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1/2, free from ovary 1–1.5 mm, green, yellowish green, or pinkish green; sepals 5, green, yellowish green, or pinkish green; petals 5, white; nectary tissue

appressed sheath, 1-leaved at apex. Leaves: blade nearly erect, olive green with dark green mottling, oblongelliptic, abaxially keeled, 12–32 × 3.5–5.5 cm, succulent

units less than 10 mm diam. Flowers: tepals greenish, greenish white, or pinkish green, striate, drying to tan, ± equal, 3.5–7 mm, rather rigid; style 1 mm;

flattened, whitish hairs along veins; petioles of basal leaves pinkish green or reddish green, ca. equaling or longer than blade, thick, fleshy, those of

fascicle, base stipelike; perianth nonaccrescent in fruit, whitish green or pinkish green, campanulate, glabrous; tepals 6, distinct, sepaloid, dimorphic

trigyna 3 Plants perennial herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs; tepals green, greenish white, pinkish green, or white with reddish base, drying tan, striate, 3.5-6(-7)

lax in shade-forms to quite compact and stiff in open-grown forms; green to pinkish green to reddish purple; forms lawns in shaded habitats and low to moderately

ascending, 1–2 mm. Flowers 1–5 per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth pinkish green proximally, roseate distally, glabrous, not glandular-punctate, scarcely

Staphylea differ in their floral biology: the flowers of S. trifolia are pinkish green (sepals) and campanulate with barely exserted stamens and styles; those

equal, apex acute. Flowers campanulate, 6–8 mm; tepals erect, white or pinkish with green midribs, becoming reddish purple, broadly elliptic-oblong, ± equal

capitulum; green, whitish, pale, yellow-green to light brownish, rarely dark-colored. Stems green, brown, dark-brown to occasionally pinkish in parts, superficial

fertile > 52 48 Anther thecae green, staminal filaments hairy; Arizona Guardiola 48 Anther thecae dark or pale (not green), staminal filaments not hairy;

glandular-bristly > 13 11 Pedicels not glandular; sepals green or greenish brown; petals cream to pinkish. Ribes rubrum 11 Pedicels stipitate-glandular; sepals

662. Plants small to large, in open to dense turfs or gregarious, green, yellow-green, pink, or red. Stems 0.1–2 (–3) cm, gemmiform to evenly foliate, not

usually scarious, erose, hyaline or not, (apices usually with a well-defined green zone, sometimes ± foliaceous), faces glabrous or hairy, sometimes stipitate-glandular

from or 1/4–3/4 adnate to ovary, free to 0.5 mm, usually green, rarely purplish; sepals 5, green, sometimes reddish at tips; petals 5 (absent or 1–5 in M

Judy Jernstedt Common names: Soap plant amole Etymology: Greek chloros, green, and gala, milk, alluding to the lather-producing juice of the bulbs Basionym:

usually borne singly; ray florets 100–200(–300+), corollas yellow (drying pinkish) Tussilago 11 Heads usually in corymbiform, paniculiform, or racemiform

Mentioned on page 130, 139. Plants small to medium-sized, green or yellow-green, often with pinkish or reddish tinge. Stems evenly foliate, innovations and

lobes 4–13, white to yellow or orange-yellow (rarely pinkish), 0.5–8 mm. Fruits indehiscent, green or red, spheric, ellipsoid, ovoid to narrowly fusiform

(–30) × 1.5–5 cm; bracts proximally green or deep purple, distally red, crimson, scarlet, pink, pinkish purple, pinkish red, or yellow, sometimes rose magenta

oblong. Flowers resupinate, maroon-purple, yellowish green to dark green, blue-green, or pinkish tan; dorsal sepal ovate-elliptic, elliptic-obovate, linear-elliptic

often attenuate), 2–14 mm diam. Phyllaries 3–15 in 1 series, (yellow green or green to purple or blackish) subulate or linear to lanceolate or elliptic

[–12] -merous; sepals distinct and spurred or slightly connate basally, (green), equal or strongly unequal; petals spreading or erect at anthesis, usually

(–5+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 7–15+ in 2–3 (–4+) series, (usually green) 2–3-nerved, or not notably nerved, or pinnately nerved, elliptic, lanceolate

3 2 Tepals 2 cm or longer, white to pink or pinkish purple. > 4 3 Leaves whorled proximally; tepals pinkish to purplish; s California. Fritillaria brandegeei

hypanthium free from ovary except at base, yellow-green to pinkish; sepals 5, yellow-green to pinkish; petals 5, white, veins prominently colored, (spatulate

Treatment on page 132. Mentioned on page 130. Plants small, green, yellow-green, or golden green. Stems gemmiform to evenly foliate, often in 2 or more clumps

small to large, as scattered individuals or open to dense turfs or cushions, green, silver, white, golden, or red, often more than one color. Stems sometimes

decumbens and T. reliquum). Bracts on mature plants in whorl of 3, uniformly green or mottled, foliaceous, petiolate or sessile, venation palmate-reticulate

puberulent, or stellate-hairy. Sidalcea candida 12 Petals pale pink, pinkish rose, pink, or pinkish lavender, dark rose-pink, or magenta, not drying yellowish,

foliaceous), margins narrowly scarious (seldom herbaceous), often ciliolate (green zones ± basally truncate), in distal 1/3–3/4 of phyllary (outer) to less

outer tepals green to reddish or purplish, linear to lanceolate or narrowly oblong, 50–60 × 4.5–6 mm, margins entire; inner tepals white to pinkish, 60–75 ×

apices obtuse to aristate). Florets 6–35; corollas pale-yellow, yellow-green, pinkish lavender, or maroon, 4.5–6 mm. Cypselae 2.7–5.5 mm, glabrous or strigose

Flowers: hypanthium completely adnate to ovary, green to pinkish purple; sepals 5, greenish to pinkish purple; petals 5, white to pink; nectary tissue

fleshy, apex rounded to obtuse. Bracts proximally green or reddish brownish, distally whitish, rarely pinkish or cream, on lobe apices; lobes ascending, oblong

to densely hairy (hairs appressed to ascending). Stems usually yellowish green (usually not branched). Basal leaves: petioles 0–15 cm; blades (3-) or 5-nerved

7 (–9), green, calyx lobes lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, much longer than tube; petals (5–) 7 (–9), corolla white to pink, rose, or pinkish lavender

unisexual, (1–) 4–30 per ocreate fascicle, base stipelike; perianth green, pinkish, or red, campanulate, glabrous; tepals (5–) 6, connate proximally, sepaloid

to yellowish or pink to pinkish purple, 4–7 mm; galea white or cream to yellowish with purple spots at base, or pink to pinkish purple, 2–5.5 mm, beaked

leaves), finely glandular-ciliate. Flowers: hypanthium green or greenish white to white or pinkish, narrowly tubular or campanulate to rotate, 1.4–5.5 (–6

adaxially, glabrous; blade maculate, dull and light green abaxially, shiny and green to dark green with white achlorophyllous tissue bordering larger veins

diffuse or short taproots. Stems unsegmented, gray-blue, gray-green, yellow-green, or grass green, flat-topped spheric to short cylindric, 4–40 (–45) [–250]

bearing rosettes. Leaves alternate, erect to spreading, sessile; blade green, glaucous or not, not pruinose, oblanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, subterete

blades (0.3-)0.5-0.8 cm, sparsely floccose to glabrate and bright green or olive green adaxially; plants matted herbs; Scott Mountain and Mt. Eddy region

with thickened, overlapping scales. Oxalis triangularis 5 Leaflets usually green, sometimes purplish to deep purple abaxially, lobes apically convex or leaflets

