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appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 77. Mentioned on page 43, 44, 78, 84, 89, 94, 107. Shrubs, rarely arborescent, armed with thorns or unarmed;

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 78, 101. Shrubs, evergreen or deciduous. Branchlets thorn-tipped or not. Leaves

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 94. Mentioned on page 78, 84, 93, 95. Shrubs, evergreen. Branchlets not thorn-tipped. Leaves opposite

2-120 straight, non-disarticulating branches. > 78 78 Spikelets with (2)3-12(20) bisexual florets Leptochloa 78 Spikelets with 2-4 florets, but only the lowest

appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 75. Mentioned on page 20, 76, 77, 78, 89, 95, 104, 108. Shrubs or subshrubs, 1–50 (–100) dm; rhizomatous or stoloniferous

Galen Smith Basionym: Scirpus sect. Actaegeton Reichenbach Fl. Germ. Excurs., 78. 1830 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Plants annual or rarely perennial

tricorne, Delphinium trolliifolium (N. I. Malyutin) M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 92. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Basionym: Delphinium sect. Grumosa N. I. Malyutin

on page 60. Mentioned on page 23, 24, 29, 49, 51, 61, 64, 66, 67, 71, 75, 78, 83, 86. Shrubs, 0.005–6 m, clonal by layering or rhizomes, rarely root shoots

peripheral 1–20 (–70) florets styliferous and sterile or neuter, inner 11–78 florets usually functionally staminate, rarely bisexual and fertile; “pistillate”

maculatum, Eutrochium purpureum, Eutrochium steelei Rafinesque New Fl. 4: 78. 1838. Eric E. Lamont Common names: Joepyeweed eupatoire Etymology: Greek

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 77, 78, 82. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 94. Mentioned on page 77, 78, 84, 98, 116. Shrubs or subshrubs, forming dense, clumped thickets, colonies

appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 75. Mentioned on page 13, 57, 76, 78, 80. Subshrubs or shrubs. Stems erect to spreading, sometimes climbing, glabrous

carolinianum, Delphinium madrense, Delphinium wootonii M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 85. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Roots 2-8-branched

parviflorus, Samolus vagans Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 1: 171. 1753. , Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 78. 1754 ,. Anita F. Cholewa Common names: Water pimpernel brookweed Etymology:

pairs in some species Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 37, 38, 79, 80, 664, 665, 667. Plants small, in tufts or

Hemitheca Braithwaite Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 47, 80, 82, 83, 84. Plants erect to prostrate, extremely

Bot. Fenn. 5: 145, figs. 14, 15, 20, 31, 32, 35, 36, 41, 43, 47, 60, 69, 78, 81, 98, 100. 1968. Terry T. McIntosh, Steven G. Newmaster Etymology: Greek

names: Water-shield Family Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Treatment on page 78. Herbs, perennial, aquatic, rhizomatous; roots adventitious; air chambers

plant IllustratedEndemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page 78. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America Association

photosynthetic, on substrate surface, pincushion-shaped; ring meristem absent. x = 78. North temperate region and tropical America This concept of Lycopodiella

Nature 90: 571. 1913 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 77, 79. Leaves 1.5–3 cm; leaflets 3–7, margins deeply incised

Manfreda sileri, Manfreda variegata, Manfreda virginica Salisbury Gen. Pl., 78. 1866. Susan Verhoek Etymology: For Manfredus de Monte Imperiale, fourteenth-century

to incurved dry leaves Basionym: Hypnum subg. Cyrto-hypnum Hampe Flora 50: 78. 1867 Synonyms: Thuidium subg. Microthuidium Limpricht Thuidium sect. Minutula Schimper

Goodyera 77 Plants not arising from creeping rhizomes. > 78 78 Flowers white with yellow lip. > 79 78 Flowers various, not white with yellow lip. > 80 79 Lip

FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 72. Mentioned on page 38, 50, 52, 63, 73, 78, 664, 667. Plants small to medium-sized, in tufts or loose cushions. Stems

23: plate 1946. 1837 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 76, 77. Stems erect, spreading with age, 5–20 dm, glabrous

1916. George W. Argus Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 29. Plants 0.02–0.25 m, (dwarf), not clonal or clonal by

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 102. Mentioned on page 78, 94, 95, 97. Shrubs, 0.1–3 m, matlike to moundlike. Stems prostrate, spreading

IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Tellima parviflora Hooker Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 239, plate 78, fig. A. 1832 Synonyms: Lithophragma anemonoides Greene Lithophragma austromontanum A

becoming hollow and brittle. Inflorescences racemose, with flowers (10–) 24–65 (–78) per 10 cm of raceme. Flowers: perianth at anthesis closed (not exposing stamens)

mm. Seeds 1-3, 1.5-3 × 1-1.5 mm, tubercles in 4 longitudinal rows. 2n = ca. 78, ca. 104. Phenology: Flowering late spring–early fall, earlier and later further

genusLeibnitzia speciesLeibnitzia lyrata (Schultz-Bipontinus) G. L. Nesom Phytologia 78: 169. 1995. Guy L. Nesom Common names: Seemann’s sunbonnet Illustrated Basionym:

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 89. Mentioned on page 76, 78, 98. Shrubs, compact, usually forming thickets; rhizomatous, rhizomes absent

Scroph. Ind., 7. 1835 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 68, 76. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North

(Müller Hal.) A. Jaeger Ber. Thätik. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1877 – 78: 484. 1880. Howard A. Crum† Endemic Etymology: Greek trion, three, pteron

Tetragonia expansa Murray Treatment appears in FNA Volume 4. Treatment on page 78. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association

(often detectable only with magnification) tufts of tomentum in vein axils. > 78 76 Leaf blade 3–5-lobed with fewer than 10 awns. Quercus georgiana 77 Cup

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 44. Mentioned on page 78. Illustrator: Marjorie C. Leggitt Copyright: Flora of North America Association

FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 20. Mentioned on page 3, 17, 23, 39, 43, 78, 82, 83, 101, 102. Perennials [subshrubs, shrubs], 3–300 cm (rhizomatous,

Taxa Conopholis alpina, Conopholis americana Wallroth Orobanches Gen. Diask., 78. 1825. L. Turner Collins, Alison E. L. Colwell, George Yatskievych Common

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 99. Mentioned on page 78, 96, 97, 98, 101, 106, 107. Shrubs, 0.5–3.5 m. Stems erect, ascending, or

appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 43. Mentioned on page 19, 39, 78, 79, 102. Perennials, 40–200 cm (rhizomatous or with short woody crowns).

Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 1009–1021. Hershkovitz, M. A. 1991b. Leaf morphology of Cistanthe Spach (Portulacaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 1022–1060. Hinton

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 97. Mentioned on page 78, 94, 95, 96, 98. Shrubs, 1.5–6 m. Stems erect to ascending, not rooting at

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 4. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 78, 80. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association

Carpobrotus chilensis, Carpobrotus edulis N. E. Brown Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 78: 433. 1925. Nancy J. Vivrette Common names: Fig-marigold Etymology: Greek

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 80. Mentioned on page 77, 78, 81. Plants caulescent, 40–200 cm; fibrous-rooted. Stems terete to slightly

depauperatum, Delphinium distichum, Delphinium uliginosum M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 84. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Roots 2-8-branched

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 80. Mentioned on page 78, 82. Plants caulescent, 30–250 cm; fibrous-rooted. Stems terete, scabrous

Prairie-dock Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 77. Plants scapiform, (40–) 100–250+ cm; taprooted. Stems

albiflorus, Ceanothus jepsonii var. jepsonii Greene Man. Bot. San Francisco, 78. 1894. Clifford L. Schmidt†, Dieter H. Wilken Common names: Jepson’s ceanothus

in FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page 77. Mentioned on page 12, 52, 70, 71, 78. Perennials (perhaps flowering first-year, usually rhizomatous), (10–) 30–60

