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Ctenidium), naked or rarely hairy. Spores spheric to ovoid, usually finely papillose, rarely smooth. Nearly worldwide, most diverse in subtropics and tropics

or 16, rarely 2-fid, approximate in groups of 2 and 4, densely and finely papillose. Calyptra mitrate or rarely cucullate, smooth, sometimes hairy. Nearly

or papillose, rarely smooth, sometimes with papillose prostomial plates, internal surface not or slightly trabeculate, often perforate, papillose, striate

or absent, trabeculate or not, pitted or rarely papillose proximally, coarsely or rarely finely papillose distally; endostome hyaline to yellow, basal membrane

Leptohymenium). Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores spheric, finely papillose to nearly smooth. Nearly worldwide, primarily cool temperate to subarctic

surface of the blade, the margins ± entire, finely serrulate or crenulate in profile, smooth or coarsely papillose, the marginal cells in section undifferentiated

or without a short basal membrane, papillose to spiculose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, very finely papillose, verrucose, or with somewhat vermicular

plicate, naked. Spores green to yellowish, 10–16 µm, spheric, smooth or finely papillose. Circumboreal, disjunct to the Southern Hemisphere Genera 2, species

stereid band; lamellae entire, finely serrulate, crenulate, or coarsely serrate, the free margin smooth or cuticular-papillose, the marginal cells in cross-section

1–3, often connate. Calyptra cucullate, naked or hairy. Spores papillose to finely papillose. Nearly worldwide, temperate and tropical regions Genera 29,

cross-striolate basally, papillose distally, trabeculate, sometimes bordered; endostome yellow to yellowbrown, finely papillose to nearly smooth, basal

basal membrane present, finely papillose to spinulose-papillose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, smooth to finely papillose. Worldwide Species 3 (2

absent; exostome teeth dark red to reddish-brown, lanceolate, densely and finely papillose, apically free; endostome yellowish to pale-brown, segments keeled

clasping the distal end of seta, or rarely, cucullate, ± papillose, non-plicate. Spores finely papillose to nearly smooth, relatively large. North America, Mexico

anastomosing, nodose cilia papillose externally and smooth or appendiculate on the interior surface. Spores round, finely papillose, pale-yellow or brown,

short and cribrose to long and twisted. Calyptra cucullate. Spores finely papillose, 9–22 µm. North America, Mexico, South America, s Europe, n, s Africa

peristome generally long and twisted, papillose, with a basal membrane. Calyptra cucullate. Spores spheric, finely papillose, 9–25 µm. North America, Mexico

four. Calyptra smooth or somewhat plicate, yellowish. Spores smooth or finely papillose, 10–16 µm. North America, South America (Chile), Eurasia, Pacific Islands

or 16, papillose or striate; endostome segments 0, 8, or 16. Calyptra mitrate, conic-oblong to short-conic, not split at base, smooth or papillose, ± hairy

surface with distinct zigzag line and lamellae, finely cross-striolate basally, hyaline and papillose distally; endostome basal membrane high, segments

middle into 2–3 terete, papillose branches. Calyptra distinctly verrucose to papillose distally. Spores spheric, finely papillose. North America, South America

rarely 3 linear-subulate, densely papillose branches. Calyptra verrucose distally. Spores globose, finely papillose. North America, Europe, arctic and

segments with narrow linear to ovate perforations. Spores 10–40 µm, finely papillose (sometimes smooth in P. cyclophyllum), yellow, green, or brown. North

long as the teeth, yellowish, finely papillose-striate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores mostly 12–21 µm, finely papillose. Generated Map Legacy Map Worldwide

pale-yellow to yellowbrown, golden, orange or red-orange, smooth to finely papillose. Worldwide except Antarctica, in subtropical to warm-temperate regions

to finely papillose, median line present or absent, cilia absent. Calyptra fugacious, cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores spheric, densely and finely to coarsely

cucullate, infrequently mitrate, smooth or prorate. Spores smooth to finely papillose. Worldwide, mainly tropical areas Species ca. 450 (37 in the flora)

few-to-many pseudostomata. Spores typically less than 30 µm, coarsely to finely papillose on both surfaces, may have raised surface sculpture on distal surface;

sometimes absent. Spores shed singly, not as tetrads, 8–15 (–18) µm, finely papillose, pale tan or yellow-tan. Nearly worldwide, temperate to arctic-alpine

densely matted felt of hairs, covering most or all of the capsule. Spores finely papillose. North America, tropical America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia

obliquely apiculate to rostellate. Calyptra cucullate, ± papillose, non-plicate. Spores finely papillose. North America, Mexico, West Indies, Central America

lanceolate, papillose, orange; operculum apiculate to rostrate. Calyptra mitrate, smooth, plicate, plicae serrulate. Spores finely papillose. North America

8–14 × 4–6 mm, apically 4-toothed, glabrous or ribs papillose. Seeds 1–1.3 mm, dull, finely papillose. 2n = 40. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug(-Nov). Habitat:

minutely papillose filaments, teeth sometimes arranged in 8 groups of 2 teeth. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose to ovoid, finely papillose. Worldwide

coarsely papillose distally, internal surface trabeculate; endostome basal membrane high, segments not or narrowly perforate. Spores finely papillose. Generated

Seeds white with tan band, reniform or subglobose, not compressed, finely papillose, marginal wing absent, appendage absent; embryo peripheral, curved

age, finely papillose, densely papillose, or papillose-striate; endostome segments 8 or 16, well developed, of 1 or 2 rows of cells, smooth or finely papillose

densely papillose throughout; endostome basal membrane low, segments long-linear, cilia absent or rudimentary. Spores 9–18 µm, smooth to very finely papillose

proximally, papillose above, reddish-brown. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, covering most of capsule, fugacious. Spores 12–30 µm, spherical, finely papillose

Spores spheric [somewhat tetrapozoidal by endosporic protonemata], finely papillose. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America (Andes Mountains)

obtuse, compound or sporadically simple. Calyptra sparsely hairy. Spores finely papillose. Almost worldwide Species 24 (4 in the flora). The North American species

crowded. Calyptra cucullate, smooth or merely hispid at tip. Spores finely papillose, appearing smooth. North America, West Indies, Central America, South

exostome teeth are yellow and connate at the base; and the endostome is finely papillose. None. Lindbergia brachyptera, Lindbergia mexicana "broad" is not a

external surface smooth basally, finely papillose distally, trabeculae and median line thickened, internal surface lightly papillose, trabeculae weak; endostome

to filiform, cilia present, usually well developed. Spores 8–18 µm, finely papillose. North America, Mexico, Eurasia Species 6 (4 in the flora). Pseudoleskeella

blades V-shaped in cross-section when young, smooth, sometimes minutely papillose. Inflorescences racemose, with 2–20+ spikes, 1–1.5 times as long as wide

single, teeth16, split into 2 filaments, densely papillose. Calyptra cucullate. Spores globose, finely papillose. North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Pacific

linear-lanceolate, smooth throughout or finely papillose basally, apically connate. Spores spheric to reniform, coarsely papillose [to smooth]. North America, Mexico

cilia in groups of 1 or 2. Calyptra naked or hairs few. Spores spheric, finely papillose. se United States, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America

proximally, papillose distally; endostome basal membrane 1/2 exostome teeth length, segments keeled, cilia 2–4. Calyptra naked. Spores rounded, finely papillose]

oblique; exostome teeth shouldered, internal surface projecting; endostome finely papillose, basal membrane high, segments almost as long as exostome teeth, cilia

smooth. Spores 8–12 (–20) µm, yellowish-brown, moderately coarsely to finely papillose to nearly smooth. Nearly worldwide Species 53 (7 in the flora). Trichostomum

sometimes emarginate, (surfaces finely papillose or crenulate). Flowering shoots erect, simple, 4–20 cm, (papillose); leaf-blades obovate to obovate-spatulate

rostrate; peristome double; exostome teeth with external surface finely papillose to papillose-striolate, smooth at apices; endostome basal membrane low or

mottled black and brown, ovoid-spheroidal, 1.2–1.5 (–1.8), not arillate, (finely papillose). Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Railroad yards, ore piles (chrome

strongly sulcate when dry; free to united at their nodes, finely papillose to spinulose-papillose, dark red and bordered to completely pale and absent borders

cilia 2 or 3, appendiculate. Spores shed singly, 8–20 µm, smooth to finely papillose, dark yellow. Nearly worldwide, concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere

1–3, often connate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked. Spores very finely papillose. North America, Mexico, Central America (Guatemala), South America

and along margins. Sexual condition often monoicous. Spores 20–27 µm, finely papillose on both surfaces; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius. Generated

perforate, cilia present or sometimes absent. Spores shed singly, 8–15 µm, finely papillose, pale tan or yellow-tan. Nearly worldwide Species ca. 30 (2 in the

scattered pseudomata. Spores less than 30 µm, both surfaces smooth to finely papillose; proximal laesura more than 0.5 spore radius. North America, Eurasia

long-rectangular, walls somewhat sinuate. Spores 10–18 µm, smooth to finely papillose, pale yellowbrown. w North America Species 1. None. Roellobryon roellii

teeth narrowly lanceolate, finely papillose, or weakly papillose-striate below. Calyptra not seen. Spores 17–19 µm, finely papillose and angled. Habitat: River

1 Capsules striate; peristome finely papillose or absent; annulus well-developed; calyptra mitrate Brachydontium 1

peristome reduced; exostome teeth lanceolate, 0.2 mm, base 50 µm wide, finely papillose distally; endostome adherent to exostome teeth, basal membrane well

peristome absent. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores ca. 17 µm, brownish, finely papillose. KOH laminal color reaction yellow. Nearly worldwide Species 15 (1

trabeculate, bordered, cross-striolate basally, papillose distally; endostome pale, finely papillose, segments narrowly perforate on keel. Calyptra shortly

elongate. Calyptra weakly prorulose distally, hairy. Spores spheric, finely papillose. Nearly worldwide (with concentration in se Asia), temperate and tropical

nearly as long as segments. Calyptra naked. Spores spheric, smooth to finely papillose. North America, Europe, Asia, terrestrial habitats in temperate, boreal

obliquely rostrate. Calyptra 0.5 mm, smooth to ± papillose, ± plicate, plicae smooth. Spores 26–32 µm, finely papillose. Habitat: Dry areas on bark of trees, shrubs

cross-striolate, papillose distally; endostome basal membrane high, segments keeled, cilia usually in groups of 1–3. Calyptra naked. Spores spheric, finely papillose

weakly papillose to smooth distally, reddish-brown to nearly hyaline. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, naked, fugacious. Spores 12–20 µm, smooth to finely papillose

reduced; exostome teeth lanceolate, 0.1–0.2 mm, base 45–50 µm wide, finely papillose distally; endostome adherent to exostome teeth except distally, basal

membrane smooth or obscurely roughened, segments finely papillose, perforate, cilia finely papillose. Spores 11–19 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature winter

shape. Calyptra smooth or roughened at tip. Spores large (20–25 µm), finely papillose. Worldwide in arctic and subarctic areas Species 2 (2 in the flora)

monoicous or dioicous. Capsule with few pseudostomata. Spores 15–24 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces; proximal laesura less than 0.5 the length of the

to cucullate, regularly 4-lobed at base. Spores globose, densely and finely papillose. North America, Europe Species ca. 2 (1 in the flora). The calyptra

numerous, in 2 crowded rows per locule, obovoid or narrowly obovoid, finely papillose, tan with dark splotches or brown. = 7. w United States, nw Mexico

to yellowish-brown, reniform, not or only slightly flattened, shiny, finely papillose (appearing pebbled); arils white (drying tan), irregularly discoid

absent, cilia absent. Spores shed singly, not as tetrads, 17–25 µm, finely papillose, pale yellow-tan or brown]. s United States, Mexico, Central America

light-brown, teeth triangular-acute, trabeculate, pitted basally, coarsely or finely papillose distally; endostome basal membrane high, segments wide, strongly keeled

linear-lanceolate. Spores not shed in tetrads, 10–20 (–24) µm, smooth or finely papillose, pale. North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Islands

conic-rostrate; peristome teeth 16, straight or slightly oblique, lanceolate, finely papillose, entire to variously cleft. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 8–14

lyallii the cells appear papillose in section but are actually finely striolate and pitted, whereas in P. alpinum the cells are papillose, with distinct rounded

1 row per locule, narrowly obovoid, ± triangular in cross-section, finely papillose. = 7. sw United States, nw Mexico Species 4 (1 in the flora). Eulobus

basally, papillose distally; endostome basal membrane high, segments irregular to filiform, cilia rudimentary to absent. Spores 13–18 µm, finely papillose

portions cross-striolate; endostome cilia to 1/2 segment length. Spores finely papillose. Habitat: Damp cliffs, limestone, swamps on logs, stumps, humus, bark

shorter than ovaries. Fruits mostly erect. Seeds narrowly ovoid, finely grooved, papillose. x = 30–35. Ariz., Mexico Species 15 (2 in the flora). From cytological

exostome. Calyptra cucullate, rostrate, smooth. Spores 18–23 µm, very finely papillose. Habitat: Mineral soil or sand, often at the entrance to lemming burrows

planoconvex to biconvex, (4–) 4.5–6.6 × 2.2–3.5 mm, 0.6 mm thick, sometimes finely papillose, margin flat, including wing 0.8–1.3 mm wide; beak white or pale-brown

blades 3–10 mm wide, usually sparsely to moderately long-pubescent, finely papillose abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Inflorescences 12–60 cm; spikes erect

few pseudostomata or pseudostomata absent. Spores 25–35 µm; smooth to finely papillose on proximal and distal surfaces, conspicuous bifurcated Y-mark sculpture

segments of 1–3 cells. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 25–32 µm, finely papillose. Habitat: Sand or mineral soil along rivers but not yet reported from

teeth, hyaline, granulate-papillose. Calyptra short-conic, finely papillose, naked or hairs few near tip, hairs finely papillose. Spores 17–20 µm. Habitat:

mm, apex abruptly beaked, distal margins papillose, serrulate; beak 0.25–0.5 mm, bidentate, finely papillose and serrulate. Achenes nearly filling body

short-convex; peristome single or double; exostome teeth 200–350 µm, finely papillose proximally, vertically striate distally; endostome absent or, if present

of 2, irregularly split and perforated, smooth or very finely papillose. Spores finely papillose to roughened, 30–45 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature late

obliquely long-rostrate, 0.5–1 mm; exostome teeth finely papillose; endostome yellowish-brown, finely papillose, trellis perfect. Calyptra 3–6 mm. Spores 12–14

obliquely long-rostrate, 0.5–1 mm; exostome teeth finely papillose; endostome reddish, finely papillose, trellis imperfect. Calyptra 3–4 mm. Spores 10–15

dome, papillose striate proximally, papillose at the tips; endostome segments about 1/4 as long as the teeth, bluntly 2-lobed or emarginate, papillose. Calyptra

long-rostrate; endostome cilia in groups of 3 or 4. Spores 12 µm, smooth or very finely papillose. Phenology: Capsule maturity unknown. Habitat: Moist soil, soil over

the base into 2 (–3) filaments, smooth to papillose or sometimes ± striolate. Spores densely and finely papillose, occasionally roughened, 30–45 (–48) µm

to 4 mm. Seta 2–2.5 cm. Capsule yellowbrown, 2–3 mm. Spores 9–11 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature late summer. Habitat: Dry, exposed calcareous

350–500 µm high, reddish or yellowish-brown, finely papillose to nearly smooth basally, densely low-papillose distally, deeply 2-fid or tripartite down for

cross-striolate proximally, obliquely to vertically striolate mid-tooth, finely papillose to smooth apically, not perforate; endostome segments smooth. Spores

segments narrowly perforate, cilia in groups of 2 or 3. Spores 10–13 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature fall–early winter. Habitat: Bark, base

opercula conic, obliquly apiculate to rostellate. Calyptra 0.5 mm. Spores finely papillose, 21–31 µm. Habitat: Dry areas, bark of trees and rocks Elevation: low