Plants erect, to 6 dm. Leaves to 3 cm × 3 mm × 2 mm. Flowers: sepals green, often pinkish to reddish, ovate to elliptic-ovate, 6–8 mm; petals pale-pink to

crowded on short-shoots; stipules green, 0.5–1.5 mm on long-shoot leaves, smaller on fascicled leaves; blade dark green, linear-oblanceolate, (2–) 3–10 (–13)

stipitate-glandular. Flowers: sepals reflexed, ± ovate; petals white to pinkish, rarely orange-spotted, ovate to oblong, narrowly to broadly clawed, 2.5–4

corolla exceeding calyx, campanulate to subrotate, usually rose to pale-pink, pinkish mauve, or mauve, rarely white; staminal column ± included; filaments terminal

closed to near the apices, translucent, pale pinkish brown; collars inconspicuous; ligules acute; blades pinkish brown. Sheaths of aerial leaves usually closed

long-exserted, adaxially green to yellowish, sometimes aging pinkish, 10–15 mm; abaxial lip white or yellow, sometimes partly green, darkening with age, only

Pedicels present (absent in L. maritima). Flowers: sepals 5 (–9), green or whitish to pinkish, calyx deeply lobed, lobes usually lanceolate, ovate, or deltate

9–14 mm diam Erigeron tweedyi 1 Leaves 1–7 mm wide, gray-green and strigose or strigillose, or green and sparsely strigose to glabrate or glabrous; involucres

outer sepals are usually green, unless otherwise stated, although it is relatively common for some sepals to be whitish, pinkish, or purplish red marginally

(–2.5) dm, dioecious. Stems green to olive green, glabrous; internodes terete, 5–20 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Leaves green to olive green, scalelike; blade triangular

(margins ± interlocking), lanceolate to linear, equal, margins ± scarious (tips green or with minute dark spots). Receptacles flat to convex, ± foveolate or smooth

bracts proximally green or deep purple, distally bright red to red-orange, crimson, or scarlet, rarely yellow, orange, rose, magenta, or pinkish red, 5 (–7)

persistent, sometimes deciduous, hairs rufous; blade paler abaxially, dull blue-green, usually slightly glaucous, rarely faintly shiny adaxially, leaflets 7–13

[taller in Mexican species]. Roots diffuse. Stem unsegmented, dark green or gray-green, hemispheric or depressed-spheric [to spheric or short cylindric]

substrates, 1–6 (–16) cm. Stems ascending or prostrate, branched. Leaves reddish green; stipules lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins dentate, apex acute; petiole 0

reproduction. Leaves 2 (1 in nonflowering plants), basal, ± petiolate; blade green or mottled with purple, brown, or white, lanceolate to ovate (wider if solitary)

yellow to orange or pinkish, aging pink to red, outer filaments sometimes fused into staminal ring; style and stigma lobes pinkish; ovary usually flattened

Treatment on page 130. Mentioned on page 131. Plants small or large, pale green to red-green. Stems gemmiform to evenly foliate, sometimes in 2 or more clumps

4–8 mm. Flowers: sepals deciduous, green, subulate, 2–2.5 × 0.4–0.5 mm, glabrous; petals white or whitish, with pinkish or red distally, obovate, 5–6 × 1

orbiculate, spatulate, or obovate, or cuneate to linear pink, or rose to pinkish lavender; stamens 5, usually connate basally; gynoecium 3-carpellate; styles

basally; petals yellow, brown, purple, lavender, white, yellowish green, or, rarely, pinkish, linear to oblanceolate, (often channeled and crisped, rarely

absent or present; bracteoles absent. Flowers: sepals 4, calyx entirely green or more often conspicuously colored distally, usually as in bracts, contrasting

Flowers: calyx lobes appressed or spreading in fruit, green or pinkish with margins hyaline to white or pinkish, triangular to triangular-ovate, 1.4–5.5 (–5.8)

tips), green or greenish brown, broadly deltate-ovate (abruptly narrowed to slender base), 2–2.5 mm; petals widely separated, erect, cream to pinkish, cuneate-flabellate

cream; style pinkish; stigma lobes whitish to pale-yellow. Fruits proliferating, forming long, branching, pendent chains, at maturity gray-green, often stipitate

Phyllaries green or pinkish to purplish, linear to lanceolate, 5–6 mm, apices acuminate (faces glabrous or puberulent). Corollas usually pinkish to purplish

bicolored (lobes yellow, pinkish, or purple). > 52 52 Corollas yellow. Erythranthe carsonensis 52 Corollas white to light lavender, pinkish, rosy, or purplish

filaments green or yellow; anthers yellow; style light green or cream-white (rarely pinkish) apically; stigma lobes cream-white to yellow. Fruits green to yellowish

often more developed on sepals, basal, green, usually hidden but occasionally exposed and forming visible green star at adaxial base of perianth; sepals

to ovary in proximal 1/2, free 2–3 mm, green; sepals 5, greenish; petals 5, greenish white or cream to pinkish red (sometimes drying dark red); nectary

scarlet red, rarely pinkish or white, ovate or suborbiculate, 13–24 mm; stamens 40–50, equal to petals. Pomes yellow or yellowish green, globose or ovoid

substrate. Roots taproots. Stems unsegmented, usually gray-green or blue-green to dark green [yellow-green in L. diffusa of Mexico], usually flat-topped and cryptic

> 20 17 Leaf blades lanceolate to lance-ovate, 4-15(-25) cm, villous and green on both surfaces; Sierra Nevada and Great Basin region, Tulare and Mono counties

usually absent at flowering time. Inflorescences 4–18 cm; floral bracts green to reddish-brown, lanceolate, 15–20 (–25) mm. Flowers 9–50, coral to orange-red;

oblong, or lanceolate, cupshaped, ± fleshy, apex rounded. Bracts proximally green or brownish purple, distally pink to purple on lobe apices; lobes ascending

revolute), faces bicolor, abaxial usually silvery, tomentose, adaxial usually green, glabrate or glabrous. Heads disciform, usually in terminal clusters (subtended

Treatment appears in FNA Volume 3. Shrubs or trees, evergreen. Bark gray [pinkish, purplish, or maroon-brown], smooth with small, wartlike lenticels. Leaves

(1–) 2 series, erect, distinct, ± linear, subequal, margins scarious (tips green to brown or reddish, not blackened). Receptacles flat, foveolate (socket

sessile or short-petiolate, becoming scarcely smaller distally; blade green or yellow-green, often glaucous, ovate to obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, 2–11

membranous, bases not indurate, margins hyaline, chartaceous, erose, with green zones along midveins, lance-linear distally (apices acute), abaxial faces

5–10 cm. Stems ascending or prostrate, branched. Leaves usually green, sometimes reddish green; stipules triangular, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins entire, apex acute;

5–3 cm. Stems ascending or prostrate, branched. Leaves usually green, sometimes reddish green; stipules ovatelanceolate, 1 mm, margins irregularly toothed

deep green, to 3 mm wide. Spathe (1.8–) 2–4 cm. Flowers erect; perianth white, sometimes pinkish abaxially, subrotate, 3–4.5 cm; perianth-tube green, 0.1–0

mat-forming; twigs of previous year green, terete, puberulent, not verrucose. Leaf-blades pale and glandular abaxially, bright green adaxially, elliptic to obovate

scabroso-hirsute to cinereo-puberulent, or villous distally. Leaves (light to dark green) thick and often stiff (margins flat, sometimes undulate), scabrous; basal