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 4. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 78. Illustrator: Barbara Alongi Copyright: Flora of North America Association

and writer on medicine Treatment appears in FNA Volume 4. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 76, 77, 7. Subshrubs [herbs or shrubs], perennial. Roots

speciesCalydorea coelestina (W. Bartram) Goldblatt & Henrich Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 78: 510. 1991. Peter Goldblatt Common names: Celestial-lily Bartram’s ixia I

(–25) mm; blade elliptic-oblong to suborbiculate or obovate, (27–) 38–59 (–78) × (19–) 26–43 (–55) mm, base rounded to subcordate, each margin with (0–)

Province, extending south in coastal ranges. > 78 78 Inner tepal margins denticulate, crisped. Allium crispum 78 Inner tepal margins entire to denticulate,

multiplex, Delphinium polycladon, Delphinium viridescens M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 81. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Roots 2-6-branched

speciesGaleandra bicarinata G. A. Romero & P. M. Brown N. Amer. Native Orchid J. 6: 78, fig. 1. 2000. Gustavo A. Romero-González Treatment appears in FNA Volume

tubulosum, Triadenum virginicum, Triadenum walteri Rafinesque Fl. Tellur. 3: 78. 1837. Norman K. B. Robson Common names: Marsh St. John’s wort Etymology:

apex acute or obtuse; beak purple-brown, 0.3–0.4 mm, papery. 2n = 72, 74, 78, 80. Phenology: Fruiting Jul–Aug. Habitat: Marshes, shallow water along shores

Wyoming > 78 78 Fruits papery, strongly inflated; basal leaf blades orbicular to broadly obovate, abruptly narrowing to petioles. Physaria macrocarpa 78 Fruits

Baird. 1995. Comments on “The Chrysothamnus–Ericameria connection.” Phytologia 78: 61–65. Roberts, R. P. 2002. Phylogeny of Ericameria, Chrysothamnus and Related

genusConopholis speciesConopholis americana (Linnaeus) Wallroth Orobanches Gen. Diask., 78. 1825. L. Turner Collins, Alison E. L. Colwell, George Yatskievych Common

genusAptenia Show Lower Taxa Aptenia cordifolia N. E. Brown Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 78: 412. 1925. Nancy J. Vivrette Etymology: Greek a- , not, and pt enos, winged

speciesMyosurus apetalus varietyMyosurus apetalus var. borealis Whittemore Novon 4: 78. 1994. Alan T. Whittemore EndemicIllustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume

appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 3. Mentioned on page 20, 23, 39, 78, 102, 108, 257. Annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, shrubs, or trees

Arctostaphylos pilosula 78 Leaves overlapping; plants prostrate to erect shrubs, 0.1-2 m; (Santa Rosa Island, California). Arctostaphylos confertiflora 78 Leaves not

1–70, styliferous and sterile, corolla laminae 1.1–12 mm; disc-florets 11–78, functionally staminate; style-branches 0–2.3 mm, papillate or hairy). Pistillate

ambiquë Illustrated Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 64, 65, 72, 77, 79. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright:

IllustratedEndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 66, 68, 77, 79. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright:

in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 76. Mentioned on page 65, 73, 72, 77, 78. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association

H. Holmgren Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 79. Calyces glandular. 2n = 16. Phenology: Flowering May–Jul

called chaptalization Treatment appears in FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 12, 14, 57, 70, 71, 80. Perennials, 3–40 (–100) cm (fibrous-rooted

Illustrator: Susan A. Reznicek Copyright: Flora of North America Association Culms 17–78 cm. Leaf-blades 2–4 mm wide. Inflorescences: peduncle of proximal spike 1

proximal cauline, blade oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, 12–78 × 2–18 mm, surfaces glabrous or glabrate; cauline 1–3 pairs, blade narrowly

Inflorescences: terminal raceme (5–) 14–27 (–40) cm; flowers (24–) 44–51 (–78) per 10 cm of raceme. Seeds dark gray-green to black, 4–6 mm. 2n = 52. Phenology:

genusStebbinsoseris speciesStebbinsoseris heterocarpa (Nuttall) K. L. Chambers Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1024. 1991. Kenton L. Chambers Common names: Grassland or derived silverpuffs

glabrous; beak 0.3–0.6 mm, emarginate to weakly bidentulate, teeth to 0.2 mm. 2n = 78. Phenology: Fruiting Jun–Aug. Habitat: Open swamps, wet, open thickets, marsh

Show Lower Taxa Conicosia pugioniformis N. E. Brown Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 78: 433. 1925. John E. Bleck Etymology: Greek konikos, cone-shaped, in reference

robinsonii L. M. Perry Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 77. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora

genusDelosperma Show Lower Taxa Delosperma litorale N. E. Brown Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 78: 412. 1925. John E. Bleck Etymology: Greek delos, visible, and sperma, seed

Illustrated Basionym: Brodiaea palmeri S. Watson Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 78. 1889 Synonyms: Triteleia palmeri (S. Watson) Greene Treatment appears in

oblanceoloid, 3.8–4 × 2.5–3.1 mm; beak toward abaxial margin, erect, 0.5–1.1 mm. 2n = 78. Phenology: Flowering summer–fall. Habitat: Brackish to alkaline waters of

manzanita Endemic Basionym: Arctostaphylos sonomensis Eastwood Leafl. W. Bot. 1: 78. 1933 Synonyms: Arctostaphylos canescens var. sonomensis (Eastwood) J. E.

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 86. Mentioned on page 78. Shrubs, forming dense clumps and thickets; stoloniferous. Stems ± climbing

Stebbinsoseris decipiens, Stebbinsoseris heterocarpa K. L. Chambers Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1024. 1991. Kenton L. Chambers Common names: Silverpuffs Etymology: For G

pubescent; ligules 0.7-2.5 mm; blades to 64 cm long, about 12 mm wide. Panicles 15-78 cm long, 1.7-26.4 cm wide; branches to 33 cm, erect to strongly divergent

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 93. Mentioned on page 78, 82. Subshrubs, forming dense patches; rhizomatous, rhizomes long. Stems erect

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 88. Mentioned on page 77, 78. Shrubs, single or forming patches; rhizomatous, rhizomes relatively long

virginicum (Linnaeus) Aiton f. Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 75, 77. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 82. Mentioned on page 78, 81, 83. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 87. Mentioned on page 78. Shrubs, evergreen, forming dense thickets; rhizomatous, rhizomes relatively

FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 514. Mentioned on page 512, 523. Plants 15–78 cm. Leaves: basal 5–25, blade elliptic, 60–150 (or 200–250) x 3–23 mm, 1-pinnatifid

mm. Achenes obovate to elliptic, 2.1–2.5 × 1.6–2 mm, 0.7–1 mm thick. 2n = 78. Phenology: Fruiting spring–summer. Habitat: Dry, acidic, sandy soils of open

oblanceolate to spatulate, rarely ovate or obovate, (3.7–) 5–31 (–54) cm × (12–) 16–78 (–140) mm, margins usually entire, rarely dentate or repand. Cauline leaves

Gray Calianthus Nuttall Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 19. Perennials, 5–90 (–100) cm (in ± extensive, open clones

pisifera, Crataegus succulenta var. succulenta Schrader ex Link Handbuch 2: 78. 1831. James B. Phipps Common names: Succulent hawthorn aubépine succulente