7–1.1 mm; peristome strongly twisted, 1015–1100 µm. Spores spheric, finely papillose, 11–13 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature Jan–Jul. Habitat: Sandy soil

width of base or less). Sexual condition monoicous. Spores 20–27 µm, finely papillose on both surfaces; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius. Phenology:

15–40 cm. Proximal leaf-blades 20–80 cm × 4–8 mm, smooth, glaucous and finely papillose abaxially, green and scabrid adaxially. Inflorescences with staminate

strongly sulcate when dry; peristome segments free at their nodes, finely papillose, dark red with pale borders to, rarely, completely pale. Spores (18–)

(2–) 3–5 × 1.2–2 mm, apex gradually beaked, smooth or distal margins finely papillose; beak 0.5–1 mm, bidentate, smooth or serrulate, teeth spreading. Achenes

empty, cell-like plates; prostome present. Calyptra 1.5–1.9 mm. Spores finely papillose, 17–24 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature throughout the year but most

linear, almost as long as exostome teeth, ± keeled, not perforate, finely papillose, sometimes fugacious, cilia absent. Spores 25–27 µm. Phenology: Capsules

lateral-veins more prominent than midvein, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes papillose abaxially. Inflorescences racemose, with (3–) 4–10 spikes; bracts leaflike

characters. The peristome of D. schimperi is finely papillose, rather than spinose- or spiculose-papillose, is reduced in size, and is irregularly perforate

cilia 2–4, nodose to appendiculate. Spores shed singly, 16–24 µm, finely papillose, yellowbrown. Nearly worldwide, except Antarctica, temperate to tropical

white-hyaline, summits U-shaped or prolonged to 2 mm beyond collar; sheaths finely papillose or smooth; distal ligules 1–3 mm; blades 3–5 per fertile culm, 15–30

adaxially firm, summits truncate, prolonged 0.3 mm beyond collar, abaxially finely papillose; distal ligules 2–7 mm; blades 2–4 per fertile culm, 14–30 cm × 3–6

narrowing midway to a slender tip, finely papillose. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores 25–30 µm, somewhat angled, finely rugose-verrucate. Habitat: Exposed

orange, about 300 µm, lightly papillose; operculum conic-rostrate, blunt, 0.4–0.5 mm. Spores 10–15 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature summer

proximally, papillose distally, internal surface trabeculate; endostome pale-yellow, basal membrane high, papillose. Calyptra yellow. Spores finely papillose

16 (8–36) per capsule, rounded to polyhedral, 120–260 µm, smooth or finely papillose, pale-yellow to golden. Phenology: Capsules mature late fall to early

perforations into 2 ± adhering divisions, 200–220 µm, finely papillose. Spores 13–16 µm, appearing smooth or very finely verrucose, brown. Phenology: Capsules mature

endostome segments as long as exostome teeth. Spores 12–14 µm, very finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature year-round. Habitat: Base and trunks of

membrane, densely spiculose-papillose, light-brown proximally, pale distally, 300–450 µm. Spores 9–12 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules seldom

400 µm, pale, 2-fid, divided to near base, densely papillose, fragile. Spores 12–15 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules rarely produced, mature summer

segments less than 1/3 exostome teeth length. Spores 11–18 µm, very finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature Mar–Nov. Habitat: Base and lower trunks

the concave surface. Capsule with few pseudostomata. Spores 30–37 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces, indistinct raised Y-shaped sculpture on distal surface;

surface or slightly enclosed. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 25–32 µm, finely papillose on both surfaces. Habitat: Wet carpets, lawns, and mud bottoms in poor

stem-leaf axils. Seta 0.2–0.25 mm. Spores (23–) 27–33 µm, densely and finely papillose-spinulose, light orangebrown in mass. Habitat: Sandy soil in open weedy

1/3–1 time exostome length. Calyptra 1.7–2 mm, naked. Spores spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature (Jan-)Apr–Oct(-Dec). Habitat: Bark of trees

ovate perforations, cilia long, appendiculate. Spores 10–14 (–16) µm, finely papillose, pale brown-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature May–Sep. Habitat:

more or less vertically striolate to almost smooth basally, yellow and finely papillose to smooth distally; operculum to 0.4 mm. Phenology: Capsules mature

marginal regions of leaf. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 27–32 µm, finely papillose on both surfaces; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius. Phenology:

proximal portions of leaf. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 20–28 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces, with distinct raised Y-shaped sculpture on distal

marginal regions of leaf. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 17–30 µm, finely papillose on proximal surface and pusticulate on distal surface; proximal laesura

percurrent. Seta 0.15–0.2 mm. Spores (32–) 37.5–42.5 µm, bluntly and finely papillose, yellow to orange in mass. Phenology: Capsules mature Mar–Jun. Habitat:

basal membrane low, segments pale brownish yellow, narrowly subulate, finely papillose, occasionally perforate up median line. Phenology: Capsules mature

peristome double; exostome teeth 300–400 µm, strongly transversely barred, finely papillose proximally, smooth distally; endostome basal membrane present, segments

appendiculate. Calyptra smooth. Spores spheric, 12–22 µm, smooth to finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature late summer. Habitat: Tree bark, exposed

distal 1/2 of the capsule, fugacious. Spores 12–18 µm, smooth to very finely papillose, irregularly ovoid. North America, Mexico, Central America, South America

Y-shaped hyaline region at collar; adaxially firm, summits U-shaped, finely papillose; distal ligules 1.8–4.4 (–6) mm; blades 2–4 (–6) per fertile culm,

to truncate, sometimes prolonged 1–2 mm beyond collar, not puckered, finely papillose; distal ligules 2.5–4.8 mm; blades 3–6 per fertile culm, 14–32 cm ×

external surface densely papillose, not perforate; endostome segments smooth to papillose. Spores 10–12 µm, smooth to finely papillose. Habitat: Logs, rock

gradually tapered to base that wraps around stem, finely evenly 50–90-veined, 20–60 × 1.7–5 cm, margin finely undulate, base gradually tapered, apex broadly

external surface densely papillose proximally, finely papillose apically, not perforate; endostome segments densely papillose. Spores 11–15 µm. Habitat:

occasionally rudimentary, usually of 1 row of cells, finely papillose. Calyptra long-rostrate, papillose, naked. Spores 10–17 µm. Habitat: Exposed tree roots

splitting to 16, erect to recurved when old, finely papillose to almost smooth basally, coarsely papillose distally, fenestrate, cancellate; endostome segments

densely papillose-striate; endostome segments (8–) 16, well developed, of 1 or 2 rows of cells, finely papillose. Calyptra conic-oblong, papillose, naked

exostome teeth, yellowish-brown, coarsely papillose. Calyptra conic-oblong, smooth, sparsely hairy, hairs finely papillose. Spores 13–26 µm. Habitat: Deciduous

long-rostrate; peristome teeth 90–180 µm, papillose, entire or somewhat perforate along the middle. Spores 12–22 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature spring

rostrate; exostome teeth reddish, external surface coarsely papillose proximally, finely papillose apically, often perforate; endostome segments smooth to

whitish; endostome segments very short, irregular. Spores 9–13 µm, very finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature year-round. Habitat: Lower trunks and base

the base into 2 (–3) filaments, smooth to papillose or sometimes ± striolate. Spores densely and finely papillose, 15-25 µm. Phenology: Capsules mature summer–fall

peristome strongly twisted, 650–980 µm. Spores spheric, ovoid or oblong, finely papillose, 9–13 µm. Phenology: Capsule mature Jan–Jun(-Aug). Habitat: Soil and

inrolled when dry, redbrown, narrowly lanceolate. Spores 15–18 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature summer. Habitat: Damp places, humus, rotten

not or narrowly perforate, cilia in groups of 1 or 2. Spores 17 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsule maturity unknown. Habitat: Dead branches, rock

Seta as long as the diameter of the capsule. Spores 25–30 (–40) µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature late autumn-spring. Habitat: Soil, sand

endostome segments 16, occasionally rudimentary, of 3 or 4 rows of cells, finely papillose. Calyptra conic, smooth, hairy, hairs smooth. Spores 17–21 µm. Habitat:

teeth reddish, external surface smooth or faintly roughened proximally, finely papillose apically, not perforate; endostome segments smooth. Spores 13–21 µm

base cuneate to rounded, stipe to 0.1 mm, apex subtruncate, apiculate, finely papillose. Phenology: Fruiting summer. Habitat: Damp grasslands, shorelines,

