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glandular; blade narrowly elliptic to suborbiculate, narrowly rhombic to oblong and ovate, oblanceolate, or broadly lanceolate to narrowly rhombic-elliptic, (2–)

adaxially glabrous or pubescent, eglandular; blade narrowly elliptic to suborbiculate, narrowly rhombic to oblong and ovate, oblanceolate, 2–6 (–7) cm, thin

sessile-glandular; blade short-ovate to ovate, broadly elliptic to narrowly rhombic, or ± trullate, 3–8 cm, base rounded to cuneate, lobes 3–5 per side

5–6 cm, blade with strong red pigmentation even in juvenile plants, narrowly rhombic to ovate, spatulate, or trullate, 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm, apex obtuse;

achenes 4-26 × 1.5-2 mm, exserted beyond leaves. Achenes: outer face narrowly rhombic to elliptic or oblong, 1-2.2 × 0.4-1 mm, 2-5 times as high as wide

flowering shoots erect. Sedum mexicanum 35 Leaves 3(-4) per whorl, blade narrowly rhombic-elliptic to widely lanceolate or linear-lanceolate to linear; flowering

farinose. Leaves nonaromatic; petiole 0.4–1.5 cm; blade rhombic-ovate to narrowly rhombic-ovate or narrowly ovate, 1.2–3.4 × 0.4–1.4 cm, thick, base cuneate,

9–13), minor 1–4 pairs; major leaflet blades lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, rarely narrowly rhombic, terminal largest, largest of these 3.4–8.5 × 1.2–2.4

ascending, pubescent and usually hirsute. Leaves: petiole 0.3–7 cm; blade narrowly rhombic to broadly lanceolate, 1–8 (–11) × 0.5–3 (–4) cm, base acute, margins

blades erect, narrowly rhombic, 1-pinnate, without conform terminal pinna, 25-65 × 3-15 cm, glabrous. Sterile blades spreading, narrowly oblanceolate to

8-25 × 2-4 mm, immersed among leaves. Achenes: outer face narrowly rhombic or occasionally narrowly oblong, 1.2-2 × 0.4-0.8 mm, 2-4.5 times as high as wide

achenes 16-50 × 1-3 mm, exserted beyond leaves. Achenes: outer face narrowly rhombic to elliptic or oblong, 0.8-1.4 × 0.2-0.6 mm, 1.5-5 times as high as

tomentose young, glabrescent, eglandular; blade broadly elliptic, narrowly rhombic, rhombic, rhombic-ovate, or broadly ovate, 4–7 cm, thin, base broadly cuneate

rosettes flattened to suberect; leaf blades trullate, spatulate, or narrowly rhombic to ovate, apex obtuse, red pigmentation often strong even in juvenile

spreading, petiolate; blade green or grayish green, not glaucous, narrowly rhombic-elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate, subterete, 6–11 × 2.5–3.2 mm

Stolons 4–10 cm (arched). Basal leaves 1–3-nerved, narrowly to broadly spatulate, or narrowly rhombic-obovate, 20–45 × 3–15 mm, tips mucronate, faces densely

Leaves basal, simple, tapering to filiform base. Leaf-blade linear or very narrowly oblanceolate, margins entire. Inflorescences terminal, solitary flowers;

1–2 cm, narrowly winged distally, glabrous, eglandular, rarely glandular (on distal wing); blade narrowly rhombic-elliptic to broadly rhombic-ovate (sometimes

(occasionally more) in rather dense whorls; inner tepals narrowly triangular or narrowly rhombic-triangular, 2.5–3 (–3.5) × 0.75–1.2 (–1.5) mm (excluding

(occasionally more) in rather dense whorls; inner tepals narrowly triangular or narrowly rhombic-triangular, 1.5–2.5 × 0.7–0.9 (–1.2) mm (excluding teeth)

(occasionally more) in rather dense whorls; inner tepals narrowly triangular or narrowly rhombic-triangular, 2–2.5 × 0.75–1 (–1.5) mm (excluding teeth),

rarely branched. Leaves: petiole 2–6 mm; blade narrowly rhombic to rhombic or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, usually widest at middle, 3–7 × 1–3 cm

Flowers 15–25 (–30) in rather dense whorls; inner tepals narrowly triangular, narrowly rhombic-triangular, or linguliform, (2.5–) 3–3.5 (–4) × 1.2–1.5 (–2)

petioles, elongating in fruit; involucellar bractlets (7 or) 8–10, narrowly rhombic-elliptic, 1.2–2 (–2.4) cm, enlarging in fruit, margins not or inconspicuously

marginally. Tepals greenish yellow to olive green, aging to light green, narrowly rhombic to oblanceolate, 5–9 × 1.3–3 mm, base gradually attenuate to a narrow

exfoliating; 1-year old twigs gray-brown. Leaves: blade broadly lanceolate to narrowly rhombic, 4–7 cm, thin, base usually broadly cuneate, lobes 2 or 3 per side

scarious margins narrow. Heads of achenes 11-26 mm; outer face of achene narrowly rhombic. 2n=16. Phenology: Flowering late spring (May–Jun). Habitat: Wet meadows

lateral sepals reflexed; petals rhombic, lanceolate-falcate, margins entire; lip descending, linear, narrowly lance-rhombic, or linear-hastate, with median

pubescent, glandular or not; blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, obtrullate, spatulate, oblanceolate, or narrowly rhombic-elliptic, sometimes suborbiculate

blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, lanceolate to narrowly rhombic, (1.5–) 4–10 (–15) × 0.4–2.5 cm, base tapered or cuneate, margins antrorsely

of 3, spreading, sessile; blade pale yellowish green, not glaucous, narrowly rhombic-elliptic to widely lanceolate, subterete, 10–25 × 4–6 mm, base spurred

dentate or deeply incised, rarely entire; petiole present; blade ± narrowly obovate to ± narrowly elliptic, 1.5–22 cm, herbaceous, major leaflets 3–19, leaflets

with shoot type, simple; petiole present; blade obovate to oblanceolate, rhombic, elliptic, or linear to lanceolate, ovate, or suborbiculate, 1–10 cm, membranous

Mentioned on page 597, 598. Shrubs, 20–35 dm. Leaves: blade rhombic to narrowly rhombic or rhombic-elliptic, base ± cuneate, sinuses: max LII 15–20%, lobe

blade, sessile or stipitate-glandular; blade narrowly ovate or ± oblong to narrowly obovate or narrowly rhombic, 2.5–5 cm, length/width = 1.5, thin, base

adaxially pubescent young, sparsely glandular; blade broadly lanceolate to narrowly rhombic-elliptic, 5–8 cm, subcoriaceous, base tapered, lobes 0, or 1 or 2 (or

toothed, border narrow at base (less than 0.25 width); hyaline cells narrowly rhombic to S-shaped, can efibrillose and aporose but more commonly fibrillose

exserted beyond anthers at anthesis. Capsules nar­rowly obovoid to narrowly rhombic-ellipsoid, angled, 10–25 × 3.5–6 mm, apex attenuate to a sterile beak

sepals reflexed; petals narrowly lanceolate-falcate, margins entire; lip projecting to porrect, lanceolate to narrowly lance-rhombic, without basal thickening

40–75-flowered; peduncle 40–60 mm; petaloid bracts white to slightly yellow, narrowly ovate, rhombic, or trullate, 4–7 × 3–6 cm, base cuneate, apex acuminate. Flowers:

usually narrowly winged distally, pubescent, glandular young, often persisting; blade yellow or purplish in very dry spots (fall), ± rhombic to rhombic-ovate

glandular; blade broadly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic or very narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate or narrowly ovate-rhombic, 3.5–4.5 cm, base curved-cuneate

shorter, or even absent); inner tepals (excluding teeth) narrowly triangular or narrowly rhombic-triangular, normally ca. 2 times as long as wide; plants

spreading at right angles to stem, purple, palmately 3–5-veined, narrowly ovate, rhombic-elliptic, ovate to lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate to ovate or

tomentose, glandular young; blade dark green mature, obovate to narrowly obovate-rhombic, 1.5–3 cm, stiff and ± coriaceous, base cuneate, lobes 0 or very

absent, sessile-glandular or eglandular; blade dark green, elliptic to narrowly obovate or similar, sometimes suborbiculate, (1–) 2–3.5 (–6) cm (small

obtuse, shallowly triangular, covered by narrowly transversely rhombic elaiosome; embryo ± V-shaped, cotyledons narrowly elliptic, papillose and simple-hirsutulous

brainerdii except for stamen number. Crataegus improvisa is a form with narrowly rhombic leaves. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"species"

glandular at least young; blade usually spatulate or narrowly oblong to narrowly oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 1–2.5 cm, thin (drooping or fluttering

glandular-hairs. Leaves petiolate; stipules deciduous, foliaceous, narrowly dimidiate-lanceolate or narrowly dimidiate-ovate, triangular, margins simple-bristled; blade

contrast, the extension-shoot leaves of C. lancei are of a long-petiolate, narrowly rhombic form with 1–3 acute to subacute lobes per side. The large, red, cherrylike