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 82. Mentioned on page 78, 84. Shrubs, sometimes forming thickets; stoloniferous. Stems erect to procumbent

rhombic, suborbiculate to broadly ovate, rarely oblongelliptic, (8–) 12–50 (–78) × (4–) 8–35 (–64) mm, membranous to coriaceous, base cuneate to rounded,

villifera), smooth to rugose or wrinkled, or with transverse ridges. > 78 78 Stems erect to ascending. > 79 79 Stems glabrous; stipules triangular; involucral

pilose-woolly, hairs white, turning reddish-brown with age. Seeds 4–5 mm. 2n = 26, 52, 78. Phenology: Flowering year-round, following rains. Habitat: Creosote-bush

microphyllus (A. Gray) D. D. Keck Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 77. Plants canescent. Flowers: caly× 5.5–9 mm, lobes lanceolate

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 76, 78. Stems erect, virgate with age, 5–15 dm, glabrous when young, glaucous. Leaves

glabrisepala (D. D. Keck) Straw Treatment appears in FNA Volume 17. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 76. Calyces glabrous. Phenology: Flowering May–Jul. Habitat:

H. Zander Basionym: Neckera viticulosoides P. Beauvois Prodr. Aethéogam., 78. 1805 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 575. Generated

mm; cypselae 1–2.5 mm Packera streptanthifolia 78 Basal leaves: blades orbiculate to broadly ovate > 79 78 Basal leaves: blades narrowly elliptic, narrowly

winged in some woody vines]. Worldwide Genera 23, species 1000–1100 (2 genera, 78 species in the flora). The Violaceae is predominantly tropical with worldwide

D. d’Orbigny in A. D. d’Orbigny,Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale 7(3): 78. 1844; 8(1): plate 9, fig. 1. 1842. Scott Zona IntroducedIllustrated Treatment

Show Lower Taxa Racomitrium lanuginosum Bridel Muscol. Recent., suppl. 4: 78. 1818 ,. Ryszard Ochyra, Halina Bednarek-Ochyra Etymology: Greek rhakos, rag

subgenusGrimmia subg. Grimmia speciesGrimmia plagiopodia Hedwig Sp. Musc. Frond., 78, plate 15, figs. 6–13. 1801,. Roxanne I. Hastings, Henk C. Greven Synonyms:

Association Culms densely tufted, ascending, lax or, occasionally, decumbent, 13–78 cm × 0.8–1 mm. Leaves: basal sheaths purple or purple-tinged; sheaths 2–42

flowers: staminodes to 0.8 mm; pistils to 2 mm. Drupes red, 5-8 mm diam. 2n = 78. Phenology: Flowering late spring–early fall. Habitat: Woodland and shrub

glabrescent adaxially; largest medial blade very narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 38–78 × 7–18 mm, base cuneate or convex, margins slightly revolute, serrulate, apex

verticillasters 3–6 (–8), cymes 2–6-flowered, 2 per node; proximal bracts ovate, 20–78 × 8–74 mm; peduncles and pedicels densely glandular-pubescent. Flowers: calyx

obtuse or acute, sometimes mucronate; cauline 4–6 pairs, sessile, (16–) 20–78 × 3–24 mm, blade ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, base clasping to cordate-clasping

biconvex, obovoid to obpyriform, 1.9–2.6 × 1.3–1.7 mm; beak 0.1–0.3 mm. 2n = 78. Phenology: Fruiting late spring–summer. Habitat: Brackish, coastal shores

replum rounded; septum complete, (deeply partitioned between seeds); ovules 78–120 per ovary; style distinct; stigma capitate, deeply 2-lobed. Seeds uniseriate

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 82. Mentioned on page 78, 80. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association

sectionPenstemon sect. Baccharifolii speciesPenstemon baccharifolius Hooker Bot. Mag. 78: plate 4627. 1852. Craig C. Freeman Common names: Baccharis-leaf beardtongue

IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Carex pseudoscirpoidea Rydberg Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 78. 1900 Synonyms: Carex scirpoidea var. pseudoscirpoidea (Rydberg) Cronquist

Show Lower Taxa Solidago rugosa var. aspera (Aiton) Cronquist Rhodora 49: 78. 1947. John C. Semple, Rachel E. Cook Endemic Basionym: Solidago aspera Aiton

genusEricameria speciesEricameria lignumviridis (S. L. Welsh) G. L. Nesom Phytologia 78: 64. 1995. Lowell E. Urbatsch, Loran C. Anderson, Roland P. Roberts, Kurt

(–40) indurate annulus cells. Spores 32 per sporangium, 70–100 µm diam. 2n = 78. Habitat: Aquatic to semiaquatic, in swamps, bogs, canals, ponds, lakes, ditches

(Müller Hal.) A. Jaeger Ber. Thätik. St. Gallischen Naturwiss. Ges. 1877 – 78: 484. 1880. Howard A. Crum† EndemicIllustrated Basionym: Hypnum leucocladulum Müller

spheric; sepals sometimes 2-fid at apices > 78 78 Twigs, pedicels, and hypanthial exteriors glabrous. Prunus umbellata 78 Twigs, pedicels, and hypanthial exteriors

the Stellaria longipes Goldie complex—Variation in wild populations. Rhodora 78: 488–501. Chinnappa, C. C. and J. K. Morton. 1984. Studies on the Stellaria

aborted late in development. 2n = 36, 42, 56, 60, 62-68, 70, ca. 72, 74-76, 78-80, 82-84, 86, 88, 99, 106. Generated Map Legacy Map Mont., Wyo., Colo., N

Asia, Africa, especially from Mediterranean to c Asia Genera 4, species ca. 78 (1 genus, 8 species in the flora). Tamaricaceae have traditionally been placed

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 80. Mentioned on page 78, 79. Shrubs forming dense, low thickets. Stems erect, rarely arching, 2.5–8

names: Mexican lovegrass Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 78. Plants annual; cespitose, without innovations. Culms 10-130 cm, erect, sometimes

Achenes elliptic to oblong, 1.6–2.2 × 1.1–1.6 mm, 0.5 mm thick. 2n = 76, 78. Phenology: Fruiting spring. Habitat: Dry to mesic prairies, open woodlands

Cereus subsect. Hylocer eus A. Berger Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 78. 1905 Synonyms: Wilmattea Britton & Rose Treatment appears in FNA Volume 4

white and ferruginous. Catkins (fruiting in summer, persistent); staminate 21–78 × 8–15 mm, flowering branchlet 3–27 mm; pistillate moderately to very densely

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 77. Mentioned on page 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82. Plants perennial, mat-forming, rhizomatous. Stems prostrate or

FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 74. Mentioned on page 64, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association

Systematic anatomy of vegetative organs of the Hydrocharitaceae. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 78: 237--266. Catling, P. M. and W. G. Dore. 1982. Status and identification

apex rounded to slightly truncate, dull; style base straight to bent. 2n = 78, 79. Phenology: Fruiting Jun–Aug. Habitat: Saline, brackish shores, swales

Californicae speciesIris purdyi Eastwood Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, 1: 78, plate 7, fig. 2. 1897. Norlan C. Henderson Common names: Purdy’s iris Endemic

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 80. Mentioned on page 78, 84, 98. Plants moderate to small-sized, weak-stemmed to spawling; green,

margins, apex truncate to retuse, dull; style base straight, rarely bent. 2n = 78, 80–83. Phenology: Fruiting Jun–Aug. Habitat: Saline shores, salt marshes

beak (0.6–) 0.8–1.6 mm, firm, bidentulate, teeth straight, 0.4–0.8 mm. 2n = 78. Phenology: Fruiting May–Aug. Habitat: Wet to dry meadows, marshes, stream

oblong-obovate or elliptic, obovate, ovate, or suborbiculate, (8–) 12–50 (–78) × (4–) 8–35 (–64) mm, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, margins serrate or dentate