2/5–1/2 total length, margin flat, including wing 0.2–0.6 mm wide, finely granular-papillose; beak whitish at tip, flat, ciliate-serrulate to within 0.3 mm

subtending scale), base cuneate, apex obtuse, apiculate, surfaces finely reticulate, papillose. Phenology: Fruiting summer. Habitat: Disturbed, muddy soils

dioicous. Capsule exserted, with few pseudostomata. Spores 27–34 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces, with distinct raised Y-mark sculpture (indistinctly

or sometimes spreading-recurved when old, smooth, scattered-papillose, or coarsely papillose-granulate; endostome segments absent, or rarely 8, rudimentary

exostome teeth, yellowish-brown, coarsely papillose. Calyptra conic-oblong, smooth, hairy, hairs finely papillose. Spores 13–26 µm. Habitat: Coniferous and

mature, reflexed when old, papillose; endostome segments 8, rarely 16, well developed, of 2 rows of cells, finely papillose. Calyptra conic-oblong, smooth

cells, smooth. Calyptra conic-oblong, smooth, sparsely hairy, hairs finely papillose. Spores 10–15 µm. Habitat: Non-calcareous boulders in mesic, open coniferous

trabeculate and ± finely papillose towards apex; endostome basal membrane 3 or 4 cells high, segments well developed. Spores 10–13 µm, densely papillose. Phenology:

patent to squarrose, sometimes twisted, 300–450 µm, red, densely to finely papillose, entire or strongly perforated. Spores 8–11 µm, granulose or verruculose

Capsule with abundant pseudostomata. Spores 25–35 µm; finely papillose on proximal surface, coarsely papillose on distal surface with raised Y-mark sculpture;

segments somewhat shorter than exostome teeth. Spores 9–13 µm, very finely papillose or nearly smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature Mar–Nov. Habitat: Base

375–450 µm, granulose-papillose throughout; endostome basal membrane high, segments somewhat shorter than teeth, finely seriate-papillose, cilia rudimentary

distal part of stem. Seta 0.25–0.53 mm. Spores 25–31.3 µm, densely and finely papillose, light orangebrown in mass. Habitat: Tufts on wet sandy soil in roadside

single; prostome absent; exostome teeth 16, erect or recurved with age, finely papillose, rarely striate at apices; endostome segments usually absent, or 8

portions of leaf. Sexual condition monoicous or dioicous. Spores 19–27 µm, finely papillose on proximal surface, pusticulate on distal surface; proximal laesura

asexual reproduction rarely by gemmae in distal leaf-axils, brown, finely papillose, and rhizoidal tubers, usually on long rhizoids away from stem base

asexual reproduction rare, by leaf-axil gemmae, brown-red to green, finely papillose. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta redbrown, 2–4 (–6) cm, stout, straight

perforations, cilia long, appendiculate to nodose. Spores 18–22 µm, finely papillose, pale brown-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature May–Aug. Habitat:

weakly apiculate; peristome single. Spores 12–20 (–24) µm, smooth or finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature Jul–Aug (summer). Habitat: Damp to seepy

membrane ca. 100 µm; operculum ca. 1.1 mm. Spores 12–15 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsule maturity date unknown (the typical variety has

proximal regions of leaf. Sexual condition monoicous. Spores 27–33 µm, finely papillose on both surfaces with distinct bifurcated Y-mark sculpture on distal

on the concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 19–25 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces. Habitat: Forested and open poor fen habitats, often

sometimes revolute, 230–300 µm, orange-red or yellowish red, densely to finely papillose, weakly perforated. Spores 10–14 µm, granulose or nearly smooth. Phenology:

250–290 µm, divided more than 1/2 length distally. Spores 16–20 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature late summer. Habitat: Moist clay on ditch

light green, M-shaped to flat, 6–18 (–21) mm wide, smooth or sometimes finely papillose and scabrous adaxially, especially distally; widest leaves of vegetative

reproduction by gemmae in distal leaf-axils or rarely on leaves, brown, finely papillose, and rhizoidal tubers, brown to redbrown, same color as rhizoids, (100–)

on the concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 24–33 µm; finely papillose on the superficial surface. Habitat: Forming carpets in a wide variety

dioicous. Capsule with numerous pseudostomata. Spores 24–29 µm; surface finely papillose to nearly smooth. Habitat: Poor to medium fens, common in wooded fens

dioicous. Capsule exserted, with few pseudostomata. Spores 30–35 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces, distinct bifurcated Y-mark sculpture on distal surface;

sometimes 1 or 2, long, appendiculate to nodose. Spores (18–) 20–24 µm, finely papillose, pale-yellow or green. Habitat: Capsules mature Jun-Aug. Dry soil,

short; operculum long-rostrate; exostome teeth not much wider at base, finely papillose; endostome basal membrane low, segments same length as exostome teeth

concave surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 25–33 µm; smooth to finely papillose on both surfaces; proximal laesura approximately 0.5 spore radius.

2.5–3.4 mm, base not spurred, not scarious, apex obtuse, (surfaces finely papillose marginally). Flowering shoots ascending, appearing angled when dry

as thick, not prolonged beyond seed; wall thick, spiny, tuberculate, or papillose (sometimes smooth in R. sardous); margin low or high, broad or narrow ridge;

present; peristome patent, 350–550 µm, red, finely papillose, strongly perforated. Spores 10–13 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature late spring

Specialized asexual reproduction rare, by leaf-axil gemmae, brown, finely papillose. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta red or brown, 2–4 (–5) cm, slender

veins; tepals lacking purple spots and basal claws, 8–15 mm; ovary finely papillose; berries reddish orange to bright red; cordilleran and interior North

enlarged clasping base; interior surface of chlorophyllous cells often finely papillose. Sphagnum sect. Squarrosa 8 Stem leaves with apex obtuse and entire

scabrous, hispid, or sometimes papillose, papillae longer than wide Key D 4 Body of perigynium glabrous or papillose, papillae mostly not longer than

Capsule oblong-cylindric, 1.5–2 mm; exostome teeth recurved-reflexed, finely papillose; endostome segments 8, of 1 row of cells, shorter than exostome, smooth

well developed, single or double, inserted proximal to the mouth, teeth papillose-striate, weakly trabeculate to appendiculate or absent these features,

Plants of Platydictya have creeping stems, slightly concave leaves, and finely papillose spores. None. Platydictya confervoides, Platydictya jungermannioides

surface. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 25–31 µm; proximal surface finely papillose, distal surface pusticulate with bifurcated Y-mark sculpture; proximal

4–2.2 × 0.4–0.5 mm, chalazal collar 0.1–0.25 mm, conspicuous, surface finely papillose; coma persistent, white, 5–7 mm. 2n = 36. Phenology: Flowering Jul–Sep

with ovate perforations, cilia long, appendiculate. Spores 12–18 µm, finely papillose, pale-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature Apr–Oct. Habitat:

double; prostome absent; exostome teeth 8, reflexed-recurved, finely papillose, sometimes papillose-striate proximally, perforate only at apices, not cancellate;

double; exostome teeth reflexed to recurved, densely and finely papillose; endostome segments 8, finely reticulate. Calyptra conic, very hairy. Spores 24–32

broadly ovoid to obovoid, becoming 3-lobed and obpyriform after anthesis, finely papillose, ovules 2–6 per locule, horizontal; style 0.9–1.2 cm, glabrous or pubescent;

exostome teeth 8, reflexed, finely papillose; endostome segments 8, well developed, of 1 (or 2) rows of cells, smooth to faintly papillose. Calyptra oblong-conic

ovoid-pyriform (wider at or just beyond mid capsule); exostome teeth finely papillose; operculum long-rostrate; stems with central strand sometimes present

membrane low, to 50 µm; operculum 0.6–1 mm. Spores 8–12 µm, spheric, finely papillose or essentially smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature spring–summer. Habitat:

squarrose, 200–350 µm, brownish or pale-yellow, papillose, perforated. Spores 10–12 µm, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature late spring to early

membrane 60–100 µm; operculum 0.4–0.8 mm. Spores 8–10 µm, spheric, finely papillose or nearly smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature spring. Habitat: Limestone

high, ca. 1000 µm; operculum ca. 1–2 mm. Spores 12–18 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature summer. Habitat: Soil, calcareous soil