Leaves: blade broadly lanceolate, elliptic, spatulate, obovate, obtrullate, rhombic-ovate, broadly ovate to suborbiculate, 1–8 (–12) cm, length 1.6–2 times

or yellowish white, usually obcordate to obovate, sometimes rhombic, elliptic, or rhombic-ovate; stigma deeply divided into 4 linear lobes. Capsules straight

to narrowly funnelform (lengths 3–5 times diams.); styles: bases enlarged, hairy, branches narrowly clavate (± dilated distally). Cypselae narrowly prismatic

tetradynamous; filaments usually not dilated basally; anthers ovate to narrowly oblong, (apex usually obtuse); nectar glands confluent, subtending bases

fleshy; blade linear, oblong, lanceolate, ovate, triangular, trullate, or rhombic, flattened, not jointed, not spinose, base truncate, cordate, hastate, or

deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, obovate, ovate, rhombic, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or ternately lobed (lobes mostly filiform

fan-shaped, or obovate to oblanceolate, linear to oblong, elliptic or rhombic, to lanceolate, ovate, triangular, deltate, round, or reniform, lobed or

from more or less elliptic-oblong, lobes absent, to narrowly obovate (rarely narrowly elliptic-rhombic) with a single well-defined, short, subterminal, toothlike

petiolate; blade rhombic-ovate, ovate, obovate, spatulate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or orbiculate to linear, base rounded to narrowly cuneate, margins

walls thin; distal medial cells elongate-hexagonal, rhombic, linear-rhomboidal, or sometimes narrowly vermicular, walls thin to thick; marginal cells undifferentiated

short-excurrent; distal medial laminal cells elongate-hexagonal, rhombic, or linear-rhomboidal, sometimes narrowly vermicular; marginal cells undifferentiated or slightly

sessile-glandular; blade mid to dark green or blue-green, matte, usually ± rhombic, sometimes ovate, elliptic-oblong, or suborbiculate, 2–6 (–9.5) cm, thin

stipitate-glandular in C. frugiferens); blade light to mid green, broadly ovate or rhombic-elliptic to obtrullate or obovate or ± orbiculate, 1.5–5 cm, thin to coriaceous

less than 1.2 dm; proximal leaves lanceolate to rhombic-ovate, bases cuneate to attenuate; bracteoles rhombic-ovate, thin herbaceous or membranaceous, entire

blades 1-nerved or 3-nerved, linear, lanceolate, ovate, oblong, obovate, or rhombic (usually reduced distally), margins entire or coarsely serrate, faces usually

deltate to ovate or lanceolate overall, sometimes cordate, linear, reniform, rhombic, orbiculate, or ovate, often 3-lobed to pinnatisect, ultimate margins subentire

ovate, lanceolate, linear, obovate, oblanceolate, spatulate, fan-shaped, or rhombic, seldom folded along midribs, 0.5–18 cm, membranous to leathery, margins

Phyllaries unequal (bases indurate), green zones narrowly lanceolate, spatulate to oblanceolate-rhombic, or rhombic (faces glabrous or sparsely hairy). Ray-florets

cm > 15 15 Leaf blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate or elliptic to linear, 4–20 times as long as wide > 16 15 Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate or elliptic

Annuals or perennials; leaf blades lance-linear, lanceolate, ovate, rhombic, or rhombic-ovate; involucres 6–14 mm diam.; phyllaries 14–25 Heliomeris 47 Disc

single, percurrent to excurrent; distal and median cells usually irregular-rhombic to hexagonal or rectangular, smooth and rather thin-walled, often lax, weakly

not forming hemispheric chamber; lip linear to linear-lanceolate, rhombic-linear, rhombic-lanceolate, or elliptic, base undilated or with obscure to orbiculate

flabellate or rhombic, margins flat, singly or doubly toothed, venation ± pinnate. Inflorescences terminal, 2–50 (–60) -flowered, narrowly to widely cymose

sessile-glandular; blade broadly elliptic to narrowly obovate, oblanceolate (broader in C. jonesiae), or rhombic-elliptic, 3–6 (–8) cm, ± thin, base usually

petiolate or sessile; blades cordate, deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, rhombic, orbiculate, or ovate (and intermediate shapes), often 1 (–2+) -palmately

or not; blade linear, broadly lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblong-obovate, rhombic, or elliptic to cuneate or spatulate, base tapered or rounded and abruptly

lanceolate or linear (and intermediate shapes, sometimes elliptic, oblong, rhombic, or suborbiculate, sometimes pinnatifid, 1–2-pinnately, ternately, or palmately

sometimes glabrescent, usually eglandular; blade ± elliptic to ± ovate, ± rhombic, or rhombic-ovate, sometimes suborbiculate or ovate-deltate, 4–8 (–12) cm, thin

stipitate, glandular (often conspicuously so); blade mid to dark green, ovate, rhombic, elliptic, or broadly elliptic, (1.5–) 3–6 (–9) cm, thin to chartaceous

entire at apex; apex truncate, obtuse, obtuse-apiculate, or broadly to narrowly acute; costa double, single, or ecostate; basal laminal cells linear to

3-nerved) mostly deltate, lanceolate, rhombic, or ovate (narrowly oblanceolate to linear in E. scaposa), bases broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire

lance-elliptic, lance-linear, lanceolate, lance-ovate, lance-rhombic, linear, oblong, obovate, ovate, rhombic-ovate, spatulate, or suborbiculate, margins crenate

abaxially, bright, glossy, deep green adaxially, narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, sometimes elliptic or ± rhombic, 2–7 cm (usually much longer than wide), usually

upward or straight, 15–47 mm; petals rhombic to elliptic or rhombic-ovate. Capsules curved upward or straight, narrowly lanceoloid to lanceoloid, subterete

petiolulate to ±sessile, broadly and irregularly rhombic to obovate, (1.5-) 2.5-4.5 (-5.5) × (1-) 3-10 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins incised on distal 1/3,

4-25 cm; terminal leaflet ± sessile, rhombic to oblanceolate or obliquely oblanceolate, 1-4.5 × 1.4-3.7 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins crenate-serrate

sessile to petiolulate, oblanceolate to rhombic, oblong, or ovate, 1-5 (-6) × 0.7-2.5 (-3.5) cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins sharply serrate on distal

blade green or gray-blue, usually oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, rhombic-oblanceolate, oblong, elliptic, or ovate, to spatulate, sometimes oblong-triangular

lance-linear, lanceolate, lanceovate, linear, or ovate, bases cordate to narrowly cuneate, margins usually entire or serrate, rarely lobed, faces glabrous

(–8) cm. Leaves: petiole 1–2 cm, narrowly winged distally, glabrous, eglandular; blade rhombic-elliptic to broadly rhombic-ovate or elliptic, 4–7 cm widest

petiolate; blades 3 (–5) -nerved from bases, usually deltate, lanceolate, ovate, rhombic, or triangular, sometimes orbiculate, margins entire, crenate, dentate,

several rows, little different from more distal cells; laminal cells rhombic to oblong-rhombic, 1.5–3: 1, walls thin; proximal cells quadrate to subquadrate,

tardily deciduous, ovate, linearlanceolate to subulate, auriculate, or rhombic-ovate; blade often pedate, suborbiculate, cordate, ovate, triangular, or