Illustrator: Linda Ann Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University Culms (28) 41-78 (96) cm long, 0.6-1 mm thick; nodes densely pilose; internodes glabrous or

branches distal, distal longest, antrorse, straight, hairy. Leaves: blade 13.8–78 × 3.8–20 mm, widest intersinus distance 2.5–15.8 mm; proximal oblanceolate

ciliate, apices acuminate, faces glabrous or sparsely hairy. Heads (1–) 3–33 (–78). Peduncles 1–10 mm (leafless or nearly so), sparsely to moderately canescent;

apex truncate to retuse, glossy; style base bent, rarely straight. 2n = 77, 78, 79. Phenology: Fruiting Jul–Sep. Habitat: Saline or brackish shores Elevation:

rosettes solitary to cespitose, 7.5–10 × 7.5–10 dm, open. Leaves erect, 76–78 × 10–11 cm; blade glaucous-green to dark green, lightly cross-zoned, lanceolate

familyAndreaeaceae genusAndreaea speciesAndreaea obovata Thedenius Nya Bot. Not. 1849: 78, plate 1, figs. 27–36. 1849,. Richard H. Zander Treatment appears in FNA Volume

speciesAquilegia laramiensis A. Nelson Wyoming Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 28: 78-79. 1896. Alan T. Whittemore Common names: Laramie columbine Conservation

varietyAquilegia coerulea var. alpina A. Nelson Wyoming Agaric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 28: 78. 1896. Alan T. Whittemore Conservation concernEndemic Treatment appears in

speciesAbronia argillosa S. L. Welsh & Goodrich Great Basin Naturalist 40: 78, fig. 1. 1980. Leo A. Galloway Common names: Clay sand-verbena Endemic Treatment

desert-sunflower Basionym: Encelia viscida A. Gray Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 78. 1876 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 122. Perennials

more indurate annulus cells. Spores 16 per sporangium, 107–150 µm diam. 2n = 78. Habitat: Aquatic to semiaquatic, lakes and ponds Elevation: 0 m Generated

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 78. Leaf-blades not lobed (margins entire or toothed). 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering

Carolina 2: 462. 1823 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 78. Leaves pinnately lobed (lobes to 13, sinuses relatively shallow to deep,

Basionym: Hasseanthus blochmaniae subsp. insularis Moran Desert Pl. Life 22: 78, fig. 3. 1950 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 194. Mentioned

piloso-strigose or hirsute Symphyotrichum oolentangiense 77 Leaf faces glabrous > 78 78 Plants cespitose (glaucous); proximal and distal leaf margins usually entire

2n = 34, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 56, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 70, 75, 78, ca. 100. Generated Map Legacy Map Wash., Maine, N.H., Vt., Wis., Idaho, Oreg

biogeographic divergence in Oxystylis and Wislizenia (Capparaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 925–937. Woodson, R. E. Jr. 1948. Gynandropsis, Cleome, and Podandrogyne

IllustratedEndemic Basionym: Scirpus tortilis Link Jahrb. Gewächsk. 1(3): 78. 1820 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 92. Mentioned

asprella, Sidalcea asprella subsp. nana Greene Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 78. 1885. Steven R. Hill EndemicIllustrated Synonyms: Sidalcea malviflora subsp

in FNA Volume 23. Treatment on page 76. Mentioned on page 65, 72, 73, 75, 78. Illustrator: Elizabeth Zimmerman Copyright: Flora of North America Association

compressed obtusely trigonous, obovoid, 1.8–2.8 × 1.3–2 mm; beak 0.1–0.3 mm. 2n = 78. Phenology: Fruiting spring–summer (south), summer (north). Habitat: Brackish

obovoid to obpyriform, (2–) 2.5–3.5 × 1.3–2.3 mm; beak 0.1–0.5 mm. 2n = 74, 78. Phenology: Fruiting spring–summer (south), summer (north). Habitat: Fresh

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 86. Illustrator: Yevonn Wilson-Ramsey Copyright: Flora of North America

Basal leaves 0.7–7 cm wide > 78 78 Cauline leaves not decurrent; Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah. Cirsium wheeleri 78 Cauline leaves evidently decurrent

embryo usually curved. Widespread in temperate and tropical regions Genera ca. 78, species ca. 525 (4 genera, 5 species in the flora). None. Calycocarpum, Cissampelos

Eragrostis neomexicana Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 78. Illustrator: Cindy Roché, Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 103. Mentioned on page 78, 95, 102. Shrubs, 0.5–1 m, often moundlike. Stems erect to ascending, not

Basionym: Zigadenus fremontii var. brevibracteatus M. E. Jones Contr. W. Bot. 12: 78. 1908 (as Zygadenus) Synonyms: Toxicoscordion brevibracteatus (M. E. Jones)

Hultén Cerastium squalidum Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 78. Plants perennial, tufted or mat-forming, taprooted or rhizomatous. Flowering

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 78. Plants caulescent 80–150 (–180) cm; fibrous-rooted. Stems terete, scabrous

tribe Astereae genusGrindelia speciesGrindelia grandiflora Hooker Bot. Mag. 78: plate 4628. 1852. John L. Strother, Mark A. Wetter Treatment appears in FNA

White rosinweed Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 77. Plants scapiform, 20–75 cm; taprooted. Stems terete

familySplachnaceae genusTayloria speciesTayloria acuminata Hornschuch Flora 8: 78. 1825. Paul C. Marino Synonyms: Tayloria serrata subsp. acuminata (Hornschuch)

bicolor subsp. calcicola M. J. Warnock & Vanderhorst in M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 90. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Flowers:

varietyTetraneuris acaulis var. epunctata (A. Nelson) Kartesz & Gandhi Phytologia 78: 2. 1995. Mark W. Bierner, Billie L. Turner Endemic Basionym: Tetraneuris

Basionym: Kuhnia eupatorioides var. corymbulosa Torrey & A. Gray Fl. N. Amer. 2: 78. 1841 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 499. Mentioned

Eragrostis orcuttiana Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 78. Illustrator: Cindy Roché, Linda A. Vorobik Copyright: Utah State University

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 78. Plants slender to robust. Flowering-stems often branched, 25–45 cm. Leaves

subsect. Bicoloria speciesDelphinium basalticum M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 91. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Common names: Columbia Gorge larkspur Conservation

genusGutierrezia speciesGutierrezia wrightii A. Gray Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 5(6): 78. 1853. Guy L. Nesom Common names: Wright’s snakeweed Illustrated Synonyms:

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 80. Mentioned on page 78. Plants slender. Flowering-stems simple, 20–50 cm. Leaves in basal rosette

alpinum John K. Morton Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Treatment on page 78. Plants perennial, tufted, forming clumps or mats, taprooted, stoloniferous

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 78. Plants stout. Flowering-stems simple, 40–60 cm. Leaves in basal rosette and

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 78. Plants caulescent, 40–160 cm; fibrous-rooted. Stems terete, shaggy-hispid

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 78. Plants slender. Flowering-stems simple, 20–40 cm. Leaves in basal rosette

speciesStebbinsoseris decipiens (K. L. Chambers) K. L. Chambers Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1025. 1991. Kenton L. Chambers Common names: Santa Cruz silverpuffs Endemic

(Linnaeus) Schur Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 78. 1853. William J. Crins Common names: Trichophore cespiteux Basionym: Scirpus

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 103. Mentioned on page 78, 94, 95, 96, 102, 104, 105. Shrubs, 0.5–1.5 m, sometimes moundlike. Stems

galioides M. michauxii Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 75, 79. Shrubs, erect, forming rounded clumps, 5–15 dm

