glabrous, minutely scabrous and glandular. Leaves scabrous; basal sessile or winged-petiolate, usually absent

State University Culms (5) 8-20 (25) cm, usually 2-3 times the height of the vegetative shoot leaves, usually glabrous below the inflorescence. Outer vegetative

Cypselae stramineous to tawny, cylindric to narrowly obovoid, slightly compressed, 2.3–3.6 mm, ribs 10–16, sparsely strigillose; pappi of stramineous (firm

Heads in paniculiform or corymbiform arrays. Involucres 3–4 mm. Phyllaries usually sparsely strigose (at least the outer; margins chartaceous to scarious)

many slender, fibrous lateral roots. Stems usually 1, erect, glabrous to ± tomentose; branches many, usually restricted to distal part of stem, ascending

page 103, 104. Annuals or biennials, (60–) 100–300 cm; taprooted. Stems usually 1, erect, stout, (hollow, 2–10 cm diam. at base), openly branched distally

119. Mentioned on page 98, 114. Biennials, 20–350 cm; taprooted. Stems usually single, erect, glabrous or villous with septate trichomes; branches few–many

pubescent; lemmas 4-6 mm, glabrous or puberulent, rarely ciliate, usually green when young, stramineous at maturity, apices acuminate to shortly aristate; anthers

divisions, main spines 3–5 mm, faces densely gray-white-tomentose; basal usually present at flowering, winged-petiolate; principal cauline becoming sessile

distally, wings 0.1-0.5 mm wide, entire, smooth, lateral-veins prominent, usually smooth, sometimes scabridulous, apices acute or acuminate; sterile florets

scabridulous. Spikelets 3-6 (15) mm long, 1.3-2 mm wide, linear-lanceolate, stramineous, with 9-30 florets; disarticulation irregular or basipetal, paleas persistent

mm wide, whitish. Panicles 15-25 cm long, 8-28 cm wide, dense to loose, usually with more than 15 branches; rachises 6-15 cm, 1/3 – 2/3 as long as the inflorescences;

margins, hairs to 5 mm; ligules 0.4-0.5 mm; blades 5-30 cm long, 1-3 mm wide, usually involute, sometimes flat, abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose,

flat-topped corymbiform arrays. Peduncles densely hirtellous; bracts 1–2, usually immediately subtending heads. Involucres cylindro-campanulate, 7–9 mm, shorter

mm, margins involute. Inflorescences: spikes ovoid, 1–5.5 cm wide; rays usually 3–6, 0.5–5 cm, glabrous; sometimes absent in small plants; if absent, inflorescence

conduplicate, glabrous or pubescent, apices involute. Panicles terminal, usually composed of a digitate pair of branches, a third branch sometimes present

awns to 1.2 mm; lemmas 2.2-3.1 mm, narrowly lanceolate, shiny, stramineous or purplish, usually completely glabrous (rarely with a few appressed hairs), apices

fully exerted from the sheaths, erect, green to brown, deep purple, or stramineous to creamy-white; rachises terete, with pubescent hairs. Fascicles 9-16

erect to spreading, thinly arachnoid, soon glabrous; branches ± fleshy, usually much branched proximally, spreading to ascending. Leaves: blades ± elliptic

loosely tomentose when young, ± glabrescent, at least proximally. Stems usually simple. Leaves basal and cauline ± smaller distally, tapered to winged petioles

lengths 2–6+ times widths, bases cuneate to rounded-truncate, margins usually entire, sometimes denticulate, apices rounded to obtuse, faces hirtellous

conspicuous, smooth; sterile florets 2, equal or subequal, 1.8-3.5 mm, usually more than 1/2 as long as the bisexual florets, densely hairy; bisexual florets

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs usually dioecious, rarelymonoecious, aquatic or semi­aquatic, usually not forming dense stands. Stems often branched

flexible. Spikelets 3-5 mm, usually purple, occasionally green, brown, or stramineous. Glumes subequal, (0.3) 1-1.5 (2) mm, usually less than 1/2 as long as

gray to white-tomentose. Heads 1–4, in compact arrays. Cypselae without stramineous apical collars. Phenology: Flowering summer (Jun–Aug). Habitat: Barren