1-nerved or 3-nerved from bases, lanceolate, lance-linear, lanceovate, lance-rhombic, linear, or oblong, 25–100 × 0.5–40 mm, bases acute, margins entire or ±

deciduous, opposite; petiole present; blade ovate or broadly ovate to obovate, rhombic, or suborbiculate, herbaceous, margins usually crenate to dentate, rarely

farinose. Leaves nonaromatic; petiole 0.2–9 cm; blade narrowly to broadly lanceolate, rhombic, ovate, or triangular, 1.2–12 (–15) × 0.5–7.5 (–9) cm, base

to basal leaves, primarily rhombic, 1-3.5 cm, bases distinct, cuneate, margins crenate on distal 1/2, apex acute to narrowly acute, surfaces glabrous or

young, eglandular or glandular, glands black; blade ± rhombic to elliptic-oblong or ovate-rhombic, sometimes suborbiculate, 3–8 cm, coriaceous or thin,

±sessile, obtriangular to oblanceolate, (2.5-) 3-6 (-9) × 2-10 cm, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margins incised (sometimes with few serrate teeth)

sparsely glandular; blade trullate to ovate, ovate-oblong, or broadly rhombic, rarely ± deltate, 2–6 (–7) cm, subcoriaceous, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate

red, obovate to rhombic-obovate; stigma deeply divided into 4 linear lobes. Capsules papery, leathery, or corky in age, ovoid, narrowly lanceoloid to broadly

ending before the tip to excurrent; distal and medial laminal cells large, rhombic-hexagonal to rectangular, lax and rather thin-walled, proximal cells oblong-rectangular

eglandular; blade mid to dark green or ± blue-green, ± ovate or ± trullate to rhombic or deltate, sometimes suborbiculate, (2–) 3–6 (–7) cm, thin to subcoriaceous

loosely erect to erect-spreading, not 3-ranked, narrowly oblong; margins plane; laminal cells oblong-rhombic to oblong-hexagonal, surface not bulging, smooth

to recurved throughout; laminal cells irregularly isodiametric to short-rhombic, surface not bulging, smooth, walls firm; basal-cells longer than distal

Mentioned on page 276. Plants annual. Leaf-blades triangular, narrowly triangular, or rhombic, glabrous. Flowers: perianth segments 3–4, connate nearly to

basal leaves petiolate, blade linear (sometimes filiform), narrowly lanceolate, spatulate, or rhombic, 1–15 × 0.5–1 cm; cauline leaves sessile, blade linear

bracts ± rhombic. Staminate flowers sessile; calyx green, short-tubular, ca. 1.5 mm, teeth triangular to linear; corolla white, 2–3.5 cm, lobes narrowly oblong

petiole length 50% blade, winged distally, glandular; blade green, rhombic to rhombic-ovate, 2–4 cm, base cuneate, lobes 2–4 per side, sinuses shallow,

Plants large. Stems erect-ascending, 1-pinnate; paraphyllia filamentous to narrowly foliose, simple or branched; axillary hairs 2-celled, cells brown. Stem-leaves

tuberculate; areoles elliptic, circular, ovate, obovate, or obdeltate to rhombic, 0.7–5 mm diam.; wool white, yellow, or tan to brown. Spines with whole

stipules caducous, lanceolate to ovate, margins entire; petiole present; blade narrowly to broadly obovate, oblanceolate, ovate, suborbiculate, elliptic, or lanceolate

broadly urceolate-campanulate or rhombic-ovoid, conspicuously tapered above middle. > 5 4 Calyx tube cylindric to narrowly cylindric-urceolate, not much tapered

pubescent, eglandular; blade rhombic-obovate or broadly elliptic, sometimes ± narrowly obovate, ± obtrullate, or broadly rhombic-elliptic, 3–5 (–7.5) cm, 1

lobes) deltate, elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, obovate, ovate, or rhombic (and most intermediate shapes), usually pinnately, sometimes palmately lobed

sessile, rhombic to oblanceolate, 2.5-6.5 × (1-) 1.5-2 (-2.5) cm, bases narrowly cuneate, margins serrate and incised on distal 1/3-1/2, apex narrowly acute

10-20 cm; terminal leaflet sessile, rhombic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, (1.5-) 2.5-6 × (1-) 2-4 cm, base narrowly cuneate, margins coarsely serrate to

scalelike. Distal stem and branch leaves oblong-ovate to ovatelanceolate; base narrowly decurrent; margins entire to serrulate proximally, toothed distally; apex

Association Herbs, to 35 cm. Leaves erect; petiole 3–15 cm; blade absent or narrowly lanceolate to ovate, 3–9 × 0.5–3 cm, margins entire. Inflorescences racemes

rosettes, alternate, sessile, subclasping [narrowed] basally; blade cuneate or rhombic-oblanceolate or obovate, laminar or semiterete, 2–10 cm, succulent, base

cells smooth; medial cells uniformly linear-flexuose; apical cells oval-rhombic. Branch leaves similar, narrower, smaller, 2–3 × 1 mm; margins more strongly

simple; medial and distal cells subquadrate, short-rectangular, or oblong-rhombic, 1–2 (–3):1, 1- or multipapillose over lumina and/or walls, papillae simple

Leaves spreading; petiole 0.1–2.2 cm; blade ovate, deltate-ovate, ovate-rhombic, subreniform, 1–4 (–5.5) × 0.5–3.5 (–5) cm, fleshy to slightly succulent

cell-walls ± thick; basal-cells long-rectangular; medial cells irregularly rhombic at shoulders; distal cells longer on distal costa. Sexual condition dioicous;

leaflike, deltate or rhombic-deltate, very broad, margins crispate and denticulate. Pistillate flowers: tepals 5, outer tepals linear to narrowly lanceolate, inner

5-merous. Fruiting bracteoles green becoming black, rhombic to rhombic-triangular, or ovate-rhombic, compressed, ± uniformly sized, 2–7 (–20) mm, base mostly

erect, somewhat falcate to homomallous, imbricate, oblongelliptic; margins narrowly reflexed proximally, erect and serrulate distally; apex obtuse to acute;

linear lobes. Capsules leathery or woody in age, usually narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid to rhombic-obovoid, sometimes ovoid or lanceoloid, winged, wings oblong

(3–)4–8 mm diam.; disc florets (5–)20–80+ > 7 4 Leaves: primary lobes lance-rhombic or ovate to lanceolate, 15–30(–50+) × 5–15(–30+) mm; pappi (1–)2–4 mm Bidens

bulbils in axils; stipules present; petiole stipitate-glandular; blade rhombic or orbiculate to reniform, lobed, base cordate, hastate, rounded, ligulate

lance-hastate with lobes spreading to antrorse, 5–100 × 3–80 mm, base abruptly to narrowly cuneate, entire or irregularly toothed. Flowers in loose glomerules, arranged

costa single or double and short; alar cells little differentiated, or rhombic to quadrate in several rows along margin, or rarely region well differentiated

5-) 2.5-20 (-25) cm; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, ovate to rhombic or oblanceolate, (1-) 1.5-4.5 (-5) × (0.6-) 1-2.5 (-3.5) cm, base cuneate

yellow, or red, narrowly funnelform or tubular (lobes usually 5, erect to recurved); pistillate corollas white, yellow, or red, narrowly tubular to filiform

ovate to rectangular stubs, linear or oblong to narrowly ovate, obovate, or elliptic, sometimes rhombic, margins sometimes remotely glandular-dentate, surfaces

petiolate; blades 3-nerved, deltate-ovate or triangular-deltate [elliptic, rhombic], margins ± crenate to serrate, faces glabrous, sometimes glanddotted. Heads

long petiole, linear-spatulate; distal cauline leaves sessile, broadly to narrowly lanceolate, 6–20 cm, base commonly cordate-clasping, apex acute to acuminate

cauline leaves with petiole 2–4 mm, blade broadly to narrowly ovate, oblong-ovate, oblong, rhombic, or occasionally elliptic to lanceolate, 2–10 (–23) ×

(–27) × 4.5–8 (–18) cm; cauline leaves reduced proximally, blade rhombic to narrowly lanceolate. Cymes 2–8-flowered. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering spring–summer

irregularly 2-pinnate; paraphyllia polymorphous, filiform or sometimes narrowly lanceolate, branched or sometimes unbranched, cells oblong, smooth or papillose

blade ovate to rhombic, usually 8–20 cm wide. > 9 8 Pedicel erect or only slightly leaning; petals erect to widely spreading, linear to narrowly elliptic, white