Phyllaries: outer acute to acuminate-aristate. Florets: corollas white to pinkish, actinomorphic, ± equal. Cypselae ± terete or compressed; pappi 0, coroniform

tawny, or brownish (opaque or hyaline, dull or shiny; stereomes usually green, usually sessile-glandular distally), unequal, usually chartaceous toward

indurate 1/4–1/2, margins scarious, erose, hyaline, sparsely ciliolate, green zones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, outer sometimes foliaceous (particularly

all alike; petals ascending or spreading, distinct, white or greenish to pinkish or purple [red]; calyx and corolla not circumscissile in fruit; nectaries

greenish or yellow-green. Chrysosplenium 2 Sepals 5(-6); petals (1-)4-5 or absent; stamens 3, 5(-6), or 10; hypanthia usually green, greenish, white, cream

in dense cushions, sometimes turfs, or rarely gregarious, pale green-silver, pinkish, or yellow-silver. Stems 0.4–2 cm, sometimes julaceous, strongly

sometimes tinted with magenta) or “green” color phase (pale green or yellow-green, sometimes exposed parts brownish green, pinkish, bright-yellow, dull orange

cross-section, 1.5–6 dm, ± robust, glabrous. Bracts sessile; blade bright green, lacking dark pigmentation, major veins prominent, broadly rhombic to ovate-rhombic

many branched. Roots diffuse or adventitious along stems. Stems segmented, green, segments leaflike, narrowly elongate-oblanceolate, terete or 3-angled in

glabrous. Bracts very short-petiolate, subsessile or sessile; blade dark green with maroon undertones when young, not mottled, 3–5 major veins from base

maculate, sometimes not maculate, dull and light green to purplish abaxially, dull or shiny and green to dark green, usually with white tissue bordering larger

often adventitious along stem internodes. Stems segmented, green, blue-green, gray-green, or somewhat whitish with wax; segments elongate, 3-winged or

4–20 mm, channeled adaxially, glabrous; blade dull and light green abaxially, shiny and green adaxially, (10–) 20–47 (–58) × 7–28 (–35) mm, base rounded

apex short-acuminate or acute, abaxial surfaces green, sparsely pilose-strigose, adaxial dark green, intensely shiny, not glaucous, flat or scarcely bulging

abaxially, tomentose or canescent and grayish, subglabrous, or glabrous and green adaxially, margins often revolute. Inflorescences cymose, infrequently cymose-umbellate

29–38), or tardily dehiscent (D. pictus). Seeds 100–2000, yellow to olive green or dark-brown, ovoid to oblong, flattened, wings absent. x = 8, 9, 10. w

Herbs, submersed, 1.5–5 cm. Stems ascending or prostrate, branched. Leaves green; stipules lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins dentate, apex acute; petiole 0

series, whitish [stramineous, orange, reddish, or pinkish] (opaque or hyaline, usually shiny; stereomes green, usually sessile-glandular distally). Receptacles

or near base of peduncle/pedicel. Flowers urn-shaped; sepals pinkish, suffused with green, oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm, margins not expanded, thick, not

substrates, 0.5–3 (–5) cm. Stems ascending or prostrate, branched. Leaves reddish green; stipules lanceolate, 0.5–0.6 mm, margins dentate, apex acute; petiole (0–)

lance-linear to linear, subequal, margins scarious (apices greenish or yellow-green). Receptacles convex, foveolate (socket margins ± membranous), epaleate.

short-lived perennials, 4–80 cm; fibrous-rooted, caudices simple. Stems erect (green proximally, leafy to arrays), hirsuto-villous to villous proximally, loosely

secondary branches not suppressed except in terminal clusters of involucres, green to reddish; bracts 2, similar to proximal leaf-blades only reduced, short-petiolate

Mentioned on page 247, 250. Plants forming dense mats, usually grayish green, sometimes reddish, inconspicuously glandular, not resinously aromatic. Stems

corymbiform arrays, bracts leafy or much reduced. Peduncles 0–7 cm. Involucres (green to purple), hemispheric or campanulate, 1.5–3 × 2–5 cm, glabrous or puberulent

usually dark purple at nodes, usually otherwise greenish, rarely purplish green, usually solid, rarely ± hollow near bases, glabrous proximally, ± glandular-puberulent

to oblong, equal, margins scarious (glabrous or villous, apices usually green or slightly darkened, seldom blackish). Receptacles flat to convex, smooth

or crown-forming; twigs ± terete, pilose. Leaf-blades pale green abaxially, lustrous dark green adaxially, narrowly ovate, 21–29 × 8–12 mm, coriaceous, margins

stipitate-glandular. Flowers: hypanthium white to greenish white with pink tinge, or pinkish white, narrowly tubular, tube widest at base and near throat, 5–9 (–9.4)

or present, 8–12+ cm diam. Roots diffuse. Stems unsegmented, green to bluish or blue-green, columnar, [0.5–] 3–10 m × [2.8–] 5–8 cm, glabrous; ribs 3–30

or proximally few-lobed, main spines 2–5 (–7) mm, slender, abaxial faces green to gray, glabrous or thinly to densely arachnoid-tomentose, sometimes glabrate

deep-seated in substrate. Roots diffuse. Stems unsegmented, gray-green to yellowish or bronze-tinted green, spheric to short cylindric, 5–10 (–24) × (1.8–) 2.5–6

surface pale green or grayish green and glaucous, appressed-villosulous to tomentulose, especially along veins, adaxial surface dark green, dull, appressed-villosulous

caroliniana 7 Plant base shallowly set; leaf base dull, straw-colored, green, or pinkish; spikes ovoid to ellipsoid, blunt; leaves in fans, broadly linear,

abruptly contracted to peduncles. Phyllaries usually 21, green or yellowish green (tips sometimes pinkish), 4–10 mm. Ray-florets (13–) 21+; corolla laminae 5–9+

rounded or slightly angular), rather rigid, blue-green to light yellow-green, abaxial surface darker green with stomatal bands very narrow or absent, adaxial

from offsets in M. thornberi and M. prolifera). Stems unsegmented, green to gray-green, sometimes purplish under stress, spheric to cylindric or turbinate

pilose-villous styles that are sometimes green proximally and reddish distally, with the stigmas sometimes dark green. None. Ribes inerme var. inerme, Ribes

obovate to round-obovate; involucres 0.8-1.8 × 0.5-1.2 mm; perianths white to pinkish; flowering stems not fistulose; ec California, c and ne Nevada, c Utah Eriogonum

North America Association Bulbs slender, 25–40 mm. Leaves 6–15 cm; blade green, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, margins ± wavy. Scape 7–20 cm. Inflorescences

narrowly obtuse. Calyces proximally green, sometimes purple or pinkish, distally yellow to light orange, dull green, or colored as bracts, 11–28 mm; abaxial

glabrous; glands 4, usually green, sometimes reddish purple, oblong to nearly circular, 0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.5 mm; appendages white or pinkish, ovate to broadly elliptic

and 5-14 awns, apex acute; surfaces abaxially pale green to gray, tomentose, adaxially glossy dark green, glabrous, secondary-veins raised on both surfaces

open colonies, 1.4–10 dm; twigs bright green, ± angled, hairy in lines. Leaves persistent for 1+ years; blade green, elliptic, 5–9 × 3–5 mm, coriaceous,

sessile or subsessile (occasionally weakly cuneate basally); blade dark green with maroon overtones early, ovate-rhombic, 12–20 × 8–15 cm, apex acuminate

ciliate. Flowers: calyx green; corolla: tube pink to pinkish purple; galea pink to pinkish purple; abaxial lip pink to pinkish purple. 2n = 16. Phenology:

of North America Association Plants normally unbranched. Stems pale gray-green to bright gray-blue, flat-topped or hemispheric and deep-seated in substrate

campanulate, 0.8–1.6 × 0.7–1.3 mm, glabrous or pilose; glands 4, yellow-green to pink or maroon, circular to oblong, 0.2–0.4 × 0.2–0.5 mm; appendages white

spreading, distinct, sessile, subulate, 4–7 mm, thin distally. Fruits green or purplish green, fragrance unknown, ovoid to globose, pulpy, juicy. Phenology: Flowering

light pink), midstripes pinkish to brown or brownish green, proximally white, 8–12 × 1.5–3 mm; outer filaments white or pinkish; anthers bright-yellow;

tube 40–55% of perianth length; tepals incurved, yellow-green with yellow to green, rarely pinkish, margins, sepaloid, ± keeled, narrowly oblong, cucullate;

pale yellow-green, 7–12 × 2.5–4 mm; outer filaments whitish to pale yellow-green; anthers yellow to orange-yellow; stigma lobes 4–8, green, 0.5–1.5 mm

defined, or stem sometimes tuberculate. Spines 12–16 (–28) per areole, pinkish brown and/or straw colored, often imparting appearance of dried grass clump

branched). Herbage sparsely to densely hairy (hairs spreading). Stems mostly green to purplish. Basal leaves: petioles 4–20 cm; blades (1-), 3-nerved, or 5-nerved