1000 µm; operculum ca. 1.5–2.5 mm. Spores (8–) 12–18 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature spring–early summer. Habitat: Soil Elevation:

prolonged 1–4 mm beyond collar, lateral auricles usually present, finely papillose (30X); distal ligules 1.2–3.5 mm; blades 2–4 per fertile culm, ± whitish

membrane 300–600 µm; operculum 1.3–1.6 (–2) mm. Spores 11–15 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature spring. Habitat: Soil, rock Elevation:

Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 19–29 µm, finely papillose on proximal surface, more coarsely papillose on distal surface, conspicuous bifurcated Y-mark

inwards and overlapping distally, forming a dome, 400–700 µm, red, finely papillose, rarely with a few narrow slits. Spores 9–13 (–19) µm, granulose or

membrane lacking or very low; operculum 0.5 mm. Spores 15–18 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature spring. Habitat: Soil or walls, often in

basally, or present and low; operculum 0.5–1 mm. Spores 8–10 µm, spheric, finely papillose or essentially smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature spring. Habitat:

very low or absent; operculum 0.7–1 mm. Spores 9–11 (–15) µm, spheric, finely papillose or essentially smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature spring–fall. Habitat:

membrane 150–200 µm; operculum 1–1.5 mm. Spores ca. 10–13 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Habitat: Calcareous soil Elevation: low to moderate elevations Generated

surface. Sexual condition monoicous. Spores 17–30 µm; proximal surface finely papillose, distal surface smooth with raised bifurcated Y-mark sculpture; proximal

present in at least some capsules, narrow, of 1 row of cells, smooth or finely papillose. Calyptra oblong to oblong-conic, smooth, sparsely hairy, hairs smooth

appendaged), linear, generally glabrous (A. rotundum and A. hoffmanii papillose to ciliate proximally); anthers and pollen variously colored; ovary superior

Sexual condition dioicous. Capsule with pseudostomata. Spores 22–29 µm; finely papillose on both surfaces; indistinct triradiate ridge on distal surface; proximal

red; stomata absent; peristome patent, 350–550 µm, red or orange-red, finely papillose, entire or perforated. Spores 9–12 µm, smooth. Phenology: Capsules

ovate perforations, cilia long, nodose. Spores (18–) 20–26 (–30) µm, finely papillose, pale-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature Jun–Sep. Habitat:

perforations, cilia long, appendiculate. Spores (12–) 14–18 (–20) µm, finely papillose, pale brown-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature May–Sep. Habitat:

numerous pseudostomata. Spores 25–39 µm; surface smooth to irregularly and finely papillose; indistinct Y-mark on distal surface; proximal laesura more than 0

acute, persistent style forming beak 0.5–1.2 mm, surfaces glabrous or finely papillose. Phenology: Fruiting summer. Habitat: Ditches and disturbed places

membrane low, hyaline; operculum ca. 1 mm. Spores 15–18 µm, spheric, finely papillose. Phenology: Capsules mature Jul. Habitat: Moist crevices, bayside bluff

and well developed, appendiculate or nodose. Spores (28–) 30–40 µm, finely papillose, green. Phenology: Capsules mature Jun–Aug. Habitat: Soil over serpentine

margins and leaf base. Sexual condition dioicous. Spores 17–26 µm, finely papillose on both surfaces; proximal laesura less than 0.5 spore radius. Phenology:

dioicous. Capsule with numerous pseudostomata. Spores 24–33 µm, surface finely papillose to smooth, distal surface with distinct bifurcated Y-mark sculpture;

base cuneate to ± attenuate, apex ± acute to broadly rounded, surfaces finely papillose to essentially glabrous. Phenology: Fruiting summer. Habitat: Clearings

wall, often red; stomata absent; peristome patent, 350–600 µm, red, finely papillose, strongly perforated. Spores 8–13 µm, smooth. Phenology: Capsules mature

cilia short, rudimentary. Spores variable in size, (38–) 40–50 µm, finely papillose, pale yellowbrown or green. Phenology: Capsules mature Jun–Sep. Habitat:

ovate perforations, cilia absent or rudimentary. Spores (18–) 20–30 µm, finely papillose, pale-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature Jul–Aug. Habitat:

reproduction by gemmae in distal leaf-axils or rarely on leaves, red, finely papillose, and rhizoidal tubers, orange, red, or pink, brighter than rhizoids

sometimes arising from leaves, green when young, brown when mature, finely papillose to ± smooth, and rhizoidal tubers, brown, (70–) 100–200 µm. Sexual

ovate perforations, cilia long, appendiculate. Spores (10–) 12–16 µm, finely papillose, pale-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature Jul–Aug. Habitat:

ovate perforations, cilia long, appendiculate. Spores (10–) 12–16 µm, finely papillose, pale-yellow or green. Phenology: Capsules mature May–Aug. Habitat:

usually present, appendiculate, sometimes reduced. Spores 15–22 (–25) µm, finely papillose, brown-yellow. Phenology: Capsules mature Jul–Aug. Habitat: Wet soil

cilia short, rudimentary. Spores variable in size, (18–) 22–30 µm, finely papillose, pale yellowbrown. Phenology: Capsules mature Jul–Sep. Habitat: Damp

absent; peristome squarrose to revolute, 350–570 µm, red or orange-red, finely papillose, moderately to strongly perforated. Spores 10–18 (–25) µm, smooth or

present; peristome squarrose, 250–300 µm, reddish orange, densely to finely papillose, strongly perforated. Spores 14–16 µm, smooth or granulose. Phenology:

6 mm, apex acute to broadly rounded, surfaces minutely punctate or finely papillose. Phenology: Fruiting summer. Habitat: Marshes Elevation: 0–100 m Generated

slightly decurrent, weakly denticulate, slightly papillose to epapillose distally, slightly to strongly papillose in the basal part with low or sometimes high

associated with P. californicum (H. A. Crum 1967) are poor: the spores are finely papillose, the leaf cells do have weak collenchymatous thickenings, and the calyptra

wall conspicuously thickened, often brownish, smooth, sometimes finely striate-papillose; sheath cells 40–50 × 16–20 µm (3:1); cells of marginal lamina

median basal-cells short-rectangular, 3: 1, rather thin-walled, finely striate-papillose; median cells of lamina 20–30 µm, subquadrate to hexagonal, thin

seta about as long as the diameter of the capsule, spores about 30 µm, finely papillose. Acaulon triquetrum 2 Plants flattened-globose or three-angled, about

(–0.75) mm, stipe 0.1–0.2 mm, apex acute to barely obtuse, surfaces finely papillose. Phenology: Fruiting summer–early fall. Habitat: Emergent shorelines

region at collar, adaxially firm, summits U-shaped, sheaths sometimes finely papillose; distal ligules 2.4–5.6 mm; blades 2–5 per fertile culm, 10–25 cm ×

spreading-recurved when dry, finely, densely papillose; endostome segments absent. Calyptra oblong-conic, smooth, hairy, hairs papillose. Spores 12–16 µm. Habitat:

adaxial cells quadrate, papillose or smooth, in 3–4 (–5) rows adaxially, abaxial cells shortrectangular to elliptic, papillose or smooth; transverse-section

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). Mature follicles of Sedum stenopetalum are finely papillose, with prominent lips along the adaxial suture. Petal number can range

mature, reflexed when old, external surface very finely and densely papillose, internal surface finely striate; endostome segments usually 16, rarely 8

crown; calluses 2-4.5 mm, sharp, strigose; lemmas often purple, finely rugose-papillose, particularly near the crown, constricted below the crown, midveins

0.4–0.6 mm thick, margin flat, including wing 1–1.5 mm wide, finely granular-papillose (30X); beak pale or green at tip, flat, ciliate-serrulate, abaxial

and the peristome teeth are shorter, to 450 µm, and they are only finely papillose. None. None. No values specified.window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"section"