(–4) dm. Basal leaves: blade suborbicular to narrowly or broadly oblanceolate to broadly elliptic or rhombic, (1.2–) 2–6 (–8) cm, (base usually abruptly

(–150) cm, glabrous or puberulent. Leaves: blade oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate or rhombic, 8–53 × 3–25 mm, base tapered to cuneate, margins crenate to

glandular-ciliate. Flowers: hypanthium green or greenish white to white or pinkish, narrowly tubular or campanulate to rotate, 1.4–5.5 (–6.6) mm, glabrous abaxially

ascending. Twigs slender, orange to redbrown, aging darker brown, rough. Buds narrowly to broadly ovoid, dark redbrown, to 1.2cm, slightly resinous. Leaves 2

broadly ovate to oblongelliptic, lanceolate-elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, rhombic-ovate, or suborbiculate, often palmately 3–5-lobed, herbaceous, margins

Capsules hard and leathery, straight, clavate or narrowly obovoid to rhombic-ellipsoid, angled or narrowly winged (to 0.5 mm, apex attenuate to a sterile

short-creeping, mainly unbranched; scales black or with narrow pale borders, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5–3 × 0.2–0.4 mm, margins entire. Leaves monomorphic. Petiole

oblong or narrowly obovate, sometimes obtrullate, ovate, or suborbiculate, (0.6–) 1–4 (–5) cm, thin to coriaceous, firm to floppy, base narrowly cuneate

(3–) 6–30 cm, leaflet pairs (1–) 2–4; terminal leaflet broadly obovate to rhombic-elliptic, (1–) 1.5–7 (–8) × 1–5 cm, teeth usually double (irregularly single

spatulate to narrowly obovate; plants usually glabrous; sepal auricles 2–3 mm. Viola brittoniana 9 Middle lobes of leaf blades narrowly deltate to narrowly elliptic;

equaling the narrowly funnelform throats (sparsely hairy at base), lobes ± erect, narrowly triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm. Cypselae light-brown, narrowly obovoid to

5-lobed or pedately 3-lobed, rarely unlobed, lobes narrowly oblong to linear or cuneate to flabellate or rhombic-ovate, margins lobulate or coarsely toothed [denticulate]

ascending hairs. Leaves: stipules 1.5–5 (–5.7) mm; blade narrowly to broadly obovate or rhombic to broadly ovate, (9–) 15–30 (–70) × (5–) 10–18 (–52) mm

to large; medial laminal cells usually linear-flexuose, sometimes short-rhombic or fusiform, 27–66 µm (when costa double); distal cells sometimes prorate

caducous, sometimes ± persistent, usually numerous, linear to narrowly oblong or very narrowly obovate, membranous to subherbaceous, margins stipitate-glandular

decumbent, puberulent to minutely strigoso-hispid. Leaf-blades ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, 3–8 × 1–3.5 cm, margins toothed, abaxial faces usually puberulent

0.8–1.5 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as blade; blade ovate, elliptic, rhombic, or lanceolate, mostly 4–12 × 1.4–6 cm, base tapering, margins entire, usually

alternate); petiolate; blades 1-nerved or 3-nerved, ovate, deltate, or rhombic to lanceolate, margins entire or toothed [lobed, 2-pinnatifid], faces usually

mostly basal; alternate; petiolate; blades rounded-deltate, lanceolate, or rhombic, margins crenate, serrate, or subentire, faces ± tomentose and stipitate-glandular

deeply lobed, sinuses nearly to leaflet base, terminal obovate to obovate-rhombic, (1–) 1.5–2.5 (–3.4) × (0.8–) 1.2–2 (–2.5) cm, base cuneate, margins coarsely

margins ciliate; leaflets proximally narrowly elliptic, 2–6 mm, margins entire or remotely toothed, distally obovate to rhombic, 8–12 mm, margins sharply lobed

Leaves: petiole 1–5 (–7) cm; proximal blades broadly ovate-orbiculate, rhombic, elliptic, or broadly ovate, usually palmately 3-lobed, 3–9 (–15) cm, distal

(especially distally), 0.2–1 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2–11/2 as long as blade; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate, 1–7 × 0.5–5 cm, base rounded, cuneate, or attenuate, margins

Shrubs, to 30 dm. Stems spreading to ascending, ± glabrous. Leaves: stipules narrowly ovate, 6–10 × 1.5–2.5 mm, apex acute; petiole 1–3 cm; blade ovate to obovate

mostly 0.2–0.5 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as to equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate to lanceolate, 1–2 × 0.5–1 cm, base tapering or cuneate,

long-petiolate; blade obovate or rhombic-obovate to elliptic proximally, sometimes lanceolate distally, 1.5–7 × 1–3.5 cm, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins entire

0.5–1.5 (–2.5) m. Leaves: petiole shorter than to equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate, ovate, or elliptic to broadly lanceolate, 5–15 (–20) × 2–10 cm, base

widely spreading, white or pink, often with prominent venation, obovate-rhombic, narrowly clawed, deeply 3-lobed, (usually with prominent sinuses extending 1/2+

(–2) m, stiff. Leaves: petiole mostly equaling or longer than blade; blade rhombic-ovate to broadly lanceolate, 4–8 × 2–3 cm, occasionally larger in robust

basal 5–25 × 1–5 cm, cauline 4–12 (–18) × 0.5–4 cm; petiole 1.5–8 cm; blade rhombic-obovate, lanceolate, or oblance­olate, margins subentire, dentate, or pinnatifid

broad as long, base cordate, lobes ovate-deltate to obovate or obovate-rhombic, midveins of leaf lobes not distinctly elongate-whitened, margins denticulate

dioecious, mainly 10–15 dm. Leaves short petiolate; blade elliptic to narrowly oblong or narrowly hastate with short divaricate basal lobes, 10–25 mm, margin entire

ovate-rhombic or ± oblong, 3.5–6 cm, ± coriaceous, base rounded to cuneate, lobes 0–4 per side (3–4 per side, well defined in ± ovate to ovate-rhombic leaves;

0.1–0.5 m. Leaves: petiole ± equaling blade; blade ovate, obovate-rhombic to narrowly ovate, sometimes lanceolate, 1.5–3 (–4) × 0.5–1.5 (–2) cm, base cuneate

glandularity not recorded; blade broadly elliptic or elliptic-rhombic, rarely narrowly oblanceolate, 3–4 cm, subcoriaceous, base cuneate, lobes 0 or sinuses

proximally; blade rhombic-ovate to broadly lanceolate 4–12 × 2–7 cm, larger in robust plants, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, narrowly cuneate in distal

connate proximally, sessile; blade 1-veined, elliptic-obovate to ovate-rhombic or ovate, slightly succulent, apex weakly acuminate. Inflorescences terminal

7–15 × 1–2.5 cm, cauline 3–13 ×0.4–2.3 cm; blade narrowly oblanceolate to oblan­ceolate, gradually narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate or elliptic distally

in lines (at least distally) > 15 14 Leaves thick (fleshy); involucres narrowly turbinate; disc corolla lobes ± erect Symphyotrichum tenuifolium 14 Leaves

spreading, not connivent; perianth widely bell-shaped to rotate, or if narrowly bell-shaped, bright yellow. > 2 2 Staminate flowers with petaloid staminodes

green to bluish green, suborbiculate, ovate, or obovate, rarely elliptic-rhombic to elliptic or lance-elliptic, 3–5 cm (less than 2.5 in var. meiophylla)

0.5 mm wide, entire. > 7 7 Petioles dark-pigmented only at base; blade narrowly deltate. Asplenium pinnatifidum 7 Petioles and proximal midrib darkly pigmented

usually distinct, rarely connate at base, undivided or divided into 2–4 narrowly deltate to linear-subulate segments, 0.5–1.8 (–2.9) mm, pilose, often with

reflexed when moist; triangular to ovate-triangular, adaxial surface keeled, narrowly channeled along costa, ca. 2 mm; base ovate, proximal margins long and

of North America Association Herbs, 1-1.9 cm. Leaf-blades linear or very narrowly oblanceolate, 0.6-1.2 cm. Inflorescences: scape 0.5-0.9 cm. Flowers: sepals

shiny adaxially, leaflets 7–13, opposite, sometimes subopposite, oblong to narrowly elliptic, sometimes oblanceolate, ovate, or obovate, 1.8–6 × 0.6–2.5 cm

hairs. Flowers: hypanthium and calyx-tube 2–3 mm; sepals erect or reflexed, narrowly to broadly triangular, 4–8.5 × 1.5–4 mm, sparsely to moderately sericeous-strigose