Panicles (0.9) 1.2-1.4 (2.4) cm long, 5-8 (12) mm wide, dense, usually spherical or ovoid, usually purplish, branches with 1-2 spikelets; pedicels 0.5-1 mm,

septate trichomes; branches usually short, stout, ascending. Leaves: blades oblongelliptic to oblanceolate, 15–30+ × 3–7 cm, usually shallowly to deeply pinnatifid

blades oblong-oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 4–40 × 1–10 cm, bases usually not decurrent, finely spiny-toothed and undivided to coarsely toothed or

membranous, shiny, usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous, particularly on the keels, usually green when young, sometimes purple-tinged, stramineous at maturity

racemes, short-to-elongate, interrupted, flowers 1 or 2 per node; bracts usually shorter than, sometimes both shorter and longer than, pedicels. Pedicels

scabrous, adaxial sparsely strigose or glabrous; basal and proximal cauline usually persistent, sometimes withering by flowering (bases often marcescent), petioles

104, 107, 146, 147. Annuals or biennials, 20–350 cm; taprooted. Stems usually 1, erect, simple or branched in distal 1/2, loosely to densely villous or

woody, ovoid to spheric. Stems 1–8+, erect, simple, strict, glabrescent, usually ± densely villous distally. Leaves basal and cauline, thick, firm (only

to oblong-cylindric; (6–) 10–28 (–50) × 10–40 mm; rays sometimes absent, usually (1–) 3–6 (–8), 0.5–7 (–25) cm; if absent, inflorescence a congested head;

(–40) × (1–) 1.3–1.6 (–2) mm; floral scales (8–) 12–25 (–66), laterally stramineous to light-brown, medially green, laterally ribless, medially 3–5-ribbed

appressed, hirtellous. Spikelets 1.4-2.2 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, ovate, stramineous to light greenish, with 2-3 florets; disarticulation basipetal, in the

floral scales persistent, 1–5, appressed, pale greenish white laterally, stramineous with reddish dots, or deep red, greenish or light-brown medially, 3–6-ribbed

glabrous or sparsely to densely scabridulous to minutely scabrid on angles or usually on surface, just proximal to bracts or over distal few centimeters. Leaves

faces gray-tomentose, adaxial green, glabrous to thinly tomentose; basal usually present at flowering, winged-petiolate; principal cauline winged-petiolate

blades ovate, 20–200 × 10–100 mm, bases cordate to rounded; distal (arrays) usually sessile, sometimes subpetiolate, blades ovate to lanceolate, 5–20 × 1–8

Mentioned on page 103, 129. Biennials, slender, 20–100 cm; taprooted. Stems usually 1, erect, thinly arachnoid-tomentose, sparsely pilose distally with short

adaxial faces green, glabrate to villous with septate trichomes; basal usually absent at flowering, winged-petiolate, bases tapered; principal cauline

or sparsely villous, eglandular. Ray-florets (8–) 12–16 (–20); corollas usually white, sometimes lilac-tinged, (10–) 17–18 (–20) × 2.6–3.3 mm. Disc-florets

sericeous-strigose, hairs 0.4–0.5 mm, often with slender, wavy-coiled understory hairs usually completely obscuring epidermis, rarely nearly glabrous; sepals (2.5–) 3

1–5+, usually ascending, sometimes decumbent, often purplish, sometimes branched basally, flexuous, proximally sparsely villous, distally usually densely

are smooth and usually sericeous or crisply puberulent over the veins, and paniculate inflorescences. Plants of S. dura become stramineous in age, making

mm; base slightly rounded, inconspicuously decurrent; margins recurved usually only near base, entire to slightly serrulate; apex abruptly contracted or

discovered in this state by W. A. Weber. Brachytheciastrum leibergii is usually easy to recognize by the relatively large and distinctively orangish appearance