Leaves without resinous odor; rosette 20–40-leaved, 7–25 cm diam.; blade green, appearing whitish, linear, terete or subterete, base flattened, 6–15 (–23)

shorter than leaves at flowering, glabrate, or apically villous. Phyllaries green or medially rosy purple, often purple-black spotted or blotched, with or

to 1 m; rachillae 11–31 cm, stiff. Flowers white; anthers pinkish. Fruits ripening from green through red to purplish black at maturity, dorsiventrally

spreading; older twigs with copper-colored, shreddy bark, twigs of current season green, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Leaves alternate or seemingly whorled at ends

distal parts, often becoming glabrescent at maturity. Stems usually erect, green or reddish purple, branched, mainly in inflorescences, to nearly simple proximally

glabrate or apically ± villous to lanate. Phyllaries ± stramineous proximally, green, often purple-black blotched or spotted, or with a purple-black midstripes

Sepals light blue to lavender. Delphinium lineapetalum 2 Sepals rose to pinkish or yellow > 3 3 Sepals magenta to rose. Delphinium purpusii 3 Sepals yellow

tan, pale pinkish gray, or reddish-brown (rarely stramineous), tips dark bright pinkish brown, reddish-brown, dark-brown, orangebrown, or pinkish orange on

current season pale green, often finely glandular-hairy (hairs reddish). Leaves: petiole 1–2 mm; blade pale green abaxially, green adaxially, ovate to

purple-tinged (apices obtuse to acuminate). Florets 16–30; corollas pale yellow-green to pinkish lavender, 4.7–8 mm. Cypselae 4–5 mm. 2n = 18. Phenology: Flowering

greenish or pinkish yellow, broadly campanulate, 4–5.5 mm, short-stipitate-glandular proximally, medium stipitate-glandular distally; sepals erect, green-tipped

18–55; corollas ochroleucous or white (rarely pinkish), 8–9 (–10.5) mm; anthers 2–2.5 mm. Cypselae pale green to light-brown, 5–7 (–9) mm; pappi 6–7 mm. 2n

elliptic-lanceolate or ovatelanceolate, 5–19 × 1.5–6 cm. Flowers 1 (–2); sepals white or green; dorsal sepal suborbiculate to obovate-orbiculate, rarely elliptic, 11–20

blade not maculate or, sometimes, maculate, dull and light green abaxially, glossy and green adaxially, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to ovate or lanceolate-oblong

strong, often considered unpleasant or rancid, 5–17 mm diam.; hypanthium green to red, obconic, 2–6 mm, glabrous or hairy; sepals 5, erect or ascending

margins and surface hairy, hairs rufous; blade paler abaxially, shiny, green to dark green adaxially, leaflets 7–11, opposite or subopposite, lanceolate, sometimes

cross-section, ca. 2/3 as wide as length of scalelike leaves. Leaves green to light green, abaxial glands elliptic to ovate, at least 1/4 of glands (on whip

distinctively cinnamon-colored, papery-layered; young stem internodes yellowish green, 1.5–7 (–15) mm (marked with slender paired decurrent grooves), finely hirtellous

sheaths brown or lightly tinged with pinkish red, spongy-thickened; ligules as long as wide; blades pale to mid green, flat to broadly V-shaped, widest leaves

apex acute; peduncle and rachis glandular-pubescent. Flowers green, purple-brown, to pinkish tan; pedicel slender, 6–7 mm, glabrous; sepals strongly reflexed;

spiraled and distichous, dense, red to purple-black, slender, initially yellow-green strigose. Leaves persistent; petiole 1–4 mm, strigose; blade obovate to broadly

unequal, bases indurate (appressed), margins ciliate to scabro-ciliate, green zones diamond-shaped to lanceolate, ± foliaceous distally, apices reflexed

indurate 1/3–3/4, margins narrowly scarious to apices, erose, hyaline, ciliate, green zones lanceolate, apices acute to acuminate, mucronulate, faces (outer) sparsely

fleshy. Stems 1–2-branched, solid, 2–6 dm. Leaves: basal with blade green to grayish green, often purplish basally, centrally thickened in mature leaves, prominently

outer tepals fringed (or entire); inner tepals pinkish to creamy white, with prominent, broad, pinkish salmon to light-brown midstripes, 4.5–7 (–9) mm;

mm, apex acute or obtuse; filaments white or pinkish; anthers red or purple; nectar scales white, pinkish white, or yellow, square. Carpels spreading in

branches ascending, 5–20 cm, lanate, glabrescent. Leaf-blades (pale green abaxially, bright green, glaucous adaxially), obovate to oval or orbiculate, 1.5–4.5

well above ground, sessile; blade light green or bronze-green, strongly mottled in dark green with central light green stripe, mottling becoming obscure with

hermaphroditic (sometimes pistillate in subsp. bracteata). Leaves bright green (sometimes darker green in subsp. californica), not glaucous, thin, not leathery, not

low open turfs, green or rarely pinkish red. Stems 2–4 (–6) cm, fertile stems comose, innovations evenly foliate. Leaves green, yellow-green, or rarely red

21–41 per areole, ashy white, gray, or pale tan, tips of largest spines pinkish tan to reddish-brown or reddish black, all straight; radial spines 15–41

vertically elongate or contorted, walls very sinuous. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, 3–6, basally sheathing, sheaths not extending much above soil

Mentioned on page 272, 274. Plants 20–60 cm; self-incompatible (herbage gray-green, pleasantly scented). Stems simple or branched (branches 1–6, ± ascending

undulate; areoles 5–8.5 mm apart. Spines 11–20 per areole, straight, white, pinkish gray, pale-pink, dark-brown, or purplish black, tipped brown, central spines

obtuse, abaxial surfaces initially yellowish tomentose-villous, adaxial dark green, dull or slightly shiny, not glaucous, bulging slightly between lateral-veins

slender, pinkish brown, glabrous. Buds orangebrown, 3–6mm, apex rounded. Leaves (0.8–) 1.5–2 (–2.5) cm, 4-angled in cross-section, rigid, blue-green, bearing

orange, or yellow-green, proximally reflective, mirroring anthers, 11–25 × 1.8–2.8 mm; outer filaments white, pale-pink, or white with pinkish distal 1/2, not

to broadly elliptic, 5–16 × 1.5–6.5 cm. Flowers 3–18 (–22); sepals yellow-green to pale brownish yellow; dorsal sepal elliptic, 14–20 × 7–13 mm; lateral

blade bright green, elliptic to lanceolate. Scape 4–7 dm. Flowers: perianth white to creamy white, sometimes tipped with orange or pinkish orange, campanulate

blade lanceolate. Flowers nodding; tepals pinkish to purplish, oblong-lanceolate, 1.2–2 cm; nectaries green with reddish margins, lanceolate, 1/3 tepal