> 6 6 Petals pale or bright yellow, mustard yellow, or red, apex mostly narrowly acute; pedicels 5–15 mm; leaf blades 0.5–1.2 cm wide Dudleya cymosa 6 Petals

deltate or ovate, (tips often marcescent), or hue as in leaves, leaflike, narrowly lanceolate and flat, buds usually clustered, bracts imbricate, sometimes

tapering (sometimes obtuse) > 24 16 Basal leaves: blades broadly to narrowly lanceolate, narrowly ovate, or subhastate, margins serrate-dentate or sharply dentate

simple, 0.4–2 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as to ± equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate or ovate to broadly lanceolate, 3–15 (–20) × 1.5–10 (–15) cm, occasionally

diam. Leaves tightly to loosely imbricate; blade triangular-obovate or rhombic, 6–12 × 5–12 mm, margins finely erose, apex obtuse or ± acute. Inflorescences

densely pubescent, eglandular; blade broadly ovate or broadly elliptic to rhombic-elliptic, 2.5–4 (–5) cm, chartaceous, base ± truncate or cuneate, lobes

simple; stipules persistent, free, (of vegetative branches) ovate-oblong, rhombic, or lanceolate, leaflike, margins serrate; petiole present, short; blade

basal (3–) 6–20 cm, leaflet pairs 2–3 (–4), terminal leaflet obovate to rhombic-elliptic, (1–) 2–4 × 1–2.5 cm, teeth single or double, 4–9 per side, apex

petiole length 5–15% blade, pubescent, sometimes glandular; blade elliptic to rhombic-elliptic, 4–5 (–6) cm, ± coriaceous, base cuneate, lobes 1–3 per side, sinuses

width less than 0.2 mm; stem leaf hyaline cells rhombic in shape and 0-1-septate; branch leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate and nearly all straight. Sphagnum

short-shoots. Winter buds stipitate (nearly sessile in Alnus subg. Alnobetula), narrowly to broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, terete, apex acute to rounded; scales 2–3

deep shade under shrubs and trees. > 10 9 Trophophores linear to deltate (narrowly oblong in Botrychium minganese), pinnate, rarely simple, lobes, if present

at tip in bud, straight 4+ nodes distal to open flowers; buds pendent, narrowly obovoid, tip obtuse. Flowers: floral-tube 2–4 mm; sepals reflexed individually;

oblanceolate; stigma deeply divided into 4 linear lobes. Capsules hard and woody, narrowly ovoid to ovoid, 4-angled, apex tapering to a short, sterile beak, valves

1-flowered, bracteolate; bracteoles (2–) 3 (–4), in epicalyx, distinct, deltate-rhombic, small. Flowers: tepals persistent, 6, spreading, erect in fruit, distinct

oblanceolate, narrowly acuminate, entire; costa ending in the slender apex; distal laminal cells thin-walled, oblong-hexagonal to rhombic-hexagonal, becoming

Stems pale-yellow to red; superficial cortical cells aporose. Stem-leaves narrowly lingulate-triangular, 1.2–1.8 mm, apex acute to apiculate, border not developed

numerous, often crowded, alternate or proximalmost opposite; blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate or elliptic, 4–20 × 1–5 mm, acute at both ends

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to linear-rhomboidal, 60–105 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 60–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually

deciduous; petiole length 20–30% blade, glabrous; blade ± narrowly obovate to broadly elliptic or rhombic-elliptic, 4–5 cm, coriaceous, base cuneate, lobes 0

with numerous small resinous glands. Leaf-blade ovate, rhombic-ovate, or suborbiculate-rhombic, 1–2.5 (–3.5) × 1–2 (–3) cm, base cuneate to truncate, margins

elliptic to elliptic-oblong, or elliptic-rhombic, 3.5–8 cm, length/width = 1.2–1.5, ± coriaceous to thin, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate-rounded, lobes 2–4

Involucres narrowly campanulate, 7–11 mm. Phyllaries 35–40 in 5–7 series, 3–5-striate, unequal, (glabrous, ± chartaceous) margins narrowly scarious (apices

(apices usually attenuate, sometimes acute); disc corolla throats narrowly tubular to narrowly funnelform; pappus bristles moderately stout > 12 12 Leaf blades

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to linear-rhomboidal, 60–105 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction

8–2.5 cm, pubescence and glandularity not recorded; blade ± elliptic to rhombic-elliptic, 3–8 cm, thin to coriaceous, base cuneate, lobes 0 or 3 or 4 per

few with a single oval pore at the distal end of the cell. Stem-leaves narrowly to broadly lingulate or sometimes lingulate-spatulate, (1.1–) 1.2–1.4 (–1

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 35–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually

Leaves 1 (–2, rarely), near middle of stem; blade bright green, glossy, narrowly to broadly ovate, keeled abaxially, 1.6–10 × 0.5–5 cm, apex acute. Inflorescences

shorter than to ± equaling blade; blade rhombic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1.5–6 × 0.5–3 cm, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins entire, plane to slightly

Stems dark reddish-brown; superficial cortical cells aporose. Stem-leaves narrowly triangular-lingulate, 1.5–2 mm, apex right-angled to apiculate, border

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 50–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually

0.5–2 dm. Basal leaves: (petiole slender, often narrowly winged); blade obovate to orbicular or rhombic-orbicular, 2–9 cm, (base abruptly narrowed to petiole)

elliptic to obovate, 1–3.5 cm, herbaceous, leaflets 3–11, narrowly elliptic to obovate or rhombic, margins flat, entire or sharply lobed or toothed apically

irregularly rhombic (plants in American southwest occasionally with segments nearly round), about as long as broad; base broadly to narrowly cuneate; margins

Flowers: sepals oblong, 0.8–1 (–1.3) × 0.5–0.8 mm; petals pale-yellow, narrowly spatulate, 1–1.5 (–1.9) × 0.2–0.5 mm, claw 0.5–1 mm; stamens 6; filaments

mm; base obtuse; medial laminal cells 2–3: 1; apical cells short, oval-rhombic; marginal cells shorter than laminal. Branch leaves with costa weaker, sometimes

Basal leaves: (petiole slightly winged); blade oblanceolate, elliptic, or rhombic, (mostly flat, sometimes somewhat folded), 0.6–2.7 cm, (base tapering to

series, unequal, green, deltate to lanceolate or linear, margins sometimes narrowly scarious (sometimes ciliate), apices acute (faces glabrous or stipitate

bulblets present. Blade lanceolate, 2-pinnate, base probably narrowed. Pinnae narrowly lanceolate, ca. 2–7 cm, base truncate to oblique, acroscopic proximal pinnule

petioles 1–10 mm; blades 1-nerved or 3-nerved from bases, broadly rhombic-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 25–100 × 5–40 mm, margins entire or ± dentate. Heads

roughened barks. Leaves cauline; petioles 5–25 mm; blades green, rhombic or narrowly ovate, 30–60 mm, apices acute, faces glabrous. Heads borne singly

cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 45–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually present when sterile; axillary gemmae single, narrowly bulbiform

distally. Blade broadly lanceolate, 2-pinnate, base not narrowed. Pinnae narrowly lanceolate, not overlapping, in 1 plane, 3–13 cm; base oblique, apex acute

lobes narrowly lanceolate, linear, linear-falcate, or lanceolate-falcate. Inflorescences racemose; involucellar bractlets 3, rarely absent, narrowly linear

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to linear-rhomboidal, 60–105 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 60–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction generally

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic, 18–50 µm, walls thick, ± porose. Specialized asexual reproduction absent

(–6.5) cm; petiole (0.2–) 1.7–11 (–14) cm; blade usually oblanceolate to rhombic or spatulate, rarely elliptic, obovate, lanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate

lanceolate to ovate or rhombic; pistillate bracts not sessile-glandular (sometimes stipitate-glandular), lobes triangular to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 1/4–3/4

clusters of small leaves), petiolate or subpetiolate to subsessile (petioles narrowly to broadly winged, clasping), blades elliptic-oblanceolate or oblong to

rarely entire; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, blade narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2–7 × 0.3–0.6 cm, margins minutely

basal 1/2 of plant; larger leaves with petiole 6–40 (–55) mm, blade broadly rhombic-ovate, triangular-ovate, ovate, oval, or lanceolate, 20–50 (–80) × 10–45

paraphyllia many throughout stem, multiform, seriate or multiseriate to narrowly subulate, often branching; pseudoparaphyllia investing branch buds, subulate