Basionym: Machaeranthera canescens var. nebraskana B. L. Turner Phytologia 60: 78. 1986 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 401. Mentioned

achene, apex notched 0.7–1.5 mm adaxially. Achenes 3–4.5 × 2.3–3 mm. 2n = 74, 78. Phenology: Fruiting spring–summer. Habitat: Sandy beaches along seacoasts

tomentose; bracts tipped by awn 4–5mm, exceeding mature scales by ca. 6mm. Pollen 78–93µm diam. Seeds yellow to purple, body 3mm, wing 6mm. Habitat: Subalpine

maritima Müller Hal. & Kindberg Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 73, 74. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora

or serrulate margins. Salix pseudomyrsinites 78 Floral bracts tawny; ovaries obclavate. Salix pyrifolia 78 Floral bracts usually brown or black; ovaries

spots, adaxials maroon-purple), tube-throats (5–)6–15 mm; calyx ribs weak. > 78 78 Corolla tube-throats cylindric to funnelform, lateral lobes entire or shallowly

species of Campyloneurum and a provisional key to the genus. Amer. Fern J. 78: 14--34. Campyloneurum angustifolium, Campyloneurum costatum, Campyloneurum

IllustratedEndemicConservation concern Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 63. Illustrator: John Myers Copyright: Flora of North America

linear-lanceolate to ovate-triangular. Capsules purplish black. 2n = 52–107, mostly 52, 78, or 104. Phenology: Flowering late spring–summer. Habitat: Grassy places along

speciesDicranum muehlenbeckii Bruch & Schimper Bryol. Europ. 1: 142, plate 78. 1847,. Robert R. Ireland Jr. Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment

genusSilene speciesSilene acaulis (Linnaeus) Jacquin Enum. Stirp. Vindob., 78, 242. 1762. John K. Morton Common names: Moss campion silène acaule Illustrated

Hultén Salix crassijulis Treatment appears in FNA Volume 7. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 24, 28, 63, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82

2n = 42, 44+f, ca. 48, 56, ca. 62, 63, ca. 66, ca. 68, 70, ca. 72, ca. 74, 78, ca. 80, 81, 82, ca. 83, 84-86, ca. 87, ca. 88, ca. 90, ca. 91, 93, ca. 94

(The species of West Indies, Central and South America). Annot. Zool. Bot. 78. Wooten, J. W. 1973. Taxonomy of seven species of Sagittaria from eastern

densiflorum (Pursh) A. Gray Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 75, 76. Shrubs, erect, forming slender bush, 6–30 dm. Stems:

reddish, ovate, 0.2–0.3 mm. Achenes dark-brown, lenticular, 2–2.2 mm. 2n = (76, 78), 80, (84). Phenology: Flowering Mar–May. Habitat: Sandy soil, mesas and hills

teeth straight, to 0.3 mm. Stigmas 2. Achenes yellow, biconvex, smooth. 2n = 78, 80. Phenology: Fruiting summer. Habitat: Fens, bogs, wet tundra, roadside

brown, oblong, (1.8–) 2.1–2.5 (–2.6) × (1.2–) 1.3–1.5 (–1.6) mm. 2n = 62, 78. Phenology: Fruiting spring–summer (late Apr–late Jul). Habitat: Acidic, dry

Macrocline speciesRudbeckia nitida Nuttall J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 78. 1834. Lowell E. Urbatsch, Patricia B. Cox Common names: Shiny coneflower St

Melanthium racemosum Michaux Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 77. Rhizomes 0.5–1.5 × 0.5–1 cm; bulbs 0.6–1.7 cm. Stems

speciesCrataegus ×atrorubens Crataegus ×atrorubens Ashe J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 78. 1900. James B. Phipps Endemic Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 83. Mentioned on page 78, 80, 82, 84, 90. Plants small to moderate-sized, unbranched or sparsely branched;

somewhat compressed, 0.6–0.7 mm, obscurely sculptured (50×). 2n = 26, ca. 52, 78. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Dwarf willow communities, fell-fields

sect. Quercus speciesQuercus polymorpha Schlechtendal & Chamisso Linnaea 5: 78. 1830. Kevin C. Nixon Common names: Net-leaf white oak Illustrated Treatment

appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 75. Mentioned on page 74, 76, 78. Illustrator: Patricia M. Eckel Copyright: Flora of North America Association

puberulent. 2n = 34, 42, 44, 47, 48, ca. 49, 50, 56, 60, 63, 64, 65, 70, 75, 78. Poa glauca subsp. glauca is the widespread and common subspecies in the Northern

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 77, 78. Rhizomes 0.6–3 × 0.5–1.2 cm; bulbs 1–1.6 cm. Stems 2/3–4/5 floriferous, 0

tortuous, terete, (1.8–) 3.3–8 (–10) cm × (0.7–) 1–1.5 (–1.8) mm; ovules 50–78 per ovary; style usually cylindrical, rarely subclavate, (0.5–) 0.7–1.5 (–3)

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 77. Mentioned on page 75, 76, 78. Shrubs, erect, forming large clumps, 9–15 (–20) dm. Stems: internodes 4-lined

varietyEricameria nauseosa var. oreophila (A. Nelson) G. L. Nesom & G. I. Baird Phytologia 78: 64. 1995. Lowell E. Urbatsch, Loran C. Anderson, Roland P. Roberts, Kurt

genusBidens speciesBidens polylepis S. F. Blake Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 78. 1922. John L. Strother, Ronald R. Weedon Endemic Basionym: Coreopsis involucrata Nuttall

sect. Quercus speciesQuercus stellata Wangenheim Beytr. Teut. Forstwiss., 78, plate 6, fig. 15. 1787. Kevin C. Nixon Common names: Post oak EndemicIllustrated

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 78, 80. Plants slender. Flowering-stems simple, 15–30 cm. Leaves in basal rosette

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 8. Treatment on page 80. Mentioned on page 78, 81. Plants robust. Flowering-stems simple, 20–55 cm. Leaves in basal rosette

8 mm. Achenes light-brown, globose-lenticular, 3–4.5 mm. 2n = (72, 74, 76, 78), 80, (82, 84, 86, 88, 90). Phenology: Flowering May–Jul. Habitat: Sandy places

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 26. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 77, 78. Rhizomes 1.5–2 × 0.5–1 cm; bulbs 1–1.6 cm. Stems 1/2–2/3 floriferous, 0.7–1

speciesFontinalis sullivantii Lindberg Öfvers. Finska Vetensk.-Soc. Förh. 12: 78. 1870. Bruce Allen Synonyms: Fontinalis dichelymoides Lindberg F. disticha

speciesBoechera polyantha (Greene) Windham & Al-Shehbaz Harvard Pap. Bot. 11: 78. 2006. Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Michael D. Windham Basionym: Arabis polyantha Greene

Coccineae) ser. Apricae speciesCrataegus mira Beadle Biltmore Bot. Stud. 1: 78. 1902. James B. Phipps EndemicIllustrated Synonyms: Crataegus alleghaniensis

Carlquist, S. 2000. Wood and bark anatomy of Achatocarpaceae. Sida 19: 71–78. Eliasson, U. H. 1993. Achatocarpaceae. In: G. Harling et al., eds. 1973+

branches appressed, ascending, or diverging up to 70°, 0.2-13 cm long. > 74 78 Ligules 10-35 mm long, firm and brown basally, membranous distally; glumes

the flora). Chromosome numbers of 2n = 18, 24, 26, 36, 40, 50, 52, 56, 58, 78, 80, 84, 86, 90, 92, and 96 have been reported for Scrophularia. Base chromosome

tribes, 136 genera, and 892 species are native to the Flora region; 2 tribes, 78 genera, and 290 species have become established in the region. The remaining

variation in the subtribe Microseridinae (Asteraceae: Lactuceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1015–1027. Kim, S. C., D. J. Crawford, and R. K. Jansen. 1996. Phylogenetic