Spores of D. difficile are finely papillose-verrucose and 12–18(–20) µm; those of D. rhynchostegium are vermicularly papillose-verrucose and 11–15(–18) µm;

becoming papillose distally, walls thin or thick and porose, region in several marginal rows or in excavate auricles; laminal cells 1-stratose, papillose on

mitrate. Spores often large, spheric to ovoid or weakly reniform, finely to coarsely papillose, spiculate, reticulate, or pitted. Cosmopolitan, greatest occurrence

row per capsule by dissolution of septa and central column, surface papillose to finely reticulate or longitudinally ridged, sometimes constricted near micropylar

redbrown, slightly or strongly branched, smooth or warty-papillose, rarely granular-papillose; axillary hairs usually well developed. Stem-leaves straight

cucullate, rarely mitrate. Spores spheric to ovoid or ± reniform, finely to coarsely papillose, verrucose, or somewhat vermicular or reticulate. Cosmopolitan

Calyptra 4–5-lobed at the base, naked. Spores spheric, finely granular to coarsely papillose. North America, Central America, South America, Eurasia,

linear-fusiform, often prosenchymatous, sometimes obscure or opaque, smooth, papillose over lumen, or prorulose distally, walls thin to usually firm or thick

or absent], trabeculate or not, pitted basally, coarsely papillose distally (coarsely papillose throughout in P. crudoides); endostome basal membrane low

peristome. Calyptra long-cucullate, acute, yellow or brown. Spores finely to strongly papillose. KOH laminal color reaction brick-red. North America, Mexico

achenes finely rugulose at 10X; tubercles sometimes lower than wide. > 15 15 Tubercles 0.15–0.3(–0.5) mm, mostly much lower than wide; achenes finely rugulose

double or single; exostome teeth 8, sometimes split to 16, finely and densely papillose to papillose-striate or rarely smooth; endostome segments 8 or absent

irregular projections or teeth long, narrow, papillose; operculum usually conic-rostrate. Calyptra smooth or papillose distally or frequently only on rostrum

capsule sharply angular and truncate-ellipsoid, finely reticulate, or seeds near base of capsule coarsely papillose. = 7. w, sc United States, nw Mexico Species

cells quadrate, rectangular, or ovate, rarely subtriangular, smooth or papillose, usually sinuose and thick-walled. Gemmae absent. Sexual condition autoicous

striate-papillose basally, papillose distally; endostome basal membrane high, segments slender, cilia long. Spores 9–21 µm, smooth or papillose. w North

basal blades; blade margins usually finely short ciliate, the cilia not papillose-based; spikelets with papillose-based hairs Dichanthelium laxiflorum

basally, red, with pale, papillose tips. Calyptra cucullate. smooth. Spores (10–) 15–23 (–25) µm, smooth, finely to distinctly papillose. Northern Hemisphere

with narrowly to broadly ovate perforations. Spores 10–50 µm, finely to strongly papillose, yellow, green, brown, or black. North America, South America

tubular, papillose proximally, spinose-serrate medially, smooth apically; alar cells oblate, quadrate, or short-rectangular, smooth to simple-papillose, walls

(sometimes pubescent); leaf apex acuminate to rounded-obtuse, margins entire or finely toothed. Ranunculus sect. Flammula 9 Leafy stems creeping and rooting at

when young; widest leaves 0.9–16 mm, mostly more than 4 mm, smooth or papillose. Inflorescences racemose, with 2–10 spikes; proximal bracts leaflike, sheathless

pink, or purple, narrowly spatulate, unlobed, 0.9–4 mm, margins entire or finely dentate or fimbriate; stamens exserted 3–5 mm; styles exserted 2.6–6.4 mm

lamina near leaf apex, often forming tomentum, strongly branched, warty-papillose; axillary hair distal cells 1–4, hyaline. Stem-leaves erect to spreading

a short, smooth or weakly papillose awn. Seta single or often 2–3 per perichaetium, sinistrorse when dry, strongly papillose. Capsule straight, ovoid to

rostrate; peristome single, of 16, teeth, divided halfway into two segments, papillose to vertically striolate or pitted-striolate, redbrown. Calyptrae cucullate

2–4 mm, covering to below mid capsule, naked. Spores 18–23 µm, finely and evenly papillose. Nearly worldwide, mostly tropical and subtropical Species 23

differentiated; laminal cells narrowly rhomboid to linear, smooth or rarely 1-papillose. Sexual condition autoicous [synoicous, dioicous, or phyllodioicous]. Seta

and/or stoloniferous. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate, glabrous or papillose-pubescent. Leaves basal (in some species) and cauline, alternate, petiolate;

sparsely to densely pubescent with papillose-based hairs. Leaves basal or mainly cauline; sheaths mostly glabrous, finely scabrous, or pubescent, pilose near

vertically pitted-striolate proximally, papillose distally, red. Calyptra cucullate, smooth. Spores spheric, 14–25 µm, finely roughened, yellow to yellow-green

30-90 cm; nodes glabrous, strigose, or with appressed hairs. Sheaths with papillose-based hairs, sometimes nearly glabrous, margins ciliate distally; ligules

ovatelanceolate, 0.5–1.3 mm; base not decurrent; margins plane [rarely recurved], finely serrate to serrulate near apex, rarely entire; apex acute or short-acuminate;

broadly hyaline-margined; blade linear-lanceolate, the apex narrowly acute to finely acuminate; marginal lamina 2–5 cells wide, erect, coarsely serrate with

hairs. Leaves: stipules subulate, 1–4 mm; petiole 1/4–3/4 blade, glabrate or finely hairy; blade narrowly to broadly lanceolate to triangular-ovate or orbiculate

laminal margins plane or weakly recurved in proximal 1/2, entire, occasionally finely crenulate or weakly denticulate; apex broadly obtuse to sharply acute or

the internodes, mostly glabrous or pilose with ascending hairs, margins finely ciliate; ligules 0.2-2 mm, at low magnification appearing to membranous

margins finely undulate Baccharis texana 5 Pistillate involucres 4–5 or 9–14 mm; phyllaries not keeled; leaves 5–30 × 1–2(–7) mm, margins entire, finely serrate

to translucent white, flat, papillose proximally, smooth distally; alar cells ± isodiametric, smooth to mostly 1-papillose distally, walls even, thinner

short-awned, frequently papillose. Perigynia ascending to spreading, loosely to densely arranged, greenish, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2.25 mm, faintly papillose; beak 0–0.7 mm

Calyptra 3–4 mm, irregularly fringed at base, weakly papillose to essentially smooth. Spores 30–35 µm, finely pitted, reddish-brown. Habitat: Igneous soil in

base, micronemata and macronemata absent. Leaves broadly ovate to obovate, finely rugose, large; base ± straight at insertion, decurrent; margins revolute

inner band; ligules 2–9 mm; blades 2.5–6 mm wide, finely spreading-pubescent or glabrous, not papillose abaxially. Inflorescences 15–50 cm; spikes erect

lower florets sterile; lower paleas absent; upper florets finely longitudinally rugose, papillose and with bicellular microhairs, often with a minute protuberance

1.5–3.2 mm wide, papillose abaxially. Inflorescences 2.5–12 cm; rachis beyond proximal pistillate spikes sharp-angled, often finely scabrous; proximal

black, striate, areolate, papillose, crateriform, or ridged > 4 4 Leaf blades suborbiculate, (broader than long); seeds finely longitudinally striate. Drosera

spikes with sharp angles, often finely scabrous; proximal pistillate spikes not or barely overlapping. > 6 6 Leaves papillose abaxially, perigynia essentially

thin, occasionally porose or transversely slit (D. umbrosus), smooth to papillose; distal medial cells subquadrate to hexagonal or rounded-angular, occasionally

disarticulating at very base, flat, fimbriate, or slender, angular, smooth or papillose. Achenes are tumid, obscurely threeribbed, with faces and angles variously

longer or shorter than the internodes, keeled, glabrous or pilose, hairs papillose-based near the throat; ligules 0.5-2 mm, membranous, dissected ciliate;