Leaves basal, clustered at rhizome tips; petiole 15–30 cm; leaflets 3, green, broadly obcordate, 20–40 (–60) mm, lobed 1/6–1/4 length, lobes apically

narrowly ovoid, 40–70 mm, often forming sessile offsets. Leaves 18–35 cm; blade green, elliptic to oblanceolate, margins wavy. Scape 25–40 cm. Inflorescences 1–4

Peduncles 2–20 mm. Involucres 5–10 mm. Phyllaries green to stramineous. Florets 15–25; corollas pale-yellow to pinkish lavender, 5–7 mm. Cypselae 4–5.5 mm. 2n =

blade green, obovate to oblong or spatulate, 1.5–4 × 0.6–1.5 cm, apex rounded, pilose-sericeous abaxially. Inflorescences: heads white or pinkish, subglobose

Mentioned on page 155. Bulbs narrowly ovoid, 40–60 mm. Leaves 10–35 cm; blade green, lanceolate, margins ± wavy. Scape 12–40 cm. Inflorescences 1–8-flowered

158. Mentioned on page 155. Bulbs slender, 25–40 mm. Leaves 6–17 cm; blade green, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, ± folded along midvein, margins entire

in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 137. Plants small, green or yellow-green, often with pinkish tinge. Stems 0.4–2 (–3) cm; rhizoids brown. Leaves imbricate

fragile-walled, unornamented. Krapovickasia 13 Corollas yellow; calyces green-membranous at maturity; mericarps indurate, laterally reticulate-walled,

occasionally emarginate or mucronulate, abaxial surface pale green, adaxial surface light to bright green, both surfaces glabrous; venation obscure. Cyathia solitary

greenish yellow, usually with ± sharply defined midstripes of pinkish, brown, or brownish green, sometimes purplish-pink distally, margins and proximal portion

ascending to erect (straight), bluish yellowish green, often red-tinged, ± succulent, glabrous. Leaves bluish (green) thin, sometimes ± fleshy, margins usually

Flowers: hypanthium campanulate, 1–2 mm, ± equaling sepals; sepals yellow-green or pinkish, 1–2 mm, base flattened, glandular-viscid; petals persistent, alternate

connate basally, green, broadly triangular, equal, ca. 2 × 1 mm, apex acute, (glandular-pubescent); petals spreading, distinct, white with pinkish midvein, lanceolate

sepals, sparsely hairy. Pedicels green or red tinged, 1–1.5 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy; bracteoles 2–6 (in pairs), dark green or red tinged, ovate, 1–2 mm

petiole 0.05–0.25 cm, often longer on sterile shoots; blade gray-green, drying to ashy gray-green, obovate to ovatelanceolate, with 3 prominent veins, 6–10.5

circular, 4–8 × 3–6 mm, herbaceous, with light-brown to yellow-green center, occasionally pinkish tinged, margins entire. Seeds (1–) 2, ellipsoid, 6–9 × 2–4

obconic or campanulate, 2.5–3 cm at maturity. Phyllaries in 2–3 series, green or medially rosy purple, often with purple-black spots, blotches, and/or

elongate, sometimes contorted, walls straight or ± sinuous. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, 2–6, basally sheathing, sheaths extending less than 1/4 scape;

bisexual or unisexual and pistillate, plants gynodioecious; calyx usually green, 3.5–10 mm, usually lightly reticulate-veined, glabrous or densely, uniformly

distally and, often, ± arachnoid. Involucres ± hemispheric to obconic (bases green, rounded in fruit). Phyllaries: longest 5.5–8 (–10) mm; outer stipitate-glandular

5-radiate and flat in wetter growing forms. Stems pale green to pale-brown, often with pinkish red patches, cortex undifferentiated. Stem-leaves equilateral

Plants unbranched (very rarely branched). Stems pale gray-green (desert populations) to grass green (eastern populations), aboveground portion flat-topped

or with a barely noticeable, petiolelike base, umbrellalike; blade bright green without red tones, broadly rhombic-ovate to suborbicular, 5–15 × 6–15+ cm

conspicuously fringed; inner tepals 14 per flower, midstripes pinkish to brown or brownish green, proximally white, (7–) 8–10 (–12) × 1.5–3 mm; outer filaments

apex acute, abaxial surfaces pale green, ± glaucous, pubescent (especially on veins) or glabrous, glandular, adaxial green, dull, sometimes sparsely pubescent

or eglandular hairs, crosswalls of hairs pale; involucres pale green, often tinged pinkish, widely bell-shaped to almost rotate, 4–6 mm in flower, 8–15 mm

(occasionally magenta, pinkish, pale orange, or red) distally, spotted magenta, not distinctly clawed, nectaries exposed, forming visible green star (or triangle

distally; stigma lobes white with hint of green. Fruits usually sterile, sometimes forming short chains, yellow-green to yellow, sometimes purplish, 25–45 ×

Shrubs, openly branched, 0.5–1.3 m. Stem segments usually alternate, green to gray-green (or reddish), 5–28 × 0.7–1.4 cm; tubercles moderately prominent, narrowly

ascending-spreading. Inflorescences (2–) 3.5–15 cm; bracts proximally green, sometimes pinkish, reddish-brown, or light purple with margins or distal portions

slightly visible; green, pale green, to pale pinkish brown tinged with brown to reddish-brown; forming carpets or low hummocks. Stems pale green to brown; superficial

Achenes 3–4.5 × 2.5–5 mm including 2 wings, apex notched; wings reddish or pinkish, veiny. 2n = 14. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep, fruiting Jul–Oct. Habitat:

Flowers: inner tepals whitish, bright pink, or bright-yellow, often pinkish brown or olive green with reddish-brown midstripes. Fruits 8–25 (–30) × 6–13 mm. Phenology:

or corymbiform arrays. Peduncles 5–25 mm. Involucres 8–15 mm. Phyllaries green to stramineous, sometimes purple-tinged (lengths of outer to 1/2 inner, apices

erect to ascending, 10–50 cm; sheaths pinkish, rugulose, papillate, or scabrous to nearly smooth, soft; blade dull green, linear, flattened, slightly to very

Mentioned on page 155, 156. Bulbs slender, 30–50 mm. Leaves 7–20 cm; blade green or faintly mottled with brown or white, narrowly ovate, margins often wavy

white to pale pinkish, campanulate distal to constriction, 1–1.5 mm; stamens 2, included or barely exserted. Fruits 2–8 per cluster, pale green to straw colored

in paniculiform arrays. Peduncles 5–20 mm. Involucres 7–11 mm. Phyllaries green to stramineous, sometimes purple-tinged (often contorted, lengths of outer

compact. Leaves ascending in narrow fans, 6–30 cm; sheaths pinkish, soft, smooth; blade pale green to pale redbrown, narrowly linear, 1–2 (–3) mm wide, smooth

yellow to yellow-green with midstripes of green or rose-pink to pale-brown; outer filaments brighter pink than inner tepals, pinkish with greenish white

dull grayish green, 0.6–1 cm wide; beaks of fruits gradually tapering from body to tip. Aletris bracteata 4 Leaves bright yellowish green, 0.5–2.6 cm wide;

Inflorescences with involucres in dense clusters 1–2 cm diam., yellowish green; bracts 2, without whorl of sessile bracts about midstem, usually leaflike

elongated in shaded sites, soft, capitulum ± large; pale green, green, yellowish, yellowbrown, brown, pinkish, purplish; with strong metallic sheen when dry. Stems

red, or bright red; lobes short. Calyces proximally pinkish, purplish, or green, distally dull green or colored as bract lobes, 11–25 mm; abaxial and adaxial