Taxonomic revision of Aloina, Aloinella and Crossidium (Musci). Bryologist 78: 245–303. Aloina aloides, Aloina bifrons, Aloina brevirostris, Aloina hamulus

Taxonomic revision of Aloina, Aloinella and Crossidium (Musci). Bryologist 78: 245–303. Crossidium aberrans, Crossidium crassinervium, Crossidium seriatum

concept in Pteridophyta with special reference to Isoëtes. Amer. Fern J. 79: 78--89. Kott, L. S. and D. M. Britton. 1983. Spore morphology and taxonomy of

derivations of the agamosporous taxa and a revised taxonomy. Amer. Fern J. 78: 44--67. Tryon, A. F. 1957. A revision of the fern genus Pellaea section Pellaea

fruit length ratio. For Z. palustris in Europe the mean rostrum length is 0.78 ± 0.20deletion} mm, the mean podogyne length is 0.4 ± 0.19 mm, and the rostrum

menziesii subspeciesDelphinium menziesii subsp. pallidum M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 96. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Common names: White-flowered Menzies' larkspur

Basionym: Parnassia intermedia Rydberg in N. L. Britton et al. N. Amer. Fl. 22: 78. 1905 Synonyms: P. fimbriata var. hoodiana C. L. Hitchcock P. fimbriata var

Endemic Basionym: Pellaea glabella var. missouriensis Gastony Amer. Fern J. 78: 64. 1988 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 2. Some ultimate segments (especially

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 12. Treatment on page 97. Mentioned on page 78, 94, 95. Shrubs, 1–3 m. Stems erect to ascending, not rooting at nodes; branchlets

varietyMyosurus apetalus var. montanus (G. R. Campbell) Whittemore Novon 4: 78. 1994. Alan T. Whittemore Endemic Basionym: Myosurus minimus subsp. montanus G

well-differentiated, not extending to costa; proximal laminal cells elongate, pitted, (45–) 78–129 (–156) × (5–) 9–10 (–14) µm; distal laminal cells shorter, sinuose, pitted

white, ovate, 0.4–0.5 mm. Achenes brown, globose-lenticular, 2–3 mm. 2n = (78), 80, (82). Phenology: Flowering Apr–Jul. Habitat: Sandy to gravelly talus

arcticum (Lange) P. S. Lusby Treatment appears in FNA Volume 5. Mentioned on page 77, 78, 79, 82. Plants perennial, loosely mat-forming but not pulvinate, rhizomatous

subgenusSalix subg. Longifoliae speciesSalix melanopsis Nuttall N. Amer. Sylv. 1: 78, plate 21. 1842. George W. Argus Common names: Dusky willow IllustratedEndemic

the high arctic. 2n = 56, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, ca. 83, 84, 85, 88, 106. Poa arctica subsp. arctica is polymorphic

oblanceolate, 14–31 × 3.3–5.2 mm, reduced distally, apices acute. Heads 8–50 (–78), in open paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 12–29 mm, moderately to densely hispido-strigose

sexual plants, poorly developed in bulbiferous plants. 2n = 42, 56, 62, 70, 75, 78, 80. Poa arctica subsp. lanata is amphiberingian in distribution, extending

Volume 27. Treatment on page 66. Mentioned on page 64, 65, 67, 72, 73, 77, 78, 93. Plants slender and weak-stemmed, moderate-sized, flaccid and plumose

ovate or obovate, 1.4–2.1 (–2.7) × (0.8–) 1–1.5 mm, 0.4–0.6 mm thick. 2n = 76, 78. Phenology: Fruiting spring–summer. Habitat: Moist to wet meadows, open dry

sect. Linum speciesLinum grandiflorum Desfontaines Fl. Atlant. 1: 277, plate 78. 1798. Nancy R. Morin Common names: Flowering or red or scarlet or crimson

genusVernonia speciesVernonia lettermannii Engelmann ex A. Gray Notes Compositae, 78. 1880. John L. Strother Treatment appears in FNA Volume 19. Treatment on page

wide, usually surpassing mature sporangia. Spores averaging 39–45 µm. 2n = 78. Phenology: Sporulating summer–early fall. Habitat: Shaded cracks and ledges

yellow (often drying blackish), 5–6 mm. Cypselae oblong, 4.5–6 mm. 2n = 52, 78, 104. Phenology: Flowering May–Jul(–Sep). Habitat: Open woods, barrens, swamps

sectionHypericum sect. Myriandra speciesHypericum sphaerocarpum Michaux Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 78. 1803. Norman K. B. Robson Endemic Synonyms: Brathydium chamaenerium Spach

and/or fruits adjacent or separated by less than 2 cm. Fruits common. 2n = 78. Phenology: Flowering spring–early fall. Habitat: Calcareous, saline, or brackish

Barrie Common names: White stopper Basionym: Myrtus axillaris Swartz Prodr., 78. 1788 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Trees, to 10 m, slender, gla­brous

3, 2–3 mm. Capsules hemispheric, 2–3 × 2–3 mm. Seeds 0.9–1.3 mm. 2n = 26, 78 (Asia). Phenology: Flowering Apr–Jun. Habitat: Disturbed areas, moist ravines

macrotheca varietySpergularia macrotheca var. longistyla R. Rossbach Rhodora 42: 78, plate 589, fig.le,f.1940. Ronald L. Hartman, Richard K. Rabeler Endemic Treatment

varietyCastilleja rubicundula var. lithospermoides (Bentham) J. M. Egger Phytologia 90: 78. 2008. J. Mark Egger, Peter F. Zika, Barbara L. Wilson, Richard E. Brainerd

Fruits brown, obliquely obovoid, 3–3.8 mm × 2–2.9 mm; beak inconspicuous. 2n = 78. Phenology: Flowering late summer–fall. Habitat: Deep lakes and ponds Elevation:

subspeciesDelphinium nuttallii subsp. ochroleucum (Nuttall) M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 98. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Common names: Light-yellow-flowered larkspur

Dudley Herb. 1: 99. 1929 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Stems (19-) 30-50 (-78) cm. Leaves basal and cauline; ultimate lobes 7-12, lobes of basal leaves

alaskana Cardot & Thériot Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 78. Mentioned on page 50, 73, 74, 75. Plants 1–4 cm. Stems erect. Stem-leaves

Jacobsen Endemic Basionym: Allium davisiae M. E. Jones Contr. W. Bot. 12: 78. 1908 Synonyms: Allium pseudobulbiferum Davidson Treatment appears in FNA

genusLeucothoë speciesLeucothoë fontanesiana (Steudel) Sleumer Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 78: 438. 1959 ,. Gordon C. Tucker Common names: Mountain dog-laurel or dog-hobble switch-ivy

(hyaline, shiny), narrowly ovate to oblong, glabrous. Pistillate florets 47–78. Bisexual florets (7–) 11–20. Cypselae ridged, smooth. Phenology: Flowering

speciesAmpelopsis glandulosa (Wallich) Momiyama Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 78. 1971. Michael O. Moore†, Jun Wen Common names: Porcelainberry Introduced

genusErigeron speciesErigeron compactus S. F. Blake Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 78. 1922. Guy L. Nesom Common names: Fern-leaf fleabane EndemicConservation concern

Endemic Basionym: Erigeron nevadincola S. F. Blake Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 78. 1922, Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 280. Stems 14–22