(with 3, 5, or 7 prominent, subparallel veins) broadly elliptic, ovate, or rhombic, 4–15 × 1.5–8 cm, margins mostly entire, apices mostly obtuse, faces hirsute

mm; blade flat or folded, ovate to rhombic-ovate, elliptic, or spatulate, mainly 15–40 (–50)  7–20 mm, base narrowly cuneate, margin irregularly repand-dentate

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 45–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually

at tip in bud, straight 4+ nodes distal to open flowers; buds pendent, narrowly obovoid, tip obtuse. Flowers: floral-tube 2–5 mm; sepals reflexed individually;

); sepals erect, triangular; petals widely spreading, pink, obovate-rhombic, narrowly clawed, 3-lobed, 4–14 mm, ultimate margins entire; ovary 1/2+ to ±

base, (margins laciniate); petiole to 15 cm; blade light to dark green, rhombic, (base cuneate), surfaces sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular. Inflorescences

alternate; petioles 20–35 mm; blades 3-nerved from bases, deltate-ovate or rhombic-ovate, 20–140 × 10–100 mm, bases truncate to cordate, margins irregularly

minutely pilose. Leaves opposite; petioles 7–15 (–22) mm; blades narrowly deltate to rhombic, 2–6 (–7) × 1.5–4 cm, (usually subcoriaceous) bases usually cuneate

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 65–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually

at tip in bud, straight 4+ nodes distal to open flowers; buds pendent, narrowly obo­void, tip obtuse. Flowers: floral-tube 2–4 mm; sepals reflexed individually;

reflexed at anthesis, narrowly ovatelanceolate, 3–3.5 mm, sparingly stellate-hairy abaxially; petal claws 2–2.5 mm, lamina ± rhombic, 1 × 1–1.5 mm, base

appendage and distal segment. Capsules narrowly lanceoloid, 8–14 × 1.2–3.8 mm. Seeds irregularly oblong, ovoid, or rhombic, not ribbed. 2n = 36 (India). Phenology:

stipitate-glandular. Leaves alternate; petioles 4–10 mm; blades 3-nerved from bases, rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, 20–50 × 10–40 mm, bases rounded to cuneate, margins

rhizomatous. Leaves basal; petiole ± distinct, flattened, (0.5–) 1–3.5 cm; blade rhombic or fan-shaped, sometimes nearly round, (1–) 1.5–3.5 cm, ± fleshy, base attenuate

bracts loosely ascending and erect, oblanceolate to broadly ovate, obovate, rhombic, or awl-shaped, 5–12 mm, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous, rarely glandular-pubescent

gray, stellate-hairy, glabrescent. Leaves: stipules oblong to narrowly elliptic or rhombic, 2–4 × 1.5–2 mm; petiole 2–10 mm; blade broadly ovate to orbiculate

rotate, petals pinkish lavender, often with darker flecks, narrowly to broadly obovate or rhombic, sometimes ± 3-lobed, 6–12 (–14) × 3–7 mm; stamens 8, subequal

(5–) 7–20 cm, leaflet pairs (2–) 3; terminal leaflet broadly obovate to rhombic, (1.5–) 2–4 × (1–) 1.5–3 cm, teeth single or double, 5–9 per side, apex

diam., usually straight; crown mostly narrowly to broadly conic. Bark purple-brown to dark-brown, shallowly and narrowly fissured, with irregular, flat, loose-scaly

petiolate; blade paler abaxially, oblong or rhombic-ovate to broadly obovate or narrowly oblong or narrowly elliptic, 10–30 × (1–) 3–15 mm, thin, base rounded

usually boggy, marshy ground or stream margins > 2 1 Arrays pyramidal to rhombic or obpyramidal, never racemiform; leaves waxy, not fleshy, sometimes 3-nerved;

blade, glabrous, sessile-glandular, glands black; blade ± ovate or ovate-rhombic, 2.5–3.5 cm, coriaceous, base broadly cuneate or ± rounded, lobes 2 or 3

densely minutely glandular; blade green, suborbiculate, ± ovate, broadly rhombic to rhombic-ovate, sometimes broadly elliptic, 2–5 cm, thin, base rounded to cuneate

laminal cells thin-walled, proximal cells larger, rectangular, distal cells rhombic; capsule ovoid. Pseudephemerum 7 Leaves erect-spreading or appressed, oblong

occasionally longer; blade ovatelanceolate to rhombic-lanceolate or broadly oblong, 1–5.5 (–12) × 0.5–3.8 (–8) cm, base narrowly to broadly cuneate, margins sinuous-dentate

1 Leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate; tepal bases clawed or abruptly attenuate. > 2 1 Leaves broadly

roanensis 6 Cypselae persistently moderately strigose; mid cauline leaves rhombic, proximal to mid cauline leaves usually sharply serrate; sandstone and limestone

Spines obscuring stems; radial spines 4–6 per areole, acicular, elliptic or rhombic in cross-section, 19 × 1.3–2 mm; central spines 6–9 per areole, usually

ovate to depressed-ovate or obovate, sometimes elliptic to triangular or rhombic, 0.5–0.9 × 0.4–0.7 mm, margins entire or serrate, sometimes with distal

glabrous or sparsely hairy, adaxially sparsely hairy; distal sessile, blades narrowly lanceolate, (20–) 40–70 (–100) × (3.4–) 5.6–11 (–17) mm, margins entire

surface of sepals glabrous or with colorless hairs. > 4 2 Basal leaf blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate; s Rocky Mountains. Ranunculus macauleyi

yellow Arnica venosa 7 Heads 1–14 (nodding in bud); phyllaries linear to narrowly lanceolate; pappi usually stramineous, rarely tawny, bristles barbellate

overlapping, often appressed, erect; petiolate); blade elliptic or obovate to rhombic, 0.5–4.5 cm, margins entire or sinuate or remotely dentate, (apex usually

straight, markedly shrunken and twisted when dry, loosely patent when moist, narrowly ovate, ovatelanceolate, or lanceolate, plane or rarely weakly concave,

serrate in distal 1/3; costa subpercurrent; distal medial laminal cells rhombic to rhomboidal, 65–95 µm, walls thin. Specialized asexual reproduction usually

reddish purple), 0.8–2.4 dm. Basal leaves: blade (erect), spatulate to nearly rhombic, 2.5–5 (–9) cm, (base gradually narrowed to petiole), margins entire, (flat)

Stems erect, glabrate. Leaves: petiole 2.5–7 cm; blade ovate to broadly rhombic, 4–12 × 2–7 cm, base obtuse, margins serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences

or mostly alternate (proximal usually opposite); blades deltate-ovate or rhombic to lanceolate, 3–8 (–12+) × 2–4 (–6+) cm, bases broadly cuneate to ± truncate

indistinctly petiolate; petiole narrowly winged; blade without deep reticulate veins abaxially, spatulate to rhombic, 1–3.5 × 0.1–0.7 cm, thin, margins

cm; bulbs 0.6–1.7 cm. Stems 1/4–1/2 floriferous, 0.5–1.6 m. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate, 25–55 × 1–7.2 cm, apex acute. Inflorescences 1.7–7 dm; terminal

plant; larger leaves with petiole 3–25 mm, blade broadly rhombic to elliptic-oblong, broadly to narrowly ovate, occasionally wider than long, 18–45 × 13–50 mm

length 20–25% blade, winged distally, pubescent, sessile-glandular; blade rhombic-elliptic or broadly elliptic, 1.5–4 cm, widest near midpoint, ± coriaceous

erect, (sometimes branched), to 4 dm. Basal leaves: blade elliptic to rhombic, 3–8 cm, (base narrowing gradually to petiole), margins entire, repand,