5 mm. Flowers 5-merous; sepals erect to suberect, distinct basally, green to pinkish, linear or lanceolate, slightly unequal, 3–5 × 0.2–1 mm, apex obtuse;

acute to acuminate, abaxial surface light green, densely stellate-pubescent, trichomes 10–20-rayed, adaxial dark green, stellate-pubescent, trichomes 4–6-rayed

glandular-puberulent, lobes unequal, apex acuminate, ribs green, intercostal areas pale green. Corollas: limb pinkish white to nearly white with a large magenta-purple

acute; surfaces abaxially pale green, often glaucous, glabrous except for minute axillary tufts of tomentum, adaxially dull green, glabrous, secondary-veins

basal sheaths brown, occasionally tinged with pinkish red; ligules as long as wide; blades whitish green, U-shaped, with involute margins, widest leaves

appears in FNA Volume 9. Treatment on page 276. Mentioned on page 275. Leaves green; terminal leaflet blade obovate to slightly rhombic, length/width 1.2–1.8

usually whitish, straw colored or horn colored to grayish tan, sometimes pale pinkish gray when fresh, tips dark red to dark-brown, larger spines often extensively

greenish or pinkish, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, (2–) 3.3–4.1 mm; petals widely separated, erect, cream, yellowish green, or pinkish, obovate or

often smooth or with low tubercles, not pebbly; leaf blades not glau- cous, green or pink Claytonia parviflora 8 Seeds often tuberculate and pebbly; leaf blades

proximally, darker (light orange, orange, red-orange, red, or rarely ± pinkish) on distal 2/5, occasionally uniformly light orange or rarely yellow, spotted

200. Mentioned on page 199, 201. Stems usually unbranched, usually pale green, depressed-spheric, spheric or short cylindric, (1–) 4–8 (–11) × 4–8 cm;

(innermost), bases scarious, margins narrowly scarious, hyaline, erose, ciliolate, green zones (outer) foliaceous, (inner) lanceolate, apices obtuse to rounded, inner

longer side, apex rounded to obtuse, abaxial surface usually pale grayish green, adaxial surface sometimes reddish tinged or with reddish blotch, both surfaces

Association Plants 0.4–0.8 m, with caudex and taproot. Stems erect, gray-green, sometimes brick-reddish proximally, coarsely stellate-hairy, hairs grayish

narrowly scarious, erose, hyaline or infrequently purplish, sparsely ciliolate, green zones lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or linear, apices acuminate to long-acuminate

medullary vascular system absent. Spines 9–16 (–18) per areole, yellowish or pinkish, later gray to nearly white with dark reddish-brown or black tips, central

of tube exserted; beak adaxially green, yellow, pinkish, purplish, or whitish, 9–15 mm; abaxial lip green, pale green, or purple, protruding, shelflike

indurate 1/2–3/5, margins hyaline, scarious, erose, ± ciliolate distally, green zones lanceolate to lance-rhombic, apices acute or acuminate, involute, spinulose

(–60) cm; roots or rhizomes vertical, deep. Stems 1–5, erect or ascending, green, simple or branched from bases, obscurely striate (glabrous, puberulent or

yellowish, 11–22 mm; abaxial lip dark green, reduced, 1–4 mm, ca. 20% as long as beak; teeth incurved, reduced, green, 0.5–2.5 mm. 2n = 24. Phenology: Flowering

apex rounded or obtuse to acute. Calyces proximally brownish green, purplish, or green, lobes tipped with same color as bracts, 18–28 mm; abaxial and

Flowers: inner tepals yellow-green, yellow to gold or bronze, or red to rose or magenta, spatulate, apiculate; filaments yellowish green; anthers yellow; style

slender and soft, lax, moderately weak to moderately stiff-stemmed; green, pale yellowish green, yellowish-brown, grayish brown or reddish-brown; capitulum typically

scandent, ribbed, glabrous, often glaucous; prickles 0.5–1 mm. Leaves: ocrea green, plane to broadly funnelform, 9–14 mm, at least some foliaceous, base inflated

minutely striate; inner coats whitish or pinkish, cells closely parallel, elongate. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, usually 2, distalmost usually

lax to somewhat compact; green in shade-forms to golden yellow to golden brown in open-grown forms, occasionally with a pinkish tinge; lawns, loose low

strongly raised, intercostal areas green to purple, not membranous. Corollas nearly white or pale lavender to pinkish or pale to dark magenta, each lobe

transversely elongate, or quadrate. Leaves usually deciduous with scape, green or withering only at tip at anthesis, 2, basally sheathing, sheaths not extending

petiole, 7–15 mm); petiole 3–10 mm wide, to 1/7 as wide as blade; blade yellow-green, ovate to orbiculate or reniform, 0.2–0.7 cm × 2–7 mm, 2–4 mm thick, base

sparsely strigoso-villosulous distally (arrays). Leaves (adaxially green, abaxially pale green, sometimes glaucous) thin (proximal) to stiff (distal), margins

defined midstripes of green, yellow, tan, pink, pale-purple, or reddish, 4.5–8 × 1.5–2.7 mm; stigma lobes yellow or pale yellow-green to green, 0.3–1 mm. Fruits

giving capitulum a twisted appearance; green to yellow, often tinged with red, redbrown or brown in capitula. Stems green; superficial cortex of 2–3 layers

spatulate, 22–30 mm, apiculate to emarginate-apiculate; filaments yellow-green to green; anthers yellow to orange-yellow; style cream to yellow, sometimes basally

triangular; calyculus bractlets ovate-lanceolate, margins scarious; involucres green, tips purplish gray, broadly campanulate; San Bernardino Mountains, California

separated, erect, red, pinkish, or purplish, cuneate-lunate, not conspicuously revolute or inrolled, 0.9–1.5 mm; nectary disc yellowish, pinkish, or red, flat,

glabrous. Florets 8–10; corollas usually pinkish, sometimes lavender or white, 11–17 mm. Cypselae dark green, elliptic to linear, subterete to angular

(0.5-) 1-2.5 (-7.5) cm, puberulent; bracteoles 2-6 (-12) mm from flowers, green to blue, margins often white, linear-lanceolate, 3-7 (-12) mm, puberulent

Leaves basal; petiole 3–10 (–13) cm; leaflets (3–) 4 (–5), green to purplish abaxially, green adaxially, obtriangular to obcordate, 5–22 mm, lobed 1/5–1/2

margins scarious, erose, hyaline, ciliolate, green zones lanceolate to diamond-shaped (midveins below green zone sometimes inflated and brownish), apices

sepals somewhat overlapping, spreading or reflexed, cream to pale yellowish green or dull reddish-brown, reddish color deepening with age, very broadly ovate-oblong

(light-brown to grayish brown), densely hispidulo-hirsute. Leaves light green, thin to firm; basal withering by flowering, sessile, blades oblanceolate

branching, 0.4–2 m. Stem segments firmly attached, whorled or subwhorled, green to purple, 5–23 × 1.3–3.5 cm; tubercles crowded, pronounced, oval to narrowly

not or, sometimes, maculate, dull to shiny and light green to green abaxially, shiny and dark green sometimes with white tissue bordering larger veins adaxially

436. Subshrubs, pendent, 1–5 (–20) dm, dioecious. Stems grayish green to reddish green (in full sun), densely hairy, hairs silvery white, closely appressed

faint midlines of pale green, greenish tan, dull pinkish brown, or olive-gray, 1–2 cm × 1.5–4.8 mm; stigma lobes green or yellow-green. Fruits indehiscent

persistent], 5, yellowish green [white, pink, or purple], plane, ovate to elliptic, 19-30 (-50) mm; petals 5-15, distinct, green or brown, funnel-shaped

strongly horned, tip ± scarious, erose. Involucres dark green to bluish black or dark purplish green, narrowly campanulate, 15–30 mm. Phyllaries 8–14 in 2

calyx lobes appressed or spreading in fruit, green, pinkish, or reddish with margins hyaline to white or pinkish, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, (2.2–) 2.8–6

opposite proximally; stipules rudimentary; petiole 2–5 (–7) cm; leaflets 3, green, sometimes purplish abaxially, obcordate, 6–10 (–15) mm, lobed 1/4 length

white or very slightly pinkish, narrowly oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, 5–8 mm; petals connivent, erect, white or very slightly pinkish with red veins, oblong

usually with pinkish or reddish midstripes, longer in bisexual flowers, 5.4 mm diam.; stigma lobes yellow to greenish yellow or brownish green, 8 mm. Fruits

mm. Calyculi of 8, dark green to purple, narrowly triangular-subulate bractlets 2–4 mm, coarsely setose. Phyllaries 7–14, green to purple, lanceolate to

3–6 dm, dioecious. Stems green, densely hairy, hairs stellate, fine, white; internodes terete, 5–15 × 1–2 mm. Leaves green, well developed; petiole indistinct;

(19–) 30–50 (–60) cm; sheaths pinkish or pale-red, soft, smooth; blade pale green proximally, distally deep lustrous green, linear, flattened, plane, 5–15

hypanthium green, cupshaped or short-campanulate, 3–4 mm, densely pubescent or tomentose; sepals not overlapping, reflexed, greenish or pinkish abaxially

compact. Leaves in fans, 40–70 cm; base dull, straw-colored, green, or pinkish; blade lustrous green, broadly linear, flat or slightly twisted, 5–25 mm, smooth

of peduncle/pedicel; sepals densely silky-pubescent abaxially, pinkish suffused with green, tips spreading to short-reflexed. Clematis morefieldii 21 Stems

1/3–2/3, margins scarious, erose, hyaline or sometimes reddish, ± ciliolate, green zones lanceolate to ± diamond-shaped, apices (outer) acute, callus-pointed

(–5) cm, lanate to thinly tomentose abaxially, floccose or glabrous and green adaxially, margins plane. Inflorescences virgate or racemose with involucres

compact. Leaves erect or ascending, 15–30 (–50) cm; sheaths pinkish to red, soft; blade green, linear, flattened, twisted, 5–10 mm wide, smooth, margins

(-4.8) cm, glabrous to puberulent; bracteoles 2-5 (-10) mm from flowers, green, lance-linear, 2-6 (-16) mm, glabrous to puberulent. Flowers: sepals dark

adaxially whitish to pinkish, 5–11 mm; abaxial lip pale to deep green, reduced, 1–2 mm, 10–20% as long as beak; teeth incurved, green, 1–2.5 mm. 2n = 24

filament yellow to pale green; anthers pale-yellow; style yellow, sometimes basally pinkish; stigma lobes green. Fruits green to reddish, turning tan,

short, apex acute. Inflorescences 2–7 × 1.5–3 cm; bracts yellow-green, yellow, pinkish, pale reddish, or purple, sometimes distal margins pale white, oblong

20–30 mm; tube 12–19 mm; beak exserted, 8–11 mm; abaxial lip green, sometimes purple; teeth green, red, or white. Phenology: Flowering Jun–Sep. Habitat: Dry

bisexual, 3–6 per ocreate fascicle; perianth accrescent in fruit, green to white or pinkish, 3.8–8 mm including stipelike base, glabrous; tepals elliptic to

scarious, erose (indurate portion), sparsely ciliolate (foliaceous portion), green zones foliaceous (outer) to distal 1/5–1/4 foliaceous (inner), basally truncate

scarious, erose, hyaline, ciliate proximally, sparsely ciliolate distally, green zones lanceolate to linear, sometimes outer ± foliaceous, apices acuminate

margins scarious, erose, hyaline, sparsely ciliolate (often ciliate basally), green zones lanceolate to lance-rhombic, apices sometimes spreading, acute to acuminate

margins proximally narrowly scarious, erose, hyaline, distally ciliolate, green zones lanceolate, apices acute, ± spreading, involute, mucronulate, faces

brittle, verrucose, frequently forming small plates; branchlets pinkish brown, turning green-maroon, and later gray-maroon, 2 proximal internodes densely

adaxially green, 5–8 (–9) mm, puberulent, stipitate-glandular; abaxial lip deep purple (color sometimes visible through calyx), green, pinkish, or pale-yellow

apart; bark pinkish gray, appearing braided, becoming corky, checkered with square or rectangular plates 2–5 mm wide; branchlets yellow-green abaxially,

blade not or, rarely, obscurely maculate, dull and light green abaxially, shiny and dark green, rarely with white tissue bordering larger veins adaxially

Inflorescences (2–) 4–5-flowered racemes; peduncle 10–15 mm. Flowers: hypanthium green, narrowly tubular, 1.5–2 mm, sparsely hairy abaxially, densely pilose to

coarse; inner coats whitish or pinkish, minutely striate, cells in vertical rows, elongate. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, 3–6, basally sheathing

obscure, finely meshed; inner coats whitish to pinkish, cells obscure, ± quadrate. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, 3–5, basally sheathing, sheaths

bilaterally symmetric; corolla 5–8 (–10) mm, tube yellowish green or yellow, veins purple, limb white to pinkish white; style 2–3 mm. Capsules subglobular, 3–6 ×

sheath blade deep green, linear–sword-shaped, 0.2–1.5 cm wide, smooth, margins papillate. Inflorescences: scape sheaths basally pinkish; scapes widened distally

least basal and proximal cauline), abaxial white-tomentose, adaxial bright green and ± densely glandular. Heads in corymbiform arrays. Involucres turbinate-campanulate

inner coats whitish, cells vertically elongate, regular. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, 3+, sheathing; blade solid, flat, channeled, 10–30 cm × 1–2

fibrous; inner coats whitish, cells contorted, walls very sinuous. Leaves green at anthesis, persistent, 3–6, basally sheathing; blade solid, flat, channeled

crenate-serrate. Peduncles 6–15 mm. Pedicels 3–6 mm, glabrous. Flowers: hypanthium green, campanulate or short-tubular, 2–4 mm, glabrous; sepals pale greenish or

Treatment on page 493. Plants ± erect, 15–30 cm; twigs of current season green, with short, stiff hairs ca. 0.3 mm, older twigs gray and brown striped,

2–5 cm. Phyllaries gray-green, (3.5–) 5–6 × (1.5–) 2.5–3.5 mm. Ray-florets 0. Disc-florets 20–40; corollas whitish (drying pinkish), 3–4 mm, tubes 1.5–2

leaves 2×-ternately compound, 8-30 cm, much shorter than stems; leaflets green adaxially, to 14-42 mm, not viscid; primary petiolules to 13-67 mm (leaflets

Mentioned on page 382. Herbs, erect, annual, (0.1–) 1.5–8 (–10) dm, glabrous, green. Stems: caudex absent; aerial flowering-stems erect, occasionally hollow

glabrate. Leaves ca. 10+, horizontal to widely patent, rarely ± erect, (dark green); petioles winged mostly narrowly; blades oblanceolate to oblong-oblanceolate

calyx or beak exserted, 5.5–8 mm; abaxial lip green, brown, or yellow; teeth white to yellow, sometimes pinkish. Phenology: Flowering (Jun–)Jul–Sep. Habitat:

eglandular, ± white-woolly, obscuring surface. Leaves gray-green with hairs, surface green to purple, linear-lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm, not fleshy, margins

10–12, appressed (to spreading), very widely ovate (outer) to ovate, dark green, often purple-tipped bractlets in 2 (–3) series, 4–5.5 × 2.5–4.5 mm, white-scarious

flattened to more typically compact and rounded; green to golden brown to pale-brown with often a pinkish tinge; carpets to more or less compact, low to

Spence Treatment appears in FNA Volume 28. Treatment on page 126. Plants green. Stems 0.5–1 cm, loosely julaceous. Leaves longer than broad, hyaline near

usually glabrous, rarely glandular-pubescent. Flowers: calyx light green to green, 5–12 mm, glabrous, tube 2–3.8 mm, lobes 5, (2.5–) 3–7 (–9) mm; corolla-tube

mixed with shorter, stipitate-glandular ones. Leaves green-tinged or ± purple, sometimes yellow-green tinged, densely crowded, linear, lanceolate, oblong

not or, rarely, obscurely maculate, dull and light green to purplish abaxially, shiny and dark green, rarely with white tissue bordering larger veins adaxially

adaxially, glabrous; blade not maculate, dull and light green abaxially, dull to shiny and green to dark green adaxially, oblongelliptic, ovate, obovate, or round

Phyllaries 32–36 in 4–5 series, broadly oblong, strongly unequal, scarious, dark green zones wide, from 1/2 distally, margins hyaline, narrow, erose, densely ciliate

serrulate. Involucres broadly hemispheric, 30–50 mm. Phyllaries: bodies pale green, broadly elliptic (outer) to linear (inner), apices with appendages erect

hypanthium greenish, greenish yellow, or yellowish white, sometimes strongly pinkish or purplish tinged, campanulate to tubular-campanulate, (4.5–) 7–8 mm, sparsely

inner coats white or hyaline, cells obscure, ± quadrate. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, 2–3, basally sheathing, sheaths not extending much above soil

on page 572, 574. Shrubs, erect, 60 dm. Stems: twigs: new growth reddish green, 1-year old tan, 2-years old dull gray; thorns on twigs ± numerous, ± straight

inner bulb coats whitish or pinkish, cells obscure, ± quadrate or rectangular and vertically elongate. Leaves persistent, green at anthesis, 2–5, basally

blades proximally, 1–7 (–13) cm, reduced distally ca. 1/2 blade length; blade green, orbiculate, 2.5–7 (–12) cm, proximal leaves unlobed to shallowly 3–5-lobed

cm, densely white-tomentose abaxially, sparsely floccose or glabrous and green adaxially. Inflorescences thinly tomentose; proximal bracts 4–6, lanceolate

bluish-green, abaxial surfaces glabrous basally. Panicles 30-130 cm, only slightly, if at all, elevated above the foliage, whitish or pinkish when young

densely white to brownish-tomentose abaxially, thinly floccose or glabrous and green adaxially, margins plane to slightly revolute. Inflorescences subcapitate

Flora of North America Association Plants 0.8–2.5 cm, whitish or silvery green, usually with pink tinge. Stems 0.3–2 cm, innovations elongate, julaceous

rubbery-succulent. > 2 2 Perennial herbs with subterranean caudices, to 0.5 m; stems green; plants monoecious; carpels 3. > 3 3 Caudices woody, stem scars crescent-shaped;

lanceolate to linear, 0.5–3 mm, pubescent. Flowers: hypanthium white or green, saucer-shaped, widely flared, 0.6–1.5 mm, with sparse to dense, yellow,

5–30 (–60) cm; taproots seldom branched. Stems 1–15+, ascending to erect, pinkish to reddish, (± equaling foliage), glabrous or sparsely villous, usually

(–1.2) cm, lanate to tomentose abaxially, mostly glabrous and olive green to green adaxially. Inflorescences capitate to cymose, 20–30 × 2–10 cm; branches

Mentioned on page 366, 368, 370, 459. Plants 10–70 cm, laxly cespitose (grayish green), eglandular; rhizomes elongate, slender, woody. Stems 1–3, ascending to

erect, 0.5–1.5 mm. Flowers 1.5–2 mm; perianth white with green or reddish midribs, becoming pinkish, glabrous; tepals dimorphic, those of outer whorl oblong

through a progression of color changes as they mature. A typical series is green to red to purple to black. Often, an individual tree whose fruits would be

(glandularity obscured). Ray-florets 60–100; corollas white, often drying pinkish, 8–13 mm (mostly 1–2 mm wide), laminae coiling. Disc corollas 3.5–5 mm.

Treatment on page 660. Mentioned on page 662. Plants gregarious or tufted, green to brownish, often somewhat uncinate-curved at tips when dry, to 5 mm. Leaves

corollas turn dark purplish or pinkish brown when dried. These dark structures contrast strikingly with the pale green to gray (or reddish) branches and

(1-)2-3.5(-5.5) cm; corollas 15-37 mm, tube 8-22 mm, upper lobe usually green-spotted; stamens 10; capsules 6-14 mm. Rhododendron minus 6 Shrubs 0.5(-0

Involucre obconic, 0.5–0.7 × 0.4–0.6 mm, strigillose; glands 4, yellow green to pink, circular to slightly oblong, 0.1–0.2 × 0.1–0.2 mm; appendages absent

finely stellate-hairy, without longer hairs, lobes green or purple-tinged; petals pink or pinkish lavender to magenta, usually drying purple, usually

(inner), strongly unequal, membranous, bases indurate, rounded (outer), dark green zones foliaceous, sometimes slightly dilated, in distal 1/3–1/2 (outer) to

proximally glabrous, lobe tips usually purple, rarely green, margins ciliate; petals bright pinkish lavender, drying deep purple, veins not paler, bases

longer than 7 mm), strongly unequal, bases indurate, rounded adaxially, dark-green zones obovate to lanceolate (inner), ca. 1/3 distal portion, margins hyaline

midnerves translucent, strongly unequal, membranous, bases indurate, dark green distally, margins densely ciliate, apices spreading or ± squarrose, purple

acute, hornless, tips slightly scarious-erose. Involucres dark to blackish green, narrowly campanulate (urceolate when closed), 9–14 mm. Phyllaries 8–12 in

Herbs, spreading, annual, (0.5–) 1–2.5 dm, glandular, greenish or reddish green. Stems: caudex absent; aerial flowering-stems erect, solid, not fistulose

broadly acute, occasionally emarginate, abaxial surface often ± lighter green and without reddish spot, both surfaces sparsely to moderately pilose to

sparsely villoso-ciliate, ± densely stipitate-glandular, apices squarrose, green and often purplish-tinged, foliaceous, long-acuminate, adaxial faces villosulous

nectar chamber ± 5–8 mm. Fruits bright pinkish brown, with characteristic reticulate pattern of slightly darker or greener color between flattened tubercles

branches (5)8-15 cm long; sheaths closed for 1/2 - 3/4 their length; plants green, not anthocyanic; plants of coastal regions of British Columbia Poa laxiflora

from calyx, adaxially green, 7.5–11 mm; abaxial lip deep green, reduced, 1–2 mm, 20% as long as beak; teeth incurved to erect, green, 0.5–1 mm. 2n = 48.

apical auricles absent; petiole 3–8 cm, hairs nonseptate; leaflets 3, gray-green, obcordate, 8–15 mm, lobed 1/5–1/3 length, surfaces sparsely strigose, oxalate

Involucres broadly hemispheric, 6–11 mm. Phyllaries in 2–3 series (usually green, sometimes ± purplish), lanceolate to lance-oblong, subequal, herbaceous

base. The filaments and styles are yellow or dark pinkish, anthers are yellow, and stigmas are bright green to yellowish. Its stems are nearly smooth proximally

red-tinged hypanthia and sepals of P. nigra give the entire inflorescence a pinkish coloration even when the petals are pure white, and the sepals bear obvious