Ambrosiinae genusIva speciesIva hayesiana A. Gray Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 78. 1876. John L. Strother Treatment appears in FNA Volume 21. Treatment on page

blackish to purplish), 6–7 mm. Cypselae obovate to oblong, 4–5 mm. 2n = 26, 78, 104. Phenology: Flowering May–Aug. Habitat: Oak barrens, road clearings,

blackish), 3.5–5.5 mm. Cypselae obovate to oblong, 3.5–4 mm. 2n = 26, 52, 78. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Jul(–Aug). Habitat: Oak wood, sandy soils Elevation:

speciesSolidago ulmifolia varietySolidago ulmifolia var. palmeri Cronquist Rhodora 49: 78. 1947. John C. Semple, Rachel E. Cook Common names: Palmer’s elm-leaf goldenrod

varietyCrataegus texana var. dasyphylla (Sargent) J. B. Phipps Phytoneuron 2012–78: 5. 2012. James B. Phipps Endemic Basionym: Crataegus dasyphylla Sargent Rep

species of Typha. Contr. New South Wales National. Herbarium. 4: (2): 57--78. Dahlgren, R. and H. T. Clifford. 1982. The monocotyledons: a comparative

taxonomic position of Suckleya suckleyana (Chenopodiaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 63–68. Suckleya suckleyana window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"family"

Williams, J. K. 2004. A revision of Capraria (Scrophulariaceae). Lundellia 7: 53–78. Capraria biflora, Capraria mexicana window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"family"

P. S. Soltis. 1991. Ownbey’s tragopogons: Forty years later. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 1586–1600. Ownbey, M. 1950c. Natural hybridization and amphiploidy in the

Tithymalus subsection Inundatae in the southeastern United States. Lundellia 5: 59–78. Euphorbia floridana, Euphorbia inundata, Euphorbia rosescens, Euphorbia telephioides

analyses and the origin of allopolyploid Polypodium virginianum. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 624--629. Haufler, C. H. and M. D. Windham. 1991. New species of North American

(secondary-veins protruding abaxially and adaxially). Catkins: staminate 21–78 × 9–14 mm, flowering branchlet 5–24 mm; pistillate moderately to very densely

Volume 20. Treatment on page 114. Mentioned on page 113. Plants (5–) 17–44 (–78) cm, usually more than 13 cm. Leaves: basal and proximalmost cauline usually

Neverfail lovegrass Treatment appears in FNA Volume 25. Treatment on page 78. Plants perennial; cespitose, with innovations and thickened or knotty plant

Basionym: Camptothecium megaptilum Sullivant Icon. Musc., suppl., 102, plate 78. 1874 Synonyms: Trachybryum megaptilum (Sullivant) W. B. Schofield Treatment

curved, edges parallel, 3.5–6.5 cm × 0.8–1.2 mm; valves glabrous; ovules 56–78 per ovary; style 0.1–0.4 mm. Seeds uniseriate, 1–1.2 × 0.7–1 mm; wing often

subsect. Grumosa speciesDelphinium sutherlandii M. J. Warnock Phytologia 78: 97. 1995. Michael J. Warnock Common names: Sutherland's larkspur Endemic

obtuse or acute; cauline (1 or) 2–5 pairs, short-petiolate or sessile, 33–78 × 4–10 mm, blade elliptic to oblanceolate, lanceolate or linear, base tapered

familyCyperaceae genusRhynchospora speciesRhynchospora wrightiana Boeckeler Flora 64: 78. 1881. Robert Kral Illustrated Basionym: Rhynchospora gracillima C. Wright

Basionym: Gaura demareei P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23(1): 78, figs. 21, 54. 1973 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 10. Herbs usually robust

(1.5–) 3–7 (–15) mm, equaling or longer than sepals; ovary inferior. 2n = 78, 80. Phenology: Flowering summer. Habitat: Rock outcrops, crevices, talus

glabrate or glabrous abaxially; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, 15–60 (–78) × 4–12 (–17) mm, blade spatulate to oblanceolate, base tapered, margins entire

serrate, apex obtuse to acute or mucronate; cauline 3 or 4 pairs, sessile, 28–78 × 3–7 mm, blade oblanceolate to lanceolate, base attenuate to clasping, margins

bigelovii A. Gray in W. H. Emory in W. H. Emory, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. 2(1): 78. 1859. Guy L. Nesom Common names: Bigelow’s fleabane Treatment appears in

terete, 6.5–12.5 cm × 1.8–2.2 mm; valves each with prominent midvein; ovules 78–96per ovary; style to 2 mm; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Seeds 1–1.6 × 0.7–1 mm

androcladum var. fluctuans Engelmann ex Morong Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 78. 1888 Treatment appears in FNA Volume 22. Plants limp, to more than 1 m long;

bruised). Stems 1–8+, erect or ascending, branched distally. Leaf-blades 5–78 × 3–18 mm. Heads radiate, (1–) 8–120 (–900), borne singly. Peduncles (5–)

broadly elliptic, 0.5–0.7 mm diam., finely reticulate. 2n = 26, 52, ca. 65, ca. 78. Phenology: Flowering late spring–summer. Habitat: Moist areas in woods, shaded

Coccineae speciesCrataegus holmesiana Ashe J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 16: 78. 1900. James B. Phipps Common names: Holmes’ hawthorn aubépine de Holmes Endemic

subspeciesSidalcea hickmanii subsp. viridis C. L. Hitchcock Perenn. Sp. Sidalcea, 78. 1957. Steven R. Hill Common names: Marin checkerbloom Conservation concernEndemic

H. Zander Basionym: Hymenostomum ligulifolium E. B. Bartram Bryologist 30: 78, fig. 6. 1927 (as ligulaefolium) Synonyms: Weissia andersoniana R. H. Zander

Phipps Endemic Basionym: Crataegus succincta Sargent Crataegus Missouri, 78. 1908 Synonyms: C. angustata Sargent Treatment appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment

FNA Volume 27. Treatment on page 77. Mentioned on page 64, 65, 67, 72, 73, 78. Plants slender and weak-stemmed, moderate-sized, flaccid and plumose when

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 6. Treatment on page 76. Mentioned on page 75, 77, 78, 81. Shrubs, erect or ± diffuse, forming rounded or irregular bush, (2–) 7

straight, proximal not decumbent; hairy or glabrescent. Leaves: blade (23–) 29–78.4 × 3–14.6 mm, widest intersinus distance 1.6–8.5 mm; proximal oblanceolate

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 78, 79. Plants 35–65 cm (forming clones; rhizomes subsuperficial, elongate, becoming

speciesSparganium androcladum (Engelmann) Morong Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 15: 78. 1888. Robert B. Kaul Common names: Rubanier rameux Endemic Basionym: Sparganium

speciesPleurochaete luteola (Bescherelle) Thériot Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 78(2): 14. 1926,. Patricia M. Eckel Basionym: Trichostomum luteolum Bescherelle

subsect. Echinata speciesDelphinium hutchinsoniae Ewan Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 78: 379. 1951. Michael J. Warnock Common names: Hutchinson's larkspur Hutchinson's

straight, edges parallel, (2.5–) 3–4.7 cm × 1.2–1.7 mm; valves glabrous; ovules 78–112 per ovary; style 0.1–0.5 mm. Seeds uniseriate to sub-biseriate, 1.1–1

acute. Flowers: buds with unequal free tips (4–) 8–10 (–12) mm; floral-tube (78–) 95–115 (–140) mm; sepals (45–) 50–65 (–75) mm; petals (40–) 50–65 (–68)

biosystematics of Cardamine bulbosa (Muhl.) B.S.P. and C. douglasii Britt. Rhodora 78: 329–419. Lihová, J. and K. Marhold. 2006. Phylogenetic and diversity patterns

thalictroides is common in Florida but rare elsewhere. It is tetraploid (n = 77, 78), the two cytotypes reproductively isolated. It can be distinguished from