1.5 dm (sometimes greatly reduced). Basal leaves: blade suborbicular to rhombic or broadly elliptic, 1–4.5 cm, margins entire, (apex rounded to subacute)

overall, 25–90+ × 15–35+ mm, (1–) 2 (–3) -pinnatisect, ultimate lobes lance-rhombic or ovate to lanceolate, 15–30 (–50+) × 5–15 (–30+) mm, bases truncate to

and/or distal third, usually narrower in the mid region, 1–1.3 mm, apex narrowly to broadly truncate and ± fimbriate-lacerate, border narrow distally and

underlying leaves, moderately to heavily resin-coated. Leaf-blade narrowly elliptic to rhombic, rarely ovate, 4–9 × 2–5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, margins

leaf length, concave, plicate, 1.5–2.4 × 0.5–1 mm; base slightly narrowed, narrowly short-decurrent; margins plane or often recurved almost throughout, entire

petiole (winged proximally), 0.5–3.5 cm; leaflets 3, blade oblanceolate to rhombic-elliptic, 1–3.5 × 0.5–1.7 cm, margins entire or serrulate-ciliate, apex

15 dm. Stems ascending to erect, ± glabrous. Leaves: stipules linear to narrowly ovate, 6 × 1.5 mm, apex acute; petiole 0.7–1.5 cm; blade orbiculate to

small clusters, nearly terminal, symmetric, lanceoloid before opening, narrowly ovoid when open, 6–12cm, mostly dull yellowbrown, sessile to nearly sessile

proximally; petiole 0.3–2.5 (–3.5) cm; blade 5–100 × 3–80 mm, base abruptly to narrowly cuneate, all entire or some or all deltoid-hastate with lobes spreading

mm; petiole mostly 1/4–1/2 blade, densely hairy adaxially; blade broadly rhombic-ovate, usually 3-lobed, sometimes unlobed in inflorescence, 3.5–9.5 × 2

25–30% blade, glabrous, densely sessile-glandular; blade elliptic-ovate to rhombic-ovate, (2–) 3–5 cm, widest towards base, thin, base broadly cuneate, lobes

slightly unequal, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, bases indurate 1/2–2/3, margins not scarious, irregularly ciliolate, green zones rhombic-lanceolate, apices

Leaves 1 (–2, rarely), near middle of stem; blade bright green, glossy, narrowly to broadly ovate, keeled abaxially, 1.7–3.8 (–7) × 0.7–3.5 (–4.3) cm, apex

5–0.8 (–0.9) × (0.2–) 0.4–0.5 (–0.6) mm; margins usually plane, rarely narrowly recurved basally, rarely to shoulder, entire; apex acute, occasionally

10–30-armed, glandular-hairs often abundant. Leaf-blades ash green, ovate, ± rhombic, or suborbiculate, unlobed or 3-lobed or 5-lobed, 2.5–4.5 (–7) cm, thin

15–25% blade, winged distally, pubescent, sessile-glandular; blade broadly rhombic-elliptic to ± suborbiculate (at least some, usually), 2–3.5 cm, ± coriaceous

or whitish tomentum. Leaves 3–12 mm, erect-patent or appressed foliate, narrowly lanceolate, ending in a smooth or denticulate, straight or reflexed tip;

sparsely to densely minutely glandular; blade green, broadly rhombic to rhombic-ovate, or narrowly ovate to broadly elliptic, 2–4 (–5) cm, thin, base rounded

blade dark green (in fall turning bronze-brown), matte, narrowly ovate to broadly elliptic-rhombic or broadly elliptic, 4–6 (–7) cm, subcoriaceous, base

attached Opuntia polyacantha 7 Stem segments (1.5-)2-9 × 5 cm, elliptic to narrowly obovate, flattened to sometimes nearly cylindric, firmly attached or readily

petiole length 25–30% blade, narrowly winged most of length, finely pubescent, eglandular; blade ± rhombic or rhombic-narrowly ovate, sometimes suborbiculate

leaflets (3–) 5, terminal obovate or elliptic to rhombic, 4.5–11.5 × 2–7 cm, base cuneate to narrowly rounded, unlobed, margins moderately, coarsely serrate

pilose, and furfuraceous. Stems erect and spreading. Leaf-blades rounded-rhombic, 7–14 × 6–14 mm, margins entire (faces, at least abaxial, with straight

2.5–6 dm, stellate-pubescent. Leaves: petiole 1–5 cm; proximal blades rhombic-ovate, palmately 3-lobed, 4.5–9 cm, distal ovatelanceolate, not lobed, base

40–50% blade, pubescent in sulcus, densely sessile-glandular; blade narrowly ovate to rhombic-ovate or broadly ovate, sometimes oblong or ± obovate, 2.5–5 cm

frequently branched; scales dark reddish-brown to blackish throughout, narrowly deltate, 2–4 × 0.2–0.4 mm, margins entire to undulate or with widely spaced

involucral bracts straw-colored, apex acute; receptacular bracteoles pale, apex narrowly acuminate; pistillate flower petals adaxially glabrescent; terminal cells

0.5–4 dm. Basal leaves (long-petiolate); blade elliptic to obovate or rhombic, 2–6 (–9) cm, margins entire. Cauline leaves (sessile or shortly petiolate);

on page 544. Mentioned on page 545. Leaf-blades rhombic-obovate or broadly rhombic-elliptic to narrowly obovate, 3–6 cm, 1/3–1/2 full grown at anthesis

parasitic on Arbutus and Arctostaphylos. Kopsiopsis strobilacea 1 Bracts narrowly spatulate or lanceolate, apices ± acute, rarely obtuse, slightly rolled

bracteoles caducous, greenish, narrowly oblong, margins glandular. Flowers 15 mm diam.; hypanthium sparsely pilose; sepals narrowly triangular from wide bases

× 0.5–1.5 cm, cauline 2–12 × 0.5–2 cm; blade narrowly oblanceolate, gradually narrowly elliptic to narrowly lanceolate distally, margins lobed to remotely

× 0.6–2 cm, cauline 3–15 × 0.8–2.5 cm; blade narrowly oblanceolate, gradually narrowly elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, oblanceolate, or ovate distally

blade very narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate; cauline 5–13 × 1–4 cm, blade narrowly elliptic, narrowly lanceolate, or narrowly oblanceolate

0.5–1.5 cm, cauline 2–8 × 0.5–1.5 cm; blade narrowly oblanceolate, gradually narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblong distally, margins lobed to remotely dentate

cm, blade narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly spatulate; cauline 0.5–5 × 0.1–0.8 cm, petiole 0–0.3 cm, blade narrowly lanceolate or very narrowly elliptic

entire to erose, often ciliate, green zones linear-lanceolate (outer) or rhombic (inner), apices acute, faces glabrous [sparsely villous]. Ray-florets 14–27;

erose, hyaline, sparsely ciliolate distally, green zones oblanceolate to rhombic-oblanceolate, in distal 1/6–1/2, apices acute (outer) to obtuse or rounded

sparsely ciliolate (often ciliate basally), green zones lanceolate to lance-rhombic, apices sometimes spreading, acute to acuminate, mucronate, often reddish

leaves (shortly petiolate); blade usually linear to narrowly oblanceolate, rarely elliptic to rhombic, 0.5–2.5 cm, (base narrowing to petiole), margins entire

7–2 cm, cauline 2–10 ×0.5–3 cm; subsessile; blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, gradually narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate distally

cauline sessile, blades mostly rhombic-elliptic to narrowly lanceolate, 20–40 × 5–8 mm. Heads 50–250, in elongate, narrowly paniculiform arrays, leafy-bracteate

medium-sized to large, green, dull. Stems 0.4–2.5 cm. Leaves erect to ± spreading, narrowly long-lanceolate, 1–2.2 mm; margins strongly revolute, serrulate to serrate

puberulent distally, at least on floral tube; leaf blades 0.3–0.6(–1) cm wide, narrowly oblong to oblong- lanceolate, margins usually entire. Oenothera nuttallii

ascending, sparsely pilose. Basal and lower cauline leaf-blades obovate to rhombic in outline, 3-parted or 3 (-5) -foliolate, 1.8-5.2 × 1.6-4.2 cm, leaflets

winged). Leaves all or mostly opposite (distal sometimes alternate); blades ± rhombic to ovate, 5–12+ × 3–6+ cm, bases rounded to cuneate, margins coarsely toothed

base, narrowly ovoid before opening, ovoid-cylindric when open, 20–35cm, pale yellowbrown, resinous, stalks to 3cm; apophyses transverse-rhombic, strongly

flowers. Roots cylindric, 2-3 mm thick. Basal leaves persistent, blades rhombic to deltate or reniform in outline, 3-4×-dissected, 1.1-3.4 × 2-3.1 cm, segments

crisped-pilose, base not bulbous. Roots never tuberous. Basal leaf-blades broadly rhombic to semicircular in outline, 3-parted, 2.8-4.3 × 3-5.5 cm, segments 3-lobed

on page 519. Mentioned on page 520. Leaves: blade elliptic to rhombic-elliptic or narrowly ovate, proportionately narrow (1.6–2:1). Inflorescence branches

to reddish-brown. Leaves: blade ± orbiculate to narrowly ovate, oblong, rhombic-elliptic, or narrowly obovate, 2–4 cm, thin to chartaceous, base cuneate