5) mm wide, herbaceous to coriaceous, glabrous abaxially, scabrous to papillose adaxially. Inflorescences with both staminate or pistillate spikes; peduncles

greenish white, rarely pink, narrowly spatulate, unlobed, 1.3–4 mm, margins finely dentate or coarsely fimbriate; stamens 1.5 mm included to 4 mm exserted;

without line of minute, curved length 1/2–1 times petioles, glabrate or finely hairy; involucellar bractlets 9–13, linear-subulate, 1.3–2.7 cm, margins

gradually reduced to bracts; ocrea 3–4 mm, papillose-scabridulous, proximal part funnelform, distal part finely lacerate; petiole 0.1–2 mm; blade 1-veined

external surface cross-striolate basally, papillose distally, internal surface trabeculate. Spores finely roughened. Habitat: Humus, litter, mineral-rich

truncate, lobes rounded, margins dentate, apex rounded to obtuse, surfaces finely long-stipitate-glandular abaxially, sparsely long-stipitate-glandular adaxially

Association Plants loosely cespitose, long-rhizomatous. Culms 10–30 cm, distally finely scabrous. Leaves 1.5–3 mm wide. Inflorescences: proximal bract shorter than

North America Association Plants densely cespitose. Culms 10–30 cm, distally finely scabrous. Leaves 2.5–5 mm wide. Inflorescences: proximal bracts shorter

the teeth. Calyptra cucullate, rostrate, smooth. Spores 22–27 µm, papillose to finely bacculate-insulate. Habitat: Moist, often gravelly, mineral soil Elevation:

North America Association Plants densely cespitose. Culms 15–30 cm, distally finely scabrous. Leaves 3–4 mm wide. Inflorescences: proximal bracts usually shorter

coarsely papillose from top to bottom, which give them a whitish appearance under a dissecting microscope; the endostome segments also are papillose. None

Linny Heagy Copyright: Flora of North America Association Plants to 5.2 dm, finely minutely ash-gray tomentose, overlayer sparsely pubescent, hirsutulous.

wide, flat, broad basally, abaxial surfaces conspicuously strigose with papillose-based hairs, tapering abruptly at the apices; bristles solitary, about

forming tomentum, slightly to strongly branched, smooth or rarely warty-papillose; axillary hairs well developed and many, or small, delicate, sparse, hyaline

compressedtrigonous, angles slightly prominent, 0.9–1 × 0.6–0.75 mm, finely reticulate or pitted or papillose at 20–30X, apex usually constricted proximal to tubercle

4-4.4 mm long, 1.3-1.6 mm wide, narrowly obovoid-obpyriform, finely pubescent, hairs papillose-based, bases long, narrow. Lower glumes 1.5-2 mm, attached

Capsules ovoid, 10–12 mm, beaks divergent, not papillose. Seeds dark-brown, ellipsoid, 0.6–0.9 mm, finely spiny. 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug.

external surface striolate basally, papillose distally; endostome basal membrane high, segments keeled, perforate. Spores finely punctate. Habitat: Calcareous

yellow-orange, 300 µm, external surface finely cross-striolate, internal surface transversely ridged, fimbriate-bordered, papillose at apices. Calyptra 2 mm. Phenology:

greenish, markedly gibbous, veinless or obscurely 3–7-veined, midrib keeled, finely reticulate at 40X, membranous, hyaline, apex rounded, mucronate, or awned;

thick, spongy, erect to decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths finely scabridulous, not or weakly keeled; ligules 4.5-12 mm, lacerate; blades

5–18, dense, glaucous-green, finely many-veined, 2.8–4 × 1.2–1.5 mm, apex gradually tapered to entire orifice, papillose; beak absent or poorly defined

dead leaves lateral to new clumps, blades of overwintered leaves densely papillose abaxially. Inflorescences: longer peduncles of proximal lateral spikes

2–1.6 (–1.8) × (0.9–) 1–1.7 (–1.8) mm; margins plane, entire, less often finely denticulate or serrulate in apex; apex broadly acute to short-apiculate;

Flora of North America Association Plants perennial, glabrous or slightly papillose-pubescent especially on leaf-blades abaxially, with long-creeping rhizomes

nearly to the base into 2 segments, brown, densely and finely obliquely-ridged and lightly papillose, 200–250 µm. Spores 11–20 µm, appearing ± smooth. Phenology:

North America Association Plants loosely cespitose. Culms 15–60 cm, distally finely scabrous. Leaves 3–4 mm wide. Inflorescences: proximal bracts shorter than

dead leaves lateral to new clumps; blade of owerwintered leaves desnsely papillose abaxially. Inflorescences: peduncles of pistillate spike absent; of terminal

7 (–2) × (0.6–) 0.7–1.2 (–1.3) mm; margins plane, entire, undulating or finely denticulate distally, especially in apex; apex gradually tapered to acute

Capsules ovoid, 4–6 mm, beaks divergent, not papillose. Seeds dark-brown, narrowly ellipsoid, 0.7–0.8 mm, finely spiny. 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Aug

Bracts 1.4–12.4 cm × 1–6 mm, angles of bract sheath smooth or minutely papillose, bract blade of distal lateral spikes linear. Spikes 4 (–5) per culm; lateral

present; exostome teeth 16, rarely connate in 8 pairs, erect or spreading, finely horizontally striate proximally, vertically striate distally; endostome

× 3–14 mm, blades of overwintering leaves smooth or, rarely, sparsely papillose abaxially. Inflorescences: peduncles of proximal spikes 0–5 cm, arising

North America Association Plants loosely cespitose. Culms 20–70 cm, distally finely scabrous. Leaves 2.5–5 mm wide. Inflorescences: proximal bracts shorter

greenish, markedly gibbous, prominently to obscurely veined, midrib keeled, finely reticulate at 20X, membranous, hyaline, apex rounded, awned; proximal scale

rudimentary or absent; exostome teeth 8, reflexed, reticulately papillose to obscurely papillose, deeply perforate, cancellate; endostome segments 8, well developed

highly papillose distal laminal cells; slightly twisted, sharply pointed leaves; calyptra with papillose hairs; absence of prostome; and papillose or papillose-reticulate

hispidulous with rays planar, almost lepidote, at times moderately dense finely pubescent, trichome rays 0.1–0.5 mm, densely subsessile-glandular, costal

condition monoicous. Spores 22–32 µm, finely to irregularly coarsely-papillose on proximal surface, irregularly coarsely papillose on distal surface; proximal laesura

slightly excurrent as a mucro 1–3 (–5) cells long, yellow or red, finely to strongly papillose abaxially, abruptly tapered; basal-cells abruptly differentiated

costa subpercurrent or percurrent, rarely excurrent as a tiny, weakly papillose awn, smooth; basal marginal cells quadrate or short-rectangular; distal

achenes, ellipsoid, 1.7–3.2 × 1–2.1 mm, dull, apex rounded or obtuse, papillose; beak 0.1–0.3 mm. Achenes not constricted, dull. 2n = 72. Phenology: Fruiting

with few spikelets; rachises and branches scabridulous and finely pubescent, hairs papillose-based. Spikelets 3.7-4.3 mm long, 1.6-2.1 mm wide, obovoid