The taxonomy of Potamogeton subsection Hybridi in North America. Rhodora. 78: 650--673. Potamogeton alpinus, Potamogeton amplifolius, Potamogeton bicupulatus

I. Morris. 1976. Systematics of Palafoxia (Asteraceae: Helenieae). Rhodora 78: 567–628. Palafoxia arida, Palafoxia callosa, Palafoxia feayi, Palafoxia hookeriana

populations of the apomictic vine Bryonia alba (Cucurbitaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 78: 1469–1481. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Bryonia"

south eastern Australia. Contr. New South Wales Natl. Herb., Fl. Ser. 211: 47--78. Arachniodes simplicior window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"family"

low to high elevations Generated Map Legacy Map File:V27 78-distribution-map.gif, File:V27 78-distribution-map.jpg Greenland, Alta., B.C., Man., N.B.,

geniculata. Field Problem report, Tropical Biology -- ---An Ecological Approach, 78-1. Organization for Tropical Studies, Inc., Costa Rica. Pp. 159--162. Kennedy

ca. 64, ca. 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, ca. 71, ca. 72, ca. 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, ca. 82, ca. 84, ca. 87, ca. 100. Generated Map Legacy Map Alaska, B.C

taxonomical revision of the family (final installment). Meded. Landbouwhoogeschool 78. Bolle, F. 1936. Resedaceae. In: H. G. A. Engler et al., eds. 1924+. Die Natürlichen

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 79. Mentioned on page 43, 78. Plants 30–90 cm (cespitose or densely clonal; caudices superficial, woody

Basionym: Chrysopsis canescens var. nana A. Gray Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci., n. s. 4: 78. 1849 Synonyms: Chrysopsis horrida Rydberg Heterotheca horrida (Rydberg) V

42, 44+f, ca. 48, 56, ca. 62, 63, ca. 66, ca. 68, 70, ca. 72, ca. 74, ca. 78, ca. 80, 81, 82, ca. 83, 84, ca. 86, ca. 87, ca. 88, ca. 90, ca. 91, 93, ca

mm; paleas glabrous. 2n = 42, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, ca. 65, ca. 66, 70, 78, 84, ca. 97. Poa secunda subsp. juncifolia is usually more robust than subsp

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 81. Mentioned on page 78, 79, 80. Plants 5–70 (–90) cm (± loosely clonal, sometimes clustered; rhizomes

Niveae speciesPotentilla subgorodkovii Jurtzev Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 78: 83. 1993. Reidar Elven, David F. Murray, Barbara Ertter Treatment appears

concealed by the lemma and palea at maturity. 2n = 18, 36, 45, 48, 52, 53, 54, 56, 78. Generated Map Legacy Map Puerto Rico, Tex., Fla., Pacific Islands (Hawaii)

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 20. Treatment on page 371. Mentioned on page 78, 81, 366, 367, 372. Plants 10–100 cm; in lax clones, eglandular; rhizomes

27, 35, 35, 37, 38, 42, 51, 52, 56, 60, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81. Poa pratensis subsp. colpodea is circumpolar. In the Flora region

42, 48, 50, 53, 56, 60, 63, 64, 65, 61, ca. 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92, 94. Poa pratensis subsp. alpigena is a circumpolar

mm; fila­ments (16–) 20–30 (–35) mm, anthers (10–) 12–17 (–20) mm; style (78–) 100–150 (–185) mm. Capsules straight, cylindrical to, sometimes, lanceoloid-cylindrical

variation in Haplopappus section Oönopsis (Asteraceae). [Abstract.] Amer. J. Bot. 78(6, suppl.): 185. Oönopsis engelmannii, Oönopsis foliosa, Oönopsis multicaulis

Triticeae) inferred from variation in repeated nucleotide sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 78:871-884. Leymus ambiguus, Leymus angustus, Leymus arenarius, Leymus californicus

Farwell, O.A. 1919. Bromelica (Thurber): A new genus of grasses. Rhodora 21:76-78 Hempel, W. 1970. Taxonomische und chorologische Untersuchungen an Arten von

the allotetraploid origin of Marshallia mohrii (Asteraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 408–416. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Marshallia"

Puccinellia agrostidea, Puccinellia bruggemannii, Puccinellia poacea. Pp. 78-82 in A.E. Porsild. The Vascular Plants of the Western Canadian Arctic Archipelago

linear-lanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, 1.5–5.5 cm × 1.5–10 mm; pistillate florets 47–78; bisexual florets (7–)11–20 Pseudognaphalium micradenium 5 Leaves crowded

revision of Pectis section Pectothrix (Compositae: Tageteae). Rhodora 79: 32–78. Keil, D. J. 1977b. Chromosome studies in North and Central American species

anatomical characteristics of the Marantaceae. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 58: 55--78. Maranta, Thalia window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[];

A total-evidence approach using RAPD DNA and DNA sequences. Canad. J. Bot. 78:1505-1513 Vickery, J.W. 1975. Echinochloa Beauv. Pp. 189-211 in J.W. Vickery

Caulanthus flavescens 16 Filaments in 3 unequal pairs; fruits 6.5-12.5 cm; ovules 78-96 per ovary. Caulanthus hallii

Somatic chromosome numbers for some North American species of Juncus L. Rhodora 78: 727--738. Holmen, K. and H. Mathiesen. 1953. Luzula wahlenbergii in Greenland

from the Eurasian plants are elusive. The chromosome number in Europe is 2n = 78. None. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Trichophorum"

of the grass subfamily Arundinoideae in New Zealand. New Zealand J. Bot. 1:78-136. Rytidosperma biannulare, Rytidosperma penicillatum, Rytidosperma racemosum

histogenesis and apical meristems of Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Acta Bot. Indica 3: 68–78. None. "broader" is not a number.window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus"

and morphology for the rare Hasteola robertiorum (Asteraceae). Phytologia 78: 246–248. None. window.propertiesFromHigherTaxa=[{"rank":"genus","name":"Hasteola"

> 77 77 Alar cells inflated. > 78 78 Stems erect, hyalodermis present; alar cells hyaline, in auricles. Calliergonella 78 Stems prostrate, hyalodermis absent;

North American arctic species. It is locally common in Greenland to about 78° N latitude; it is uncommon in Canada, where it is found primarily in the

in natural populations of Leavenworthia crassa (Cruciferae). Amer. J. Bot. 78: 270–287. None. "elongated" is not a number."thick" is not a number."dm" is

glabrous, intercostal regions glabrous. 2n = 41-45, 48-59, 62, 64-74, 76, 78, 80, 81, 84-90, 95. More than 60 cultivars of Poa pratensis have been released

based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequences. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 94: 56–78. Warwick, S. I., C. A. Sauder, and I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships

vegetation associates of columnar cacti in the northern Sonoran Desert. Vegetatio 78: 125–140. Parker, K. C. 1988b. Growth rates of Stenocereus thurberi and Lophocereus

3-rayed trichomes > 13 13 Petals 4-5 mm; fruits 0.8-1.2 mm wide; ovules 56-78 per ovary; cauline leaf blades with auricles 0.5-1.5 mm; basal leaf blade

Stability and instability in plant communities following fire. Amer. J. Bot. 78: 364--368. Andrews, J. T., ed. 1985. Quaternary Environments: Eastern Canadian

(1965) counted 138 endemics in 70 large- and intermediate-size genera and 78 relict genera for the California Inyo and Mojave regions. The Mojave Desert

along the Pacific Coast from the tip of Baja California to Point Barrow have 78 species, and the marshes of Hudson Bay contain 28 species (B.L. Haines and