Leaves in a basal rosette and cauline, 0.5–9 × 0.1–1.3 cm; blade narrowly elliptic to narrowly oblanceolate, margins coarsely and remotely serrate. Flowers

length 10–25% blade; blade dark green, broadly elliptic or elliptic-rhombic, rarely narrowly oblanceolate, 3–4 cm, subcoriaceous, base cuneate, lobes 0 or sinuses

glabrous; bracteoles caducous, very narrowly obovate, ± membranous, margins glandular. Flowers 22–25 mm diam.; sepals narrowly triangular, 4–5 mm, margins finely

(unbranched), 1–2.5 dm. Basal leaves: (petiole 1–3.5 cm); blade ovate to rhombic or rotund, 2–7 cm, (base narrowed abruptly to petiole), margins usually

basal 6–20 × 1–3 cm, blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptic; cauline 5–10 × 1–2.5 cm, blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margins subentire or repand-denticulate

Stems ascending, erect, (0.2–) 1–5 dm. Leaves: blade elliptic to ovate or rhombic, (4–) 7–35 × (2–) 4–25 mm, base acute to cuneate, margin entire or rarely

50–100% blade, eglandular or with 1–2 (–3) glands; blade broadly elliptic or rhombic to suborbiculate, 4–6 cm, thin, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, lobes 3

gradually shortened distally; blade rhombic to deltoid or ovate, 10–25 mm and as broad or broader, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, apex acute to rounded.

10–210 in paniculiform arrays, broadly secund-pyramidal or more rhombic to transversely rhombic, (1.5–) 3–12 (–20) × (1.5–) 3–12 cm; branches glabrous with

cm; petiole (0.8–) 2.5–11 (–15) cm; blade usually lanceolate to elliptic, rhombic-obovate, sometimes suborbicular or linear, usually irregularly pinnatifid

elliptic to rhombic, 1.5–4 (–5) cm, (base gradually tapering to petiole), margins usually entire, rarely dentate. Cauline leaves: blade narrowly obovate to

not recorded; blade elliptic to broadly elliptic, sometimes ± narrowly ovate or rhombic, 4–6 cm, lobes 2 or 3 per side, lobe apex acute to ± obtuse, margins

50–400 cm. Leaves in a basal rosette and cauline, 3–7 × 0.2–0.8 cm; blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic or lanceolate, margins subentire or shallowly undulate-denticulate

3–4 cm. Leaves: petiole 2–3 cm, ± hairy, eglandular or glandular; blade rhombic to elliptic, 4–6 cm, thin, base cuneate, lobes 2 or 3 per side, short, lobe

Leaves: petiole length 50–75% blade, sparsely glandular; blade trullate to rhombic-ovate, 3–5 cm, thin, base cuneate, lobes 2 or 3 per side, sinuses shallow

Leaves: petiole 1–2 cm, glabrous, glandularity not recorded; blade ovate-rhombic, 4–8 cm, softly coriaceous, base broadly cuneate to rounded, lobes 3 per

petiole length 30–50% blade, sparsely sessile-glandular; blade trullate to rhombic-ovate or ovate, sometimes broadly so, 3–6 cm, base broadly cuneate to cuneate

mostly basal (persistent); (gray-green) blades 1-nerved spatulate, rhombic-elliptic to narrowly elliptic-ovate, (10–) 15–80 × 2–7 mm, margins entire (apices

orange to yellow-orange, frequently glaucous, aging darker. Buds ovoid to narrowly ovoid, redbrown, 1–1.5 (–2) cm, resinous. Leaves 3 per fascicle (to 5 in

mm, apex broad-rounded to narrowly truncate, border very broad at base (more than 0.3 width); hyaline cells efibrillose, rhombic, mostly 1-septate but can

proximal shortly petiolate, distal sessile); blade linear to obovate or rhombic, 1–2.5 (–4) cm, margins entire or shallowly dentate. Racemes dense, compact

adaxial groove), sometimes stipitate-glandular; blade ovate to obovate or rhombic-ovate, 2.5–4 (–5) cm, thin, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, lobes 0 or

broadly ovate to oblong-ovate or broadly elliptic, smaller sometimes ± rhombic, 3–5 cm, on extension shoots larger, often suborbiculate, thin to chartaceous

petiole length 33–40% blade, sparsely pubescent, sessile-glandular; blade rhombic-ovate, 3–4 cm, widest towards base, thin, base cuneate, lobes 2 or 3 per

oblong to ovate to narrowly elliptic, (20–) 4–60 × 2–3+ cm, low tuberculate; areoles 7–11 per diagonal row across midstem segment, rhombic to subcircular,

1–2 (–4) × 0.2–0.6 cm, petiole 0.2–1 (–1.5) cm, blade ovate to obovate or narrowly elliptic; cauline 1–4 × less than 0.1 cm, sessile, blade linear or filiform

or equally so, base cordate, lobes ovate-deltate to obovate or obovate-rhombic, midveins of leaf lobes not distinctly elongate-whitened, margins denticulate

blade mid green, broadly ovate (base ± truncate) or broadly elliptic to rhombic-elliptic (base cuneate), 2.5–4 (–5) cm, lobes obscure or 1–3 per side, sinuses

old black, shiny, moderately stout, 2–4 cm. Leaves: petiole 1–2 cm; blade rhombic-elliptic, 3–5 cm, length 1.6 times width, ± coriaceous-shining, base cuneate

pubescent young, glandularity not recorded; blade broadly obovate to broadly rhombic-elliptic, the smaller ± oblong-cuneate, 1.5–2.5 (–3) cm, firm to subcoriaceous

base often auriculate, weakly to strongly rounded, not decurrent; apex narrowly acuminate; costa short-excurrent in distal leaves; alar cells indistinct

Mentioned on page 597, 599, 600. Shrubs, 20–30 dm. Leaves: blade ± ovate to rhombic-ovate, base ± cuneate, sinuses: max LII 15–20%, lobe apex acute, veins 3–5

blade ± elliptic or broadly elliptic to rhombic-elliptic, 2–4 cm at anthesis, 4–8 cm mature, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, lobes 2–4 per side, max LII

densely pubescent, ± glandular, glands black; blade ± broadly ovate to rhombic-elliptic, 4–9 (–11) cm, chartaceous, base cuneate to almost truncate, lobes

(0.7–) 1–3.2 cm; petiole (1.3–) 1.7–10 (–12) cm; blade oblanceolate to rhombic-obovate, margins often coarsely and irregularly dentate or serrate, sometimes

length 30–45% blade, winged distally, slightly pubescent, glandular; blade rhombic-obovate, 5–8 cm (in type material), base cuneate, lobes 1–3 per side, sinuous

length, concave, strongly plicate, 1.8–3.5 × 0.6–1.5 mm; base rounded, narrowly decurrent; margins plane, rarely partly recurved, evenly serrulate to serrate;

ovate to depressed-ovate or obovate, sometimes elliptic to triangular or rhombic, margins entire or serrate; emersed leaves proximally pectinate to pinnatifid

adaxially; largest medial blade (sometimes hemiamphistomatous), narrowly oblong, narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 20–36–65 × 5–13–23 mm, 1.7–2

poplars (cv. Italica), an unmistakable, narrowly columnar, staminate clone with heavily buttressed trunk, rhombic preformed leaves, and triangular-ovate

bordered. Oligotrichum 17 Distal leaf margins with border of hyaline, short-rhombic cells. Psilopilum 16 Lamellae straight. > 18 18 Calyptrae naked or with