Treatment on page 27. Mentioned on page 24. Shrubs or subshrubs, 20–100 cm (finely and densely branched from bases). Stems erect, green, slender and wandlike

oblong, 5–10 (–25) × 1–3 (–7) mm (thin), bases narrowed, margins entire or finely serrate (teeth aristate), faces eglandular, not resinous (distal reduced

slightly secund at stem and branch apices, 0.8–1.3 mm; margins erect, entire or finely dentate; apex abruptly slender-acuminate, subulate; alar cells quadrate

sparsely to densely pilose, hairs papillose-based, bases asymmetrically cordate to subcordate, lower margins ciliate, papillose. Panicles 4-24 cm, almost as

mm; margins narrowly recurved proximally, less often plane, coarsely to finely serrulate, most conspicuously distally, or entire; apex acute to somewhat

rounded-obtuse, awns hyaline, 0.1–0.75 (–1.2) mm, erect to recurved, flattened, finely and irregularly spinulose-denticulate or denticulate; costa percurrent or

lanceolate distally, 0.4–2 × 0.3–1.2 cm, base cuneate to rounded, margins finely denticulate, 4–6 low teeth per side, veins indistinct, 2–6 per side, apex

and dry, finely and evenly papillose; endostome segments 8 or 16, well developed, of 1 or 2 rows of cells, exterior surface smooth or finely striate. Calyptra

pilose on 1 or both surfaces, margins usually finely short-ciliate, at least on the basal 1/2, cilia not papillose-based. Primary panicles 4-12 cm long, 3-8

glabrous or hispid, hairs to 4 mm, papillose-based. Spikelets 2.5-4 mm long, 1-1.8 mm wide, disarticulating at maturity, finely pubescent or glabrous, greenish

middle lobe finely erose, undulate, ovate to suborbiculate, lateral lobes triangular, falcate; disc with 3 pale green, denticulate to papillose, longitudinal

glabrous, adaxial surface scabridulous, bases of both surfaces sometimes with papillose-based hairs, margins smooth or scabridulous. Panicles terminal and axillary

maroon basally, asymmetrically obovate, 3–5.5 × 2.5–4.5 cm, margins repand, finely hairy abaxially where exposed in bud; staminal column straight, maroon,

striations fine, cells narrow, elongate, vertical; inner coats deep red to white, finely striate, cells narrow, vertically elongate. Leaves persistent, green at

decurrent; margins plane throughout or rarely revolute proximally, entire to finely serrulate distally, limbidium absent; apex rounded-obtuse to broadly acute

nodes. Sheaths usually mostly glabrous, summits hairy, hairs 2-5 mm, never papillose-based; ligules 0.2-0.3 mm; blades (4) 8-22 cm long, 1-3.5 mm wide, involute

obovate to broadly obovate, 1.5–3 (–4) × 1–2 (–3) cm, apical margins repand, finely hairy abaxially where exposed in bud; staminal column dark red to purple

falcate-secund, to 2 mm, lanceolate, gradually subulate; margins erect, sometimes finely denticulate at the extreme apex and obscurely denticulate near junction

reflexed, densely papillose or papillose-striate distally; endostome segments 8, not well developed, usually of 1 row of cells, finely roughened. Calyptra

coarsely striate-reticulate or striate-papillose; endostome segments 8, not well developed, of 1 row of cells, short, finely longitudinally striate. Calyptra

reflexed when old, irregularly papillose-reticulate; endostome segments 16, well developed, of 1 row of cells, finely roughened. Calyptra oblong-conic

percurrent to distinctly excurrent in hairpoint; laminal margins plane, smooth or finely serrulate distally; median laminal cells rhomboidal to prosenchymatous,

protogynous. Capsules often curved, fusiform-clavate, 10–30 mm, surfaces finely strigillose; pedicel 4.5–13 mm. Seeds narrowly obovoid to oblanceoloid,

blades 2-15 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, mostly scabrous on both surfaces, with papillose-based hairs behind the ligules. Panicles 4-8 cm; fascicles 5-8 mm. Lateral

distinctly keeled, broadly perforate, cilia short to long. Spores 14–21 µm, finely roughened. Phenology: Capsules mature summer (Jun–Aug). Habitat: Soil, late

margins entire proximally, serrate at base of acumen, apex abruptly narrowed, finely acuminate, flexuose, distal laminal cells smooth, walls sporadically porose

axillary or terminal; branches spreading-villous or hispid to minutely and finely pubescent; flowers usually more than 5 per cluster; fruits narrowly obovate

redbrown to tan, rarely glaucous, aging gray-brown to gray, glabrous to papillose-puberulent. Buds ovoid to ellipsoid, redbrown, 0.5–1cm, resinous. Leaves

with 1-stratose patches; apices acute; costa excurrent as an often long, finely denticulate, straight or flexuose, and sometimes decurrent awn, often embracing

absent; exostome teeth 8, splitting to 16 with age, reflexed, finely and densely papillose; endostome often absent, or segments 8, well developed, of 1

lanceolate, ovate, or elliptic, 3–5 (–7) cm × (7–) 10–20 (–35) mm, margins finely serrate, surfaces glabrate abaxially, bristly villous adaxially. Inflorescences

tuberous, with lateral side roots. Stems erect, purplish, glabrous proximally, finely tomentulose or setose distally. Leaves: proximal withered by flowering;

base not decurrent; margins revolute proximally, plane distally, entire to finely serrulate distally, limbidium absent; apex acute, not cucullate; costa reddish

reddish-brown, short-cylindric or cupulate, rarely campanulate, rarely becoming finely striate with age, (0.5–) 0.7–1 mm; exothecial cells mostly short-elongate

margins strongly revolute throughout, sometimes plane distally, entire to finely serrulate, limbidium present; apex acute to acuminate, not cucullate; costa

moderately pubescent with hooked hairs proximally; sepals redbrown, often finely striped or mottled, white distally, veins absent, obovate to oblong, 0.7–1

peristome double; prostome absent; exostome teeth 8, reflexed, finely and evenly papillose; endostome segments 8, well developed, of 1 or 2 rows of cells

light-brown, ca. 1 mm, those at base of capsule coarsely papillose, those of upper portion finely reticulate. 2n = 14, 28. Phenology: Flowering late May–Aug

redbrown, rarely lighter or yellowish, short-cylindric, 0.7–1.3 mm, usually finely striate when empty; exothecial cells isodiametric or short-elongate, often

weakly decurrent; margins revolute proximally, plane distally, entire to finely serrulate distally, limbidium absent; apex rounded to broadly acute, not

recurved, often twisted, 250–450 µm, red, densely papillose, usually weakly perforated. Spores 11–15 µm, finely granulose. Phenology: Capsules mature late spring

prostome absent; exostome teeth 8, rarely splitting to 16, reflexed, finely and evenly papillose; endostome segments 8, not well developed, of 1 or 2 rows of cells

embryo slightly less than 1/2 seed volume, surface appearing finely striate but papillose under magnifi­cation; seed collar with membrane intact at maturity

reported to be minutely papillose abaxially (visible at 100× ); those of S. decora and other members of sect. Commixtae are not papillose (H. A. McAllister 2005)

Plants annual, rarely biennial [perennial], glabrous or very weakly short-papillose, mostly in inflorescence and on leaf-blades, with fusiform, vertical rootstock

wirelike, 1 mm, faces smooth to finely reticulate, apex usually peglike, erect, linear, slightly dilated, stiff, papillose-hispidulous; beak rarely present

Flowers: anthers 0.4–0.6 mm; styles 0.4 (–0.8) mm; stigmas 0.6–1 mm. Achenes finely reticulate with isodiametric cells, this layer gradually wearing away to

often pale yellow-green or in some environments all yellow, frequently finely white-powdered with calcareous deposit. Stems 0.5–1 (–2) cm, irregularly

mm, apex obtuse, scarcely to distinctly apiculate, surfaces finely to distinctly papillose. Phenology: Fruiting summer–early fall. Habitat: Openings in

cauline 2–4.5 × 0.8–2 cm, base rounded to attenuate, margins subentire or finely denticulate, 8–12 teeth per side, lateral-veins inconspicuous, 3–5 per side

glabrate in 1st season. > 9 8 Twigs hairy, stellate or tomentose, sometimes finely so. > 13 9 Leaf blade abaxially sparsely to densely covered with persistent

blade bases not auriculate, sagittate, or amplexicaul > 11 6 Trichomes finely dendritic. Phoenicaulis 6 Trichomes stellate, forked, simple, and dendritic

obovate, hairs white or gray, margins crenate or entire, adaxial surface finely impressed-reticulate; floral bracts tawny; ovaries obclavate. Salix bebbiana

20 20 Paraphyllia with cells papillose. > 21 21 Laminal cells 1-papillose. > 22 22 Stems 1-pinnate; laminal cells papillose on both surfaces. Abietinella

alternating with sometimes finely punctate areas, otherwise smooth distally, sometimes divided into two verruculose-papillose filaments. Anomodon longifolius

and not auriculate-clasping; stems glabrous or sparsely hirtellous and/or finely villosulous-glandular. > 29 29 Calyx lobes usually 3 or 3 and 